Chiù-khí

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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Featured ariticle}}
'''Chiù-khí''' sī [[chhùi-khí]] pēⁿ ê 1 khoán koè-têng kap kiat-kó. In-ūi [[gê-khí]] ê kiat-kò· siū siong-hāi, chhùi-khí seⁿ chiù-khang. Chiù-khí sī put-chí-á phó·-phiàn ê pēⁿ, kan-na [[kám-mō·]] koh khah phó·-phiàn. It-poaⁿ lâi kóng, gín-á, nî-hoè khah chió ê sêng-liân-lâng hoat-seng chiù-khí ê pí-lē khah koân, chóng--sī jīm-hô lâng to̍h ū khó-lêng hoat-seng. Chiù-khí sī siàu-liân-lâng lak chhùi-khí siāng-kài chú-iàu ê goân-in.

== Goân-in ==

Chiù-khí ê hoat-pēⁿ in-toaⁿ kap hoat-pēⁿ koè-têng ia̍h-bô chin chheng-chhó, m̄-koh tāi-pō·-hūn lóng jīn-ûi kah [[sè-khún]], [[sng]], í-ki̍p thoat-[[kài-hoà]] (''decalcification'') ū tī-tāi. Pêng-siông-sî lán lâng ê [[kháu-khiuⁿ]] thàu-té lo̍h-ū sè-khún tī--leh. Lán teh chia̍h mi̍h ê sî-chūn, hia ê sè-khún tio̍h ē kā [[carbohydrate]], te̍k-pia̍t sī [[chià-thn̂g]], siau-hoà sán-seng sng. Tī sng ê khoân-kéng chi-hā, [[pH-ti̍t]] kàng-kē, chhùi-khí hoat-seng [[kài]] [[lî-chú]] (''calcium ion'') kap [[lîn-sng-kin]] lî-chú (''phosphate ion'') ùi [[gê-iū-chit]] kái-lî chhut--lâi ê thoat-kài-hoà hiān-siōng, sûi-āu pH-ti̍t seng-koân, ah kài lî-chú kap lîn-sng-kin lî-chú ē koh-chài tîm-chek tńg--khì hêng-sêng koh-kài-hoà (''recalcificatioh''), ia̍h tio̍h-sī kóng tú-khí-seng ê chiù-khí sī ē-tàng hoê-ho̍k--ê, m̄-koh nā thoat-kài-hoà khah iâⁿ-bīn, chiù-khí choâⁿ lâi hoat-seng. Sè-khún, sng, lah-sap-mi̍h-á kah [[chhùi-nōa]] thàu-lām chò-hoé chiâⁿ-chò 1-khoán liâm-liâm iū-koh n̂g-n̂g, chiâⁿ-gâu liâm chhùi-khí ê bu̍t-chit, hō·-lâng hō-chò [[khí-khún-pan]] (''dental plaque''). Khí-khún-pan poaⁿ-ián chiù-khí kap [[khí-chiu-pēⁿ]] ê koan-kiān kha-siàu.

=== Kî-thaⁿ in-sò· ===
̀
*'''Chhùi-khí''' 
[[Chhùi-khí]] ê '''kò·-chō''', te̍k-pia̍t sī chhùi-khí ê piáu-bīn chham chiù-khí chiâⁿ ū koan-hē. Chiù-khí ê hoat-seng-lu̍t kah chhùi-khí piáu-bīn ê [[fluorine|hu̍t]] (氟), [[Zn (goân-sò͘)|sin]] (鋅), [[Pb (goân-sò͘)|iân]] (鉛) hâm [[thih]] (鐵) lî-chú ê liōng hêng-sêng hoán-pí ê koan-hē. Chhùi-khí ê '''hêng-thāi''' mā-sī in-sò· chi-it, [[sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng]] (''pit and fissure'') chiâⁿ iông-ī tui-chek [[gê-khún-pan]] ín-khí chiù-khí. Chhùi-khí ê '''ūi-tī''' mā-ū éng-hióng, pí-jû chhò-ūi (''malposition'') ê chhùi-khí, sé khah bē chheng-khì, tio̍h khah-gâu chiù-khí.

*'''Chhùi-nōa'''
[[Chhùi-nōa]] ê chē-chió tùi chiù-khí ū tiōng-tōa ê éng-hióng, chhùi-nōa nā chē tio̍h khah boē chiù-khí; chhùi-nōa nā chió tio̍h khah gâu chiù-khí.
 
*'''Chia̍h-mi̍h'''
Khah nńg khah liâm ê chia̍h-mi̍h ē chhiok-chìn [[gê-khún-pan]] hêng-sêng, chēng-ka chiù-khí ê hoat-seng. Cheng-chè ê chia̍h-mi̍h pí chho·-si ê chia̍h-mi̍h khah gâu ín-khí chiù-khí. Tī thn̂g-lūi lāi-té, chià-thn̂g sī siāng iông-ī ín-khí chiù-khí ê carbohydrate. Tiⁿ ê chia̍h-mi̍h ê chia̍h-iōng chhù-sò· te̍k-pia̍t tiōng-iàu, chia̍h jú-chē kái tio̍h jú-gâu chiù-khí. Lēng-gōa, chia̍h-mi̍h só·-hâm ē hu̍t-lî-chú tùi chiù-khí ê hoat-seng sui-jiân chiâⁿ tiōng-iàu, m̄-koh ím-iōng-chúi lāi-té ê hu̍t-lî-chú hâm-liōng keng-ka tiōng-iàu.

== Chèng-thâu kah cheng-siōng ==

=== Chèng-chōng (''syndrome'') ===

Chiù-khí bô tiāⁿ-tio̍h ē thiàⁿ, phó·-lio̍k lâi kóng tio̍h tán-kàu [[gê-iū-chit]] hō· phò·-hāi kàu siong-tong thêng-tō·, chiah-ē thiàⁿ. Chiù-khí mā bô-tek-khak ē-ū chiâⁿ tōa ê chiù-khang tī [[chhùi-khí]] ê piáu-bīn hō· lâng khòaⁿ-kìⁿ, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī piáu-bīn kan-tāⁿ ū sè-kah--khang-á ê khang-chhùi, lāi-té í-kēng chiù kah khang-khang-khang.

=== Cheng-siōng''' (''sign'') ===
[[File:chiu-khi_X-ray.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Fig: '''Chiù-khí ê tiān-kong-phìⁿ''']]

Gê-i-su chú-iàu sī thàu-kòe '''ti̍t-chiap koan-chhat''', '''[[thàm-chiam]] thàm-chhek''' (''probing''), kap '''[[tiān-kong liap-iáⁿ]]''' (''radiograph'') lâi kiám-cha chiù-khí. [[Gê-i-su]] tāi-seng ti̍t-chiap koan-chhat kám-ū chiù-khí? Chiù-khí ê lîm-chhn̂g cheng-siōng siāng tāi-seng sī &quot;pe̍h-tiám&quot;. Tī pe̍h-tiám sî-kî iah-bô chhùi-khí kò·-chō ê bêng-hián sòng-sit, chiù-khang ê chìn-hêng sī ē-tàng hôe-ho̍k--ê. Kàu--liáu khah lo̍h--bóe ū kim-sio̍k lî-chí, chhùi-nōa ê [[nn̄g-pe̍h-chit]], he̍k-sī hun-tái tîm-chek ê sî, pe̍h-tiám tio̍h piàn-sêng n̂g-sek, ka-pi-sek, he̍k-sī o·-sek, soah--lâi chiù-chhng khai-sí chhut-hiān jī-chhiáⁿ bē-tàng koh hôe-ho̍k. Gê-i-su soah--lo̍h-lâi ē iōng thàm-chiam thàm-chhek chiù-khang. Sú-iōng tiān-kong liap-iáⁿ ē-tàng pang-chàn chiù-khí ê chín-toān, m̄-koh tiān-kong-phìⁿ só· khòaⁿ--tio̍h ê chiù-khang pí si̍t-chè siōng ê chiù-khang khah sè.

[[File:Chiu-khi_si-i-tou.gif|thumb|right|260px|Fig: '''Chiù-khí ê sī-ì-tô·ē-tàng kah chiù-khí ê tiān-kong-phìⁿ tùi-chiàu''']]

Lîm-chhn̂g siōng, tùi 3 ê kak-tō· kā chiù-khí hun-chòe 6 lūi:
*Chiù-khí ê ūi-tī:
**'''[[Sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng]] chiù-khí''': chiù-khí tī chhùi-khí ka-ha̍h bīn ê sió-ku̍t-á kap li̍h-phāng.
**'''Pêng-hôa bīn chiù-khí''': chiù-khí tī chhùi-khí ê pêng-hôa piáu-bīn.
*Hoat-pēⁿ ê sok-tō·:
**'''Kip-sèng chiù-khí''': hoat-chok liáu chiok-kín , siâng-chāi chhut-hiān tī 20 hòe chìn-chêng, pí-jû kóng ''rampant caries''.
**'''Bān-sèng chiù-khí''': hoat-seng ê sok-tō· chiâⁿ bān, pí-jû kóng ''arrested caries'', ū tang-sî-á ē chū-jiân siau-sit.
*Goân-hoat a̍h sī chài-hoat:
**'''Goân-hoat-sèng chiù-khí''': chiù-khí hoat-seng tī goân-té bô chiù-khí ê gê-iū-chit he̍k gê-pún-chit.
**'''Chài-hoat-sèng chiù-khí''': chiù-khí hoat-seng tī thiām-pó·-bu̍t chi-hā he̍k pian-iân.

== Tī-liâu ==

Phò-hāi--khì ê chhùi-khí kiat-kò· bô-hoat-tō· oân-choân koh seⁿ--chut-lâi, sui-bóng chhùi-khiuⁿ oē-seng nā î-chhî tī sek-tòng ê piau-chún, hui-siông sè ê chho·-kî chiù-khang ē koh-kài-hòa--tńg-lâi. &lt;ref name=&quot;medline&quot;&gt;[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001055.htm Dental Cavities], ''MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia'', page accessed August 14, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Tùi hui-siông sè ê chiù-khang, kio̍k-pō· ê [[khí-kho ê hu̍t-hoà-bu̍t|hu̍t-hoà-bu̍t]] ē-sái chhiok-chìn koh-kài-hoà. Tùi khah-toā ê chiù-khang ē-sái thàu-koè tī-liâu lâi chiong-chí chiù-khi ê chin-tián. Tī-liâu ê bo̍k-phiau sī pó-liû chhùi-khí ê khí-chit kap phiah-bián chin-chi̍t-pō· ê phò-hāi. 

It-poaⁿ lâi-kóng, chá-kî ê tī-liâu sī khah bē thiàⁿ--ê, mā khah bē khai-chîⁿ. Kio̍k-pō· [[bâ-chùi]] (''anesthetic''), [[nitrous oxide]] (&quot;laughing gas&quot;), he̍k kî-thaⁿ ê io̍h-bu̍t khó-lêng ē-sái pang-chān kiám-kheng tī-liâu ê thiàⁿ-thàng kap chiau-cho. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ada.org/public/topics/anesthesia_faq.asp Oral Health Topics: Anesthesia Frequently Asked Questions], hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed August 16, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ko-sok chhiú-ki (khí-kho)|Ko-sok chhiú-ki]] kap [[boâ-chiam]] pī the̍h-lâi boâ-tû toā-pō·-hūn ê chiù-chhng. Thng-sî o̍·-á (''spoon excavator'') pī the̍h-lâi sè-jī ê î-tû chiù-khí, iû-kî sī chiù-khí chiok oá [[khí-chhoé]] ê chêng-hêng. &lt;ref name=&quot;summit128&quot;&gt;Summit, James B., J. William Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. &quot;Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach.&quot; 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2001, p. 128. ISBN 0-86715-382-2.&lt;/ref&gt; Chiù-chhng î-tû chheng-khì liáu-āu, song-sit ê chhùi-khí khí-chit su-iàu [[siu-ho̍k-thé (khí-kho)|siu-ho̍k-thé]] lâi hui-ho̍k chhùi-khí ê kong-lêng kap bí-koan.

Siu-ho̍k ēng ê châi-liāu ū [[a-má-káng]], [[ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí (khí-kho)|ho̍k-ha̍p]] [[chhiū-chí]], [[iù-hûi-á]], kap [[n̂g-kim|kim-á]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;DCPPtx&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=dcp2.section.5402 Aspects of Treatment of Cavities and of Caries Disease]&quot; from the Disease Control Priorities Project. Page accessed August 15, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí kap iù-hûi-á in-ūi hó-khoàⁿ, pī sú-iōng tī su-iàu khó-lū bí-koan ê só·-chāi. M̄-koh ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí khah nńg, iù-hî-á khah chhè, tī su-iàu khah-toā ê pō· ê la̍t ê āu-piah-khí, ū-ê gê-i-su ē khó-lū kiàn-gī sú-iōng a-má-káng he̍k n̂g-kim. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ada.org/public/topics/fillings.asp Oral Health Topics: Dental Filling Options], hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed August 16, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Nā-sī chiù-khang siuⁿ-koè-toā, chhùi-khí bē-tàng kan-taⁿ iōng thiâm-pó· ê hong-sek lâi siu-ho̍k. chit-ê sî-chūn, tio̍h su-iàu [[khí-lông]]. Khí-lông sī 1 ê thò-á, kā chhùi-khí pau--khí-lâi. Khí-lông tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sú-iōng n̂g-kim, iù-hûi-á, he̍k iù-hûi iông-kàu kim-sio̍k (porcelain fused to metal) chia ê châi-liāu chè-chō. 

Tī chi̍t-kóa chêng-hêng hā, [[kin-kńg tī-liâu]] sī su-iàu ê. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.agd.org/consumer/topics/rootcanaltherapy/main.asp What is a Root Canal?], hosted by the Academy of General Dentistry. Page accessed on August 16, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Kin-kńg tī-liâu koh kiò-chò khí-lāi tī-liâu. Chhùi-khí nā in-ūi chiù-khí he̍k goā-siong tì-sú [[Khí-chhóe-iām|khí-chhoé kám-jiám hoat-iām]], tio̍h su-iàu kin-kńg tī-liâu. Tī khí-lāi tī-liâu, sîn-keng kap hoeh-kńg chia-ê khí-chhoé kap chiù-khí lóng hông î-tû chheng-khì. Kin-kńg pī iōng endodontic file lâi chheng-kiat kap sok-hêng, lō·-boé koh iōng chhiūⁿ chhiūⁿ-ni ê [[gutta-percha]] lâi thūn. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aae.org/patients/faqs/rootcanals.htm FAQs About Root Canal Treatment], hosted on the American Association of Endodontists website. Page accessed August 16, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Tī-liâu soah, chhùi-khí ài iōng khí-lông kā khàm--khí-lâi. 

Chiù-khí nā hûi-siông giâm-tiōng, tio̍h ài kā chhùi-khí [[bán-chhùi-khí|bán-tiāu]]. Bô tùi-kā-khí (''opposing tooth''), he̍k lâu--lo̍h-lâi ē ín-khí chin-chi̍t-pō· ê būn-tê, he̍k [[tì-hūi-khí]] lóng-sī bán-chhùi-khí ê sek-èng-chèng. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aaoms.org/public/Pamphlets/WisdomTeeth.pdf Wisdom Teeth], packet in pdf format hosted by the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Page accessed on August 16, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Pēⁿ-lâng nā-sī bô-hoat-tō· he̍k m̄-goān hù siu-ho̍k ê hùi-iōng, he̍k siu-ho̍k ū khùn-lân, bán-chhùi-khí khó-lêng mā-sī kiàn-gī ê soán-tek.

Hiān-tāi siâng-chāi sú-iōng ê thiâm-pó· châi-liāu ū:
*'''[[a-má-káng]]''' (''amalgam'')
*'''[[ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí (khí-kho)|Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí]]''' (''composite resin'')
Khah-tōa ê chiù-khang nā sú-iōng ti̍t-chiap thiâm-pó· ê hong-sek khah-bô thò-tòng, pit-su keng-kòe [[kā-bô·]] (''impression taking''), koàn-bô· (''pouring cast''), tih-la̍h (''waxup''), hoan-soa (''investing''), kap chù-chō (''casting'') téng-téng kòe-têng, chòe-aū chò-sêng '''[[kham-thé (khí-kho)|kham-thé]]''' (''inlay''), '''[[koan-kài-thé (khí-kho)|koan-kài-thé]]''' (''onlay''), he̍k-sī '''[[khí-lông]]''' (''crown''), chiah-koh iōng [[liâm-ha̍p-che]] (''dental cement'') liâm tī [[chhùi-khí]], án-ne chiah ē-tàng hoe-ho̍k [[chhùi-khí]] ê gōa-hêng kap kong-lêng. Kham-thé, koan-kài-thé, kap khí-lông só· sú-iōng ê châi-liāu ū :
*'''[[kim ha̍p-kim (khí-kho)|Khe-kim]]''' (''gold alloys'')
*'''[[Phó·-thong kim-sio̍k ha̍p-kim (khí-kho)|Phó·-thong kim-sio̍k]]''' (''base metal'')
*'''[[Iù-hûi-á (khí-kho)|Iù-hûi-á]]''' (''porcelain'')
*'''[[Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí (khí-kho)|Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí]]''' (''composite resin'')

== Ī-hông ==

=== Chia̍h-mi̍h khòng-chè ===

Siāng ū-hāu ê ī-hông hoat-to· chi-it sī chīn-liōng mài chia̍h cheng-chè ê [[thn̂g-lūi]] chia̍h-mi̍h.
Nā-beh chia̍h tit hoaⁿ-hí, koh bē chhùi-khí-thiàⁿ, tû-liáu ióng-sêng liông-hó ê kháu-khiuⁿ chheng-kiat koàn-sì í-gōa, koh-ài phòe-ha̍p chia̍h-si̍t koán-lí, soán-tek sek-tòng ê chia̍h-mi̍h, kap khòng-chè gâu chiù-khí ê chia̍h-mi̍h ê liap-chhú-liōng.

It-poan lâi-kóng, liâm-sèng koân, hâm thn̂g chē, cheng-chè ê piáⁿ-koaⁿ tiám-sim sī siāng-gâu chiù-khí ê chia̍h-mi̍h. In-chhú teh chia̍h tiám-sim ê sî-chūn, tio̍h-ài chim-chiok soán-tek.

==== Khòng-chè chia̍h-si̍t ê chò-hoat ====

* Ióng-sêng tha̍k si̍t-phín piau-chhiam ê koàn-sì tāi-seng, m̄-thang kò·-bé hâm thn̂g siuⁿ chē ê si̍t-phín.
* kā gâu chiù-khí ê si̍t-bu̍t chīn-liōng hān-chè tī 3 tǹg pn̄g-chêng he̍k pn̄g-āu 1 tiám-cheng lāi lâi chia̍h，jî-chhiáⁿ pn̄g-āu ài [[sé-chhùi]] bín-chhùi-khí, sé liáu bē-sái koh chia̍h mi̍h-kiāⁿ.
* Chim-chiok soán-tek 3 tǹg chi-kan ê tiám-sim.
** Khah mài chia̍h chē thn̂g gâu liâm chhùi-khí ê chia̍h-mi̍h, soán-tek kî-thaⁿ sek-ha̍p ê tāi-iōng-phín. 
**Soán-tek sú-iōng [[chheⁿ-chhài]] [[kóe-chí]] lâi chò 3 tǹg chi-kan ê tiám-sim. 
**Pē-bú he̍k-chiah sī-tōa mài iōng thn̂g-kó lâi chiáng-lē kap phiàn gin-á. 
**Chhù-lāi ê lâng ê li̍p-tiûⁿ tio̍h-ài siāng-khoán, chiah-bē kā gin-á ê koan-liām chhòng--loān-khì.

==== Chia̍h-mi̍h ê soán-tek ====

*'''Chīn-liōng phiah-bián ê chia̍h-mi̍h''': &lt;br /&gt;[[chi-ku-la̍t]] (chi-ku-la̍t gû-leng), [[chhiū-ni-thn̂g]], ngē ê thn̂g-kó, 棒棒糖, [[thô·-tāu-thn̂g]], 太妃糖, [[peng-kî-lîm]], 甜甜圈, 蘋果派, 棗糕, hâm-thn̂g ê piáⁿ-koaⁿ, 可可, [[khì-chúi]], ka-thn̂g ê kó-chiap, [[phô-tô]]-koaⁿ, kóe-chí koàn-thâu, kó-chiùⁿ, [[phang-bi̍t]], [[thô·-tāu-chiùⁿ]] téng-téng.
*'''Ē-ēng-tit khó-lū ê chia̍h-mi̍h''':&lt;br /&gt;So·-tá piáⁿ , bô-thn̂g ê [[chhiū-ni-thn̂g]], [[thô·-tāu]]，[[he̍k-tô]], [[kōe-chí]], [[bán-thô]], [[pau-á]], 酪餅, pe̍h-kún-chúi, chió-thn̂g he̍k bô-thn̂g ê [[ím-liāu]], bô ka-kang kòe ê [[chheⁿ-chhài]] [[kóe-chí]], ke-bah-kak, [[bah-so·]], [[hî-so·]], [[liû-hî-sī]].

=== Kháu-khiuⁿ ōe-seng ===

Liông-hó ê kháu-khiuⁿ ōe-seng sī ī-hông chiù-khí ê tē-2 ê hoat-to·, te̍k-pia̍t sī pêng-hôa bīn ê chiù-khí. 1 kang siāng-chió 1 kái sú-iōng '''[[khí-bín-á]]''' [[sé-chhùi]] kap '''[[khí-sòaⁿ]]''' chheng chhùi-khí-phāng sī chiâⁿ tiōng-iàu ê chheng-kia̍t khang-khòe. Sú-iōng hâm-ū [[chlorhexidine]] ê [[lo̍k-chhùi-chúi]] sui-jiân ê-tàng ek-chè [[gê-khún-pan]] hêng-sêng, m̄-koh [[gê-i-su]] bô chàn-sêng tn̂g-kî sú-iōng.

=== '''Kái-piàn chhùi-khí piáu-bīn he̍k chhùi-khí kò·-chō ===

[[Khí-kho ê Hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t|Hu̍t]] lî-chí tn̂g-sî-kan tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kap [[khí-iū-chit]] chiap-chhiok ē-tàng sú-ti̍t chá-kî ê chiù-khí koh-chài kài-hòa, lēng-gōa koân lông-tō· ê hu̍t mā ē-tàng ek-chè [[gê-khún-pan]] sán-seng sng. Só·-í [[Khí-kho ê Hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t|hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t]] ē-tàng kiám-chió [[chhùi-khí]] kài-chit ê liû-sit, pang-chō· chá-kî chiù-khí ê hôe-ho̍k, sú-ti̍t chhùi-khí tùi chiù-khí koh-khah ū té-khòng-la̍t. [[Gê-i-su]] siâng-chài kiàn-gī lī-iōng [[Khí-kho ê Hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t|hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t]] ê hoat-tō· ū:

=== Kî-thaⁿ ê pō·-sò· ===

*'''Ím-chúi-ka-hu̍t''' (飲水加氟)
*'''Chia̍h hu̍t-tēng''' (口服氟錠)
*'''Hâm-hu̍t [[khí-ko]] kap [[lo̍k-chhùi-chúi]]''' 
*'''Kio̍k-pō·-chhat-hu̍t''' (局部塗氟)&lt;br /&gt;
Kái-piàn [[chhùi-khí]] piáu-bīn he̍k chhùi-khí kò·-chō ê lēng 1-ê hó hoat-tō· sī:
*'''[[Sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng]] hong-pì'''&lt;br /&gt;
Sú-iōng liû-tōng-sèng chiâⁿ-hó ê [chhiū-chí]] kā chhùi-khí ka-ha̍p bīn siāng-gâu chiù-khang ê [[sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng]] hong-pì--khí-lâi sī ī-hông [[sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng]] chiù-khí siāng-hó ê hoat-tō·.

== Goā-pō· liân-kiat ==

* [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001055.htm NIH]

== Chham-khó chu-liāu ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
&lt;references/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Category:Pīⁿ]]
[[Category:Kháu-khiuⁿ pēⁿ-lí-ha̍k]]</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Good ariticle}}

'''Chiù-khí''' sī [[chhùi-khí]] pēⁿ ê 1 khoán koè-têng kap kiat-kó. In-ūi [[gê-khí]] ê kiat-kò· siū siong-hāi, chhùi-khí seⁿ chiù-khang. Chiù-khí sī put-chí-á phó·-phiàn ê pēⁿ, kan-na [[kám-mō·]] koh khah phó·-phiàn. It-poaⁿ lâi kóng, gín-á, nî-hoè khah chió ê sêng-liân-lâng hoat-seng chiù-khí ê pí-lē khah koân, chóng--sī jīm-hô lâng to̍h ū khó-lêng hoat-seng. Chiù-khí sī siàu-liân-lâng lak chhùi-khí siāng-kài chú-iàu ê goân-in.

== Goân-in ==

Chiù-khí ê hoat-pēⁿ in-toaⁿ kap hoat-pēⁿ koè-têng ia̍h-bô chin chheng-chhó, m̄-koh tāi-pō·-hūn lóng jīn-ûi kah [[sè-khún]], [[sng]], í-ki̍p thoat-[[kài-hoà]] (''decalcification'') ū tī-tāi. Pêng-siông-sî lán lâng ê [[kháu-khiuⁿ]] thàu-té lo̍h-ū sè-khún tī--leh. Lán teh chia̍h mi̍h ê sî-chūn, hia ê sè-khún tio̍h ē kā [[carbohydrate]], te̍k-pia̍t sī [[chià-thn̂g]], siau-hoà sán-seng sng. Tī sng ê khoân-kéng chi-hā, [[pH-ti̍t]] kàng-kē, chhùi-khí hoat-seng [[kài]] [[lî-chú]] (''calcium ion'') kap [[lîn-sng-kin]] lî-chú (''phosphate ion'') ùi [[gê-iū-chit]] kái-lî chhut--lâi ê thoat-kài-hoà hiān-siōng, sûi-āu pH-ti̍t seng-koân, ah kài lî-chú kap lîn-sng-kin lî-chú ē koh-chài tîm-chek tńg--khì hêng-sêng koh-kài-hoà (''recalcificatioh''), ia̍h tio̍h-sī kóng tú-khí-seng ê chiù-khí sī ē-tàng hoê-ho̍k--ê, m̄-koh nā thoat-kài-hoà khah iâⁿ-bīn, chiù-khí choâⁿ lâi hoat-seng. Sè-khún, sng, lah-sap-mi̍h-á kah [[chhùi-nōa]] thàu-lām chò-hoé chiâⁿ-chò 1-khoán liâm-liâm iū-koh n̂g-n̂g, chiâⁿ-gâu liâm chhùi-khí ê bu̍t-chit, hō·-lâng hō-chò [[khí-khún-pan]] (''dental plaque''). Khí-khún-pan poaⁿ-ián chiù-khí kap [[khí-chiu-pēⁿ]] ê koan-kiān kha-siàu.

=== Kî-thaⁿ in-sò· ===
̀
*'''Chhùi-khí''' 
[[Chhùi-khí]] ê '''kò·-chō''', te̍k-pia̍t sī chhùi-khí ê piáu-bīn chham chiù-khí chiâⁿ ū koan-hē. Chiù-khí ê hoat-seng-lu̍t kah chhùi-khí piáu-bīn ê [[fluorine|hu̍t]] (氟), [[Zn (goân-sò͘)|sin]] (鋅), [[Pb (goân-sò͘)|iân]] (鉛) hâm [[thih]] (鐵) lî-chú ê liōng hêng-sêng hoán-pí ê koan-hē. Chhùi-khí ê '''hêng-thāi''' mā-sī in-sò· chi-it, [[sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng]] (''pit and fissure'') chiâⁿ iông-ī tui-chek [[gê-khún-pan]] ín-khí chiù-khí. Chhùi-khí ê '''ūi-tī''' mā-ū éng-hióng, pí-jû chhò-ūi (''malposition'') ê chhùi-khí, sé khah bē chheng-khì, tio̍h khah-gâu chiù-khí.

*'''Chhùi-nōa'''
[[Chhùi-nōa]] ê chē-chió tùi chiù-khí ū tiōng-tōa ê éng-hióng, chhùi-nōa nā chē tio̍h khah boē chiù-khí; chhùi-nōa nā chió tio̍h khah gâu chiù-khí.
 
*'''Chia̍h-mi̍h'''
Khah nńg khah liâm ê chia̍h-mi̍h ē chhiok-chìn [[gê-khún-pan]] hêng-sêng, chēng-ka chiù-khí ê hoat-seng. Cheng-chè ê chia̍h-mi̍h pí chho·-si ê chia̍h-mi̍h khah gâu ín-khí chiù-khí. Tī thn̂g-lūi lāi-té, chià-thn̂g sī siāng iông-ī ín-khí chiù-khí ê carbohydrate. Tiⁿ ê chia̍h-mi̍h ê chia̍h-iōng chhù-sò· te̍k-pia̍t tiōng-iàu, chia̍h jú-chē kái tio̍h jú-gâu chiù-khí. Lēng-gōa, chia̍h-mi̍h só·-hâm ē hu̍t-lî-chú tùi chiù-khí ê hoat-seng sui-jiân chiâⁿ tiōng-iàu, m̄-koh ím-iōng-chúi lāi-té ê hu̍t-lî-chú hâm-liōng keng-ka tiōng-iàu.

== Chèng-thâu kah cheng-siōng ==

=== Chèng-chōng (''syndrome'') ===

Chiù-khí bô tiāⁿ-tio̍h ē thiàⁿ, phó·-lio̍k lâi kóng tio̍h tán-kàu [[gê-iū-chit]] hō· phò·-hāi kàu siong-tong thêng-tō·, chiah-ē thiàⁿ. Chiù-khí mā bô-tek-khak ē-ū chiâⁿ tōa ê chiù-khang tī [[chhùi-khí]] ê piáu-bīn hō· lâng khòaⁿ-kìⁿ, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī piáu-bīn kan-tāⁿ ū sè-kah--khang-á ê khang-chhùi, lāi-té í-kēng chiù kah khang-khang-khang.

=== Cheng-siōng''' (''sign'') ===
[[File:chiu-khi_X-ray.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Fig: '''Chiù-khí ê tiān-kong-phìⁿ''']]

Gê-i-su chú-iàu sī thàu-kòe '''ti̍t-chiap koan-chhat''', '''[[thàm-chiam]] thàm-chhek''' (''probing''), kap '''[[tiān-kong liap-iáⁿ]]''' (''radiograph'') lâi kiám-cha chiù-khí. [[Gê-i-su]] tāi-seng ti̍t-chiap koan-chhat kám-ū chiù-khí? Chiù-khí ê lîm-chhn̂g cheng-siōng siāng tāi-seng sī &quot;pe̍h-tiám&quot;. Tī pe̍h-tiám sî-kî iah-bô chhùi-khí kò·-chō ê bêng-hián sòng-sit, chiù-khang ê chìn-hêng sī ē-tàng hôe-ho̍k--ê. Kàu--liáu khah lo̍h--bóe ū kim-sio̍k lî-chí, chhùi-nōa ê [[nn̄g-pe̍h-chit]], he̍k-sī hun-tái tîm-chek ê sî, pe̍h-tiám tio̍h piàn-sêng n̂g-sek, ka-pi-sek, he̍k-sī o·-sek, soah--lâi chiù-chhng khai-sí chhut-hiān jī-chhiáⁿ bē-tàng koh hôe-ho̍k. Gê-i-su soah--lo̍h-lâi ē iōng thàm-chiam thàm-chhek chiù-khang. Sú-iōng tiān-kong liap-iáⁿ ē-tàng pang-chàn chiù-khí ê chín-toān, m̄-koh tiān-kong-phìⁿ só· khòaⁿ--tio̍h ê chiù-khang pí si̍t-chè siōng ê chiù-khang khah sè.

[[File:Chiu-khi_si-i-tou.gif|thumb|right|260px|Fig: '''Chiù-khí ê sī-ì-tô·ē-tàng kah chiù-khí ê tiān-kong-phìⁿ tùi-chiàu''']]

Lîm-chhn̂g siōng, tùi 3 ê kak-tō· kā chiù-khí hun-chòe 6 lūi:
*Chiù-khí ê ūi-tī:
**'''[[Sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng]] chiù-khí''': chiù-khí tī chhùi-khí ka-ha̍h bīn ê sió-ku̍t-á kap li̍h-phāng.
**'''Pêng-hôa bīn chiù-khí''': chiù-khí tī chhùi-khí ê pêng-hôa piáu-bīn.
*Hoat-pēⁿ ê sok-tō·:
**'''Kip-sèng chiù-khí''': hoat-chok liáu chiok-kín , siâng-chāi chhut-hiān tī 20 hòe chìn-chêng, pí-jû kóng ''rampant caries''.
**'''Bān-sèng chiù-khí''': hoat-seng ê sok-tō· chiâⁿ bān, pí-jû kóng ''arrested caries'', ū tang-sî-á ē chū-jiân siau-sit.
*Goân-hoat a̍h sī chài-hoat:
**'''Goân-hoat-sèng chiù-khí''': chiù-khí hoat-seng tī goân-té bô chiù-khí ê gê-iū-chit he̍k gê-pún-chit.
**'''Chài-hoat-sèng chiù-khí''': chiù-khí hoat-seng tī thiām-pó·-bu̍t chi-hā he̍k pian-iân.

== Tī-liâu ==

Phò-hāi--khì ê chhùi-khí kiat-kò· bô-hoat-tō· oân-choân koh seⁿ--chut-lâi, sui-bóng chhùi-khiuⁿ oē-seng nā î-chhî tī sek-tòng ê piau-chún, hui-siông sè ê chho·-kî chiù-khang ē koh-kài-hòa--tńg-lâi. &lt;ref name=&quot;medline&quot;&gt;[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001055.htm Dental Cavities], ''MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia'', page accessed August 14, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Tùi hui-siông sè ê chiù-khang, kio̍k-pō· ê [[khí-kho ê hu̍t-hoà-bu̍t|hu̍t-hoà-bu̍t]] ē-sái chhiok-chìn koh-kài-hoà. Tùi khah-toā ê chiù-khang ē-sái thàu-koè tī-liâu lâi chiong-chí chiù-khi ê chin-tián. Tī-liâu ê bo̍k-phiau sī pó-liû chhùi-khí ê khí-chit kap phiah-bián chin-chi̍t-pō· ê phò-hāi. 

It-poaⁿ lâi-kóng, chá-kî ê tī-liâu sī khah bē thiàⁿ--ê, mā khah bē khai-chîⁿ. Kio̍k-pō· [[bâ-chùi]] (''anesthetic''), [[nitrous oxide]] (&quot;laughing gas&quot;), he̍k kî-thaⁿ ê io̍h-bu̍t khó-lêng ē-sái pang-chān kiám-kheng tī-liâu ê thiàⁿ-thàng kap chiau-cho. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ada.org/public/topics/anesthesia_faq.asp Oral Health Topics: Anesthesia Frequently Asked Questions], hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed August 16, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ko-sok chhiú-ki (khí-kho)|Ko-sok chhiú-ki]] kap [[boâ-chiam]] pī the̍h-lâi boâ-tû toā-pō·-hūn ê chiù-chhng. Thng-sî o̍·-á (''spoon excavator'') pī the̍h-lâi sè-jī ê î-tû chiù-khí, iû-kî sī chiù-khí chiok oá [[khí-chhoé]] ê chêng-hêng. &lt;ref name=&quot;summit128&quot;&gt;Summit, James B., J. William Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. &quot;Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach.&quot; 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2001, p. 128. ISBN 0-86715-382-2.&lt;/ref&gt; Chiù-chhng î-tû chheng-khì liáu-āu, song-sit ê chhùi-khí khí-chit su-iàu [[siu-ho̍k-thé (khí-kho)|siu-ho̍k-thé]] lâi hui-ho̍k chhùi-khí ê kong-lêng kap bí-koan.

Siu-ho̍k ēng ê châi-liāu ū [[a-má-káng]], [[ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí (khí-kho)|ho̍k-ha̍p]] [[chhiū-chí]], [[iù-hûi-á]], kap [[n̂g-kim|kim-á]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;DCPPtx&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=dcp2.section.5402 Aspects of Treatment of Cavities and of Caries Disease]&quot; from the Disease Control Priorities Project. Page accessed August 15, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí kap iù-hûi-á in-ūi hó-khoàⁿ, pī sú-iōng tī su-iàu khó-lū bí-koan ê só·-chāi. M̄-koh ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí khah nńg, iù-hî-á khah chhè, tī su-iàu khah-toā ê pō· ê la̍t ê āu-piah-khí, ū-ê gê-i-su ē khó-lū kiàn-gī sú-iōng a-má-káng he̍k n̂g-kim. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ada.org/public/topics/fillings.asp Oral Health Topics: Dental Filling Options], hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed August 16, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Nā-sī chiù-khang siuⁿ-koè-toā, chhùi-khí bē-tàng kan-taⁿ iōng thiâm-pó· ê hong-sek lâi siu-ho̍k. chit-ê sî-chūn, tio̍h su-iàu [[khí-lông]]. Khí-lông sī 1 ê thò-á, kā chhùi-khí pau--khí-lâi. Khí-lông tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sú-iōng n̂g-kim, iù-hûi-á, he̍k iù-hûi iông-kàu kim-sio̍k (porcelain fused to metal) chia ê châi-liāu chè-chō. 

Tī chi̍t-kóa chêng-hêng hā, [[kin-kńg tī-liâu]] sī su-iàu ê. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.agd.org/consumer/topics/rootcanaltherapy/main.asp What is a Root Canal?], hosted by the Academy of General Dentistry. Page accessed on August 16, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Kin-kńg tī-liâu koh kiò-chò khí-lāi tī-liâu. Chhùi-khí nā in-ūi chiù-khí he̍k goā-siong tì-sú [[Khí-chhóe-iām|khí-chhoé kám-jiám hoat-iām]], tio̍h su-iàu kin-kńg tī-liâu. Tī khí-lāi tī-liâu, sîn-keng kap hoeh-kńg chia-ê khí-chhoé kap chiù-khí lóng hông î-tû chheng-khì. Kin-kńg pī iōng endodontic file lâi chheng-kiat kap sok-hêng, lō·-boé koh iōng chhiūⁿ chhiūⁿ-ni ê [[gutta-percha]] lâi thūn. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aae.org/patients/faqs/rootcanals.htm FAQs About Root Canal Treatment], hosted on the American Association of Endodontists website. Page accessed August 16, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Tī-liâu soah, chhùi-khí ài iōng khí-lông kā khàm--khí-lâi. 

Chiù-khí nā hûi-siông giâm-tiōng, tio̍h ài kā chhùi-khí [[bán-chhùi-khí|bán-tiāu]]. Bô tùi-kā-khí (''opposing tooth''), he̍k lâu--lo̍h-lâi ē ín-khí chin-chi̍t-pō· ê būn-tê, he̍k [[tì-hūi-khí]] lóng-sī bán-chhùi-khí ê sek-èng-chèng. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aaoms.org/public/Pamphlets/WisdomTeeth.pdf Wisdom Teeth], packet in pdf format hosted by the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Page accessed on August 16, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Pēⁿ-lâng nā-sī bô-hoat-tō· he̍k m̄-goān hù siu-ho̍k ê hùi-iōng, he̍k siu-ho̍k ū khùn-lân, bán-chhùi-khí khó-lêng mā-sī kiàn-gī ê soán-tek.

Hiān-tāi siâng-chāi sú-iōng ê thiâm-pó· châi-liāu ū:
*'''[[a-má-káng]]''' (''amalgam'')
*'''[[ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí (khí-kho)|Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí]]''' (''composite resin'')
Khah-tōa ê chiù-khang nā sú-iōng ti̍t-chiap thiâm-pó· ê hong-sek khah-bô thò-tòng, pit-su keng-kòe [[kā-bô·]] (''impression taking''), koàn-bô· (''pouring cast''), tih-la̍h (''waxup''), hoan-soa (''investing''), kap chù-chō (''casting'') téng-téng kòe-têng, chòe-aū chò-sêng '''[[kham-thé (khí-kho)|kham-thé]]''' (''inlay''), '''[[koan-kài-thé (khí-kho)|koan-kài-thé]]''' (''onlay''), he̍k-sī '''[[khí-lông]]''' (''crown''), chiah-koh iōng [[liâm-ha̍p-che]] (''dental cement'') liâm tī [[chhùi-khí]], án-ne chiah ē-tàng hoe-ho̍k [[chhùi-khí]] ê gōa-hêng kap kong-lêng. Kham-thé, koan-kài-thé, kap khí-lông só· sú-iōng ê châi-liāu ū :
*'''[[kim ha̍p-kim (khí-kho)|Khe-kim]]''' (''gold alloys'')
*'''[[Phó·-thong kim-sio̍k ha̍p-kim (khí-kho)|Phó·-thong kim-sio̍k]]''' (''base metal'')
*'''[[Iù-hûi-á (khí-kho)|Iù-hûi-á]]''' (''porcelain'')
*'''[[Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí (khí-kho)|Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí]]''' (''composite resin'')

== Ī-hông ==

=== Chia̍h-mi̍h khòng-chè ===

Siāng ū-hāu ê ī-hông hoat-to· chi-it sī chīn-liōng mài chia̍h cheng-chè ê [[thn̂g-lūi]] chia̍h-mi̍h.
Nā-beh chia̍h tit hoaⁿ-hí, koh bē chhùi-khí-thiàⁿ, tû-liáu ióng-sêng liông-hó ê kháu-khiuⁿ chheng-kiat koàn-sì í-gōa, koh-ài phòe-ha̍p chia̍h-si̍t koán-lí, soán-tek sek-tòng ê chia̍h-mi̍h, kap khòng-chè gâu chiù-khí ê chia̍h-mi̍h ê liap-chhú-liōng.

It-poan lâi-kóng, liâm-sèng koân, hâm thn̂g chē, cheng-chè ê piáⁿ-koaⁿ tiám-sim sī siāng-gâu chiù-khí ê chia̍h-mi̍h. In-chhú teh chia̍h tiám-sim ê sî-chūn, tio̍h-ài chim-chiok soán-tek.

==== Khòng-chè chia̍h-si̍t ê chò-hoat ====

* Ióng-sêng tha̍k si̍t-phín piau-chhiam ê koàn-sì tāi-seng, m̄-thang kò·-bé hâm thn̂g siuⁿ chē ê si̍t-phín.
* kā gâu chiù-khí ê si̍t-bu̍t chīn-liōng hān-chè tī 3 tǹg pn̄g-chêng he̍k pn̄g-āu 1 tiám-cheng lāi lâi chia̍h，jî-chhiáⁿ pn̄g-āu ài [[sé-chhùi]] bín-chhùi-khí, sé liáu bē-sái koh chia̍h mi̍h-kiāⁿ.
* Chim-chiok soán-tek 3 tǹg chi-kan ê tiám-sim.
** Khah mài chia̍h chē thn̂g gâu liâm chhùi-khí ê chia̍h-mi̍h, soán-tek kî-thaⁿ sek-ha̍p ê tāi-iōng-phín. 
**Soán-tek sú-iōng [[chheⁿ-chhài]] [[kóe-chí]] lâi chò 3 tǹg chi-kan ê tiám-sim. 
**Pē-bú he̍k-chiah sī-tōa mài iōng thn̂g-kó lâi chiáng-lē kap phiàn gin-á. 
**Chhù-lāi ê lâng ê li̍p-tiûⁿ tio̍h-ài siāng-khoán, chiah-bē kā gin-á ê koan-liām chhòng--loān-khì.

==== Chia̍h-mi̍h ê soán-tek ====

*'''Chīn-liōng phiah-bián ê chia̍h-mi̍h''': &lt;br /&gt;[[chi-ku-la̍t]] (chi-ku-la̍t gû-leng), [[chhiū-ni-thn̂g]], ngē ê thn̂g-kó, 棒棒糖, [[thô·-tāu-thn̂g]], 太妃糖, [[peng-kî-lîm]], 甜甜圈, 蘋果派, 棗糕, hâm-thn̂g ê piáⁿ-koaⁿ, 可可, [[khì-chúi]], ka-thn̂g ê kó-chiap, [[phô-tô]]-koaⁿ, kóe-chí koàn-thâu, kó-chiùⁿ, [[phang-bi̍t]], [[thô·-tāu-chiùⁿ]] téng-téng.
*'''Ē-ēng-tit khó-lū ê chia̍h-mi̍h''':&lt;br /&gt;So·-tá piáⁿ , bô-thn̂g ê [[chhiū-ni-thn̂g]], [[thô·-tāu]]，[[he̍k-tô]], [[kōe-chí]], [[bán-thô]], [[pau-á]], 酪餅, pe̍h-kún-chúi, chió-thn̂g he̍k bô-thn̂g ê [[ím-liāu]], bô ka-kang kòe ê [[chheⁿ-chhài]] [[kóe-chí]], ke-bah-kak, [[bah-so·]], [[hî-so·]], [[liû-hî-sī]].

=== Kháu-khiuⁿ ōe-seng ===

Liông-hó ê kháu-khiuⁿ ōe-seng sī ī-hông chiù-khí ê tē-2 ê hoat-to·, te̍k-pia̍t sī pêng-hôa bīn ê chiù-khí. 1 kang siāng-chió 1 kái sú-iōng '''[[khí-bín-á]]''' [[sé-chhùi]] kap '''[[khí-sòaⁿ]]''' chheng chhùi-khí-phāng sī chiâⁿ tiōng-iàu ê chheng-kia̍t khang-khòe. Sú-iōng hâm-ū [[chlorhexidine]] ê [[lo̍k-chhùi-chúi]] sui-jiân ê-tàng ek-chè [[gê-khún-pan]] hêng-sêng, m̄-koh [[gê-i-su]] bô chàn-sêng tn̂g-kî sú-iōng.

=== '''Kái-piàn chhùi-khí piáu-bīn he̍k chhùi-khí kò·-chō ===

[[Khí-kho ê Hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t|Hu̍t]] lî-chí tn̂g-sî-kan tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kap [[khí-iū-chit]] chiap-chhiok ē-tàng sú-ti̍t chá-kî ê chiù-khí koh-chài kài-hòa, lēng-gōa koân lông-tō· ê hu̍t mā ē-tàng ek-chè [[gê-khún-pan]] sán-seng sng. Só·-í [[Khí-kho ê Hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t|hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t]] ē-tàng kiám-chió [[chhùi-khí]] kài-chit ê liû-sit, pang-chō· chá-kî chiù-khí ê hôe-ho̍k, sú-ti̍t chhùi-khí tùi chiù-khí koh-khah ū té-khòng-la̍t. [[Gê-i-su]] siâng-chài kiàn-gī lī-iōng [[Khí-kho ê Hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t|hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t]] ê hoat-tō· ū:

=== Kî-thaⁿ ê pō·-sò· ===

*'''Ím-chúi-ka-hu̍t''' (飲水加氟)
*'''Chia̍h hu̍t-tēng''' (口服氟錠)
*'''Hâm-hu̍t [[khí-ko]] kap [[lo̍k-chhùi-chúi]]''' 
*'''Kio̍k-pō·-chhat-hu̍t''' (局部塗氟)&lt;br /&gt;
Kái-piàn [[chhùi-khí]] piáu-bīn he̍k chhùi-khí kò·-chō ê lēng 1-ê hó hoat-tō· sī:
*'''[[Sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng]] hong-pì'''&lt;br /&gt;
Sú-iōng liû-tōng-sèng chiâⁿ-hó ê [chhiū-chí]] kā chhùi-khí ka-ha̍p bīn siāng-gâu chiù-khang ê [[sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng]] hong-pì--khí-lâi sī ī-hông [[sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng]] chiù-khí siāng-hó ê hoat-tō·.

== Goā-pō· liân-kiat ==

* [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001055.htm NIH]

== Chham-khó chu-liāu ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
&lt;references/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Category:Pīⁿ]]
[[Category:Kháu-khiuⁿ pēⁿ-lí-ha̍k]]</text>
      <sha1>s7j87aoognx5n0sw0h8v6owg85sr4r0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678809</id>
      <parentid>1678802</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T14:15:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Good article}}

'''Chiù-khí''' sī [[chhùi-khí]] pēⁿ ê 1 khoán koè-têng kap kiat-kó. In-ūi [[gê-khí]] ê kiat-kò· siū siong-hāi, chhùi-khí seⁿ chiù-khang. Chiù-khí sī put-chí-á phó·-phiàn ê pēⁿ, kan-na [[kám-mō·]] koh khah phó·-phiàn. It-poaⁿ lâi kóng, gín-á, nî-hoè khah chió ê sêng-liân-lâng hoat-seng chiù-khí ê pí-lē khah koân, chóng--sī jīm-hô lâng to̍h ū khó-lêng hoat-seng. Chiù-khí sī siàu-liân-lâng lak chhùi-khí siāng-kài chú-iàu ê goân-in.

== Goân-in ==

Chiù-khí ê hoat-pēⁿ in-toaⁿ kap hoat-pēⁿ koè-têng ia̍h-bô chin chheng-chhó, m̄-koh tāi-pō·-hūn lóng jīn-ûi kah [[sè-khún]], [[sng]], í-ki̍p thoat-[[kài-hoà]] (''decalcification'') ū tī-tāi. Pêng-siông-sî lán lâng ê [[kháu-khiuⁿ]] thàu-té lo̍h-ū sè-khún tī--leh. Lán teh chia̍h mi̍h ê sî-chūn, hia ê sè-khún tio̍h ē kā [[carbohydrate]], te̍k-pia̍t sī [[chià-thn̂g]], siau-hoà sán-seng sng. Tī sng ê khoân-kéng chi-hā, [[pH-ti̍t]] kàng-kē, chhùi-khí hoat-seng [[kài]] [[lî-chú]] (''calcium ion'') kap [[lîn-sng-kin]] lî-chú (''phosphate ion'') ùi [[gê-iū-chit]] kái-lî chhut--lâi ê thoat-kài-hoà hiān-siōng, sûi-āu pH-ti̍t seng-koân, ah kài lî-chú kap lîn-sng-kin lî-chú ē koh-chài tîm-chek tńg--khì hêng-sêng koh-kài-hoà (''recalcificatioh''), ia̍h tio̍h-sī kóng tú-khí-seng ê chiù-khí sī ē-tàng hoê-ho̍k--ê, m̄-koh nā thoat-kài-hoà khah iâⁿ-bīn, chiù-khí choâⁿ lâi hoat-seng. Sè-khún, sng, lah-sap-mi̍h-á kah [[chhùi-nōa]] thàu-lām chò-hoé chiâⁿ-chò 1-khoán liâm-liâm iū-koh n̂g-n̂g, chiâⁿ-gâu liâm chhùi-khí ê bu̍t-chit, hō·-lâng hō-chò [[khí-khún-pan]] (''dental plaque''). Khí-khún-pan poaⁿ-ián chiù-khí kap [[khí-chiu-pēⁿ]] ê koan-kiān kha-siàu.

=== Kî-thaⁿ in-sò· ===
̀
*'''Chhùi-khí''' 
[[Chhùi-khí]] ê '''kò·-chō''', te̍k-pia̍t sī chhùi-khí ê piáu-bīn chham chiù-khí chiâⁿ ū koan-hē. Chiù-khí ê hoat-seng-lu̍t kah chhùi-khí piáu-bīn ê [[fluorine|hu̍t]] (氟), [[Zn (goân-sò͘)|sin]] (鋅), [[Pb (goân-sò͘)|iân]] (鉛) hâm [[thih]] (鐵) lî-chú ê liōng hêng-sêng hoán-pí ê koan-hē. Chhùi-khí ê '''hêng-thāi''' mā-sī in-sò· chi-it, [[sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng]] (''pit and fissure'') chiâⁿ iông-ī tui-chek [[gê-khún-pan]] ín-khí chiù-khí. Chhùi-khí ê '''ūi-tī''' mā-ū éng-hióng, pí-jû chhò-ūi (''malposition'') ê chhùi-khí, sé khah bē chheng-khì, tio̍h khah-gâu chiù-khí.

*'''Chhùi-nōa'''
[[Chhùi-nōa]] ê chē-chió tùi chiù-khí ū tiōng-tōa ê éng-hióng, chhùi-nōa nā chē tio̍h khah boē chiù-khí; chhùi-nōa nā chió tio̍h khah gâu chiù-khí.
 
*'''Chia̍h-mi̍h'''
Khah nńg khah liâm ê chia̍h-mi̍h ē chhiok-chìn [[gê-khún-pan]] hêng-sêng, chēng-ka chiù-khí ê hoat-seng. Cheng-chè ê chia̍h-mi̍h pí chho·-si ê chia̍h-mi̍h khah gâu ín-khí chiù-khí. Tī thn̂g-lūi lāi-té, chià-thn̂g sī siāng iông-ī ín-khí chiù-khí ê carbohydrate. Tiⁿ ê chia̍h-mi̍h ê chia̍h-iōng chhù-sò· te̍k-pia̍t tiōng-iàu, chia̍h jú-chē kái tio̍h jú-gâu chiù-khí. Lēng-gōa, chia̍h-mi̍h só·-hâm ē hu̍t-lî-chú tùi chiù-khí ê hoat-seng sui-jiân chiâⁿ tiōng-iàu, m̄-koh ím-iōng-chúi lāi-té ê hu̍t-lî-chú hâm-liōng keng-ka tiōng-iàu.

== Chèng-thâu kah cheng-siōng ==

=== Chèng-chōng (''syndrome'') ===

Chiù-khí bô tiāⁿ-tio̍h ē thiàⁿ, phó·-lio̍k lâi kóng tio̍h tán-kàu [[gê-iū-chit]] hō· phò·-hāi kàu siong-tong thêng-tō·, chiah-ē thiàⁿ. Chiù-khí mā bô-tek-khak ē-ū chiâⁿ tōa ê chiù-khang tī [[chhùi-khí]] ê piáu-bīn hō· lâng khòaⁿ-kìⁿ, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī piáu-bīn kan-tāⁿ ū sè-kah--khang-á ê khang-chhùi, lāi-té í-kēng chiù kah khang-khang-khang.

=== Cheng-siōng''' (''sign'') ===
[[File:chiu-khi_X-ray.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Fig: '''Chiù-khí ê tiān-kong-phìⁿ''']]

Gê-i-su chú-iàu sī thàu-kòe '''ti̍t-chiap koan-chhat''', '''[[thàm-chiam]] thàm-chhek''' (''probing''), kap '''[[tiān-kong liap-iáⁿ]]''' (''radiograph'') lâi kiám-cha chiù-khí. [[Gê-i-su]] tāi-seng ti̍t-chiap koan-chhat kám-ū chiù-khí? Chiù-khí ê lîm-chhn̂g cheng-siōng siāng tāi-seng sī &quot;pe̍h-tiám&quot;. Tī pe̍h-tiám sî-kî iah-bô chhùi-khí kò·-chō ê bêng-hián sòng-sit, chiù-khang ê chìn-hêng sī ē-tàng hôe-ho̍k--ê. Kàu--liáu khah lo̍h--bóe ū kim-sio̍k lî-chí, chhùi-nōa ê [[nn̄g-pe̍h-chit]], he̍k-sī hun-tái tîm-chek ê sî, pe̍h-tiám tio̍h piàn-sêng n̂g-sek, ka-pi-sek, he̍k-sī o·-sek, soah--lâi chiù-chhng khai-sí chhut-hiān jī-chhiáⁿ bē-tàng koh hôe-ho̍k. Gê-i-su soah--lo̍h-lâi ē iōng thàm-chiam thàm-chhek chiù-khang. Sú-iōng tiān-kong liap-iáⁿ ē-tàng pang-chàn chiù-khí ê chín-toān, m̄-koh tiān-kong-phìⁿ só· khòaⁿ--tio̍h ê chiù-khang pí si̍t-chè siōng ê chiù-khang khah sè.

[[File:Chiu-khi_si-i-tou.gif|thumb|right|260px|Fig: '''Chiù-khí ê sī-ì-tô·ē-tàng kah chiù-khí ê tiān-kong-phìⁿ tùi-chiàu''']]

Lîm-chhn̂g siōng, tùi 3 ê kak-tō· kā chiù-khí hun-chòe 6 lūi:
*Chiù-khí ê ūi-tī:
**'''[[Sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng]] chiù-khí''': chiù-khí tī chhùi-khí ka-ha̍h bīn ê sió-ku̍t-á kap li̍h-phāng.
**'''Pêng-hôa bīn chiù-khí''': chiù-khí tī chhùi-khí ê pêng-hôa piáu-bīn.
*Hoat-pēⁿ ê sok-tō·:
**'''Kip-sèng chiù-khí''': hoat-chok liáu chiok-kín , siâng-chāi chhut-hiān tī 20 hòe chìn-chêng, pí-jû kóng ''rampant caries''.
**'''Bān-sèng chiù-khí''': hoat-seng ê sok-tō· chiâⁿ bān, pí-jû kóng ''arrested caries'', ū tang-sî-á ē chū-jiân siau-sit.
*Goân-hoat a̍h sī chài-hoat:
**'''Goân-hoat-sèng chiù-khí''': chiù-khí hoat-seng tī goân-té bô chiù-khí ê gê-iū-chit he̍k gê-pún-chit.
**'''Chài-hoat-sèng chiù-khí''': chiù-khí hoat-seng tī thiām-pó·-bu̍t chi-hā he̍k pian-iân.

== Tī-liâu ==

Phò-hāi--khì ê chhùi-khí kiat-kò· bô-hoat-tō· oân-choân koh seⁿ--chut-lâi, sui-bóng chhùi-khiuⁿ oē-seng nā î-chhî tī sek-tòng ê piau-chún, hui-siông sè ê chho·-kî chiù-khang ē koh-kài-hòa--tńg-lâi. &lt;ref name=&quot;medline&quot;&gt;[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001055.htm Dental Cavities], ''MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia'', page accessed August 14, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Tùi hui-siông sè ê chiù-khang, kio̍k-pō· ê [[khí-kho ê hu̍t-hoà-bu̍t|hu̍t-hoà-bu̍t]] ē-sái chhiok-chìn koh-kài-hoà. Tùi khah-toā ê chiù-khang ē-sái thàu-koè tī-liâu lâi chiong-chí chiù-khi ê chin-tián. Tī-liâu ê bo̍k-phiau sī pó-liû chhùi-khí ê khí-chit kap phiah-bián chin-chi̍t-pō· ê phò-hāi. 

It-poaⁿ lâi-kóng, chá-kî ê tī-liâu sī khah bē thiàⁿ--ê, mā khah bē khai-chîⁿ. Kio̍k-pō· [[bâ-chùi]] (''anesthetic''), [[nitrous oxide]] (&quot;laughing gas&quot;), he̍k kî-thaⁿ ê io̍h-bu̍t khó-lêng ē-sái pang-chān kiám-kheng tī-liâu ê thiàⁿ-thàng kap chiau-cho. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ada.org/public/topics/anesthesia_faq.asp Oral Health Topics: Anesthesia Frequently Asked Questions], hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed August 16, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ko-sok chhiú-ki (khí-kho)|Ko-sok chhiú-ki]] kap [[boâ-chiam]] pī the̍h-lâi boâ-tû toā-pō·-hūn ê chiù-chhng. Thng-sî o̍·-á (''spoon excavator'') pī the̍h-lâi sè-jī ê î-tû chiù-khí, iû-kî sī chiù-khí chiok oá [[khí-chhoé]] ê chêng-hêng. &lt;ref name=&quot;summit128&quot;&gt;Summit, James B., J. William Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. &quot;Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach.&quot; 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2001, p. 128. ISBN 0-86715-382-2.&lt;/ref&gt; Chiù-chhng î-tû chheng-khì liáu-āu, song-sit ê chhùi-khí khí-chit su-iàu [[siu-ho̍k-thé (khí-kho)|siu-ho̍k-thé]] lâi hui-ho̍k chhùi-khí ê kong-lêng kap bí-koan.

Siu-ho̍k ēng ê châi-liāu ū [[a-má-káng]], [[ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí (khí-kho)|ho̍k-ha̍p]] [[chhiū-chí]], [[iù-hûi-á]], kap [[n̂g-kim|kim-á]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;DCPPtx&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=dcp2.section.5402 Aspects of Treatment of Cavities and of Caries Disease]&quot; from the Disease Control Priorities Project. Page accessed August 15, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí kap iù-hûi-á in-ūi hó-khoàⁿ, pī sú-iōng tī su-iàu khó-lū bí-koan ê só·-chāi. M̄-koh ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí khah nńg, iù-hî-á khah chhè, tī su-iàu khah-toā ê pō· ê la̍t ê āu-piah-khí, ū-ê gê-i-su ē khó-lū kiàn-gī sú-iōng a-má-káng he̍k n̂g-kim. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ada.org/public/topics/fillings.asp Oral Health Topics: Dental Filling Options], hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed August 16, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Nā-sī chiù-khang siuⁿ-koè-toā, chhùi-khí bē-tàng kan-taⁿ iōng thiâm-pó· ê hong-sek lâi siu-ho̍k. chit-ê sî-chūn, tio̍h su-iàu [[khí-lông]]. Khí-lông sī 1 ê thò-á, kā chhùi-khí pau--khí-lâi. Khí-lông tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sú-iōng n̂g-kim, iù-hûi-á, he̍k iù-hûi iông-kàu kim-sio̍k (porcelain fused to metal) chia ê châi-liāu chè-chō. 

Tī chi̍t-kóa chêng-hêng hā, [[kin-kńg tī-liâu]] sī su-iàu ê. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.agd.org/consumer/topics/rootcanaltherapy/main.asp What is a Root Canal?], hosted by the Academy of General Dentistry. Page accessed on August 16, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Kin-kńg tī-liâu koh kiò-chò khí-lāi tī-liâu. Chhùi-khí nā in-ūi chiù-khí he̍k goā-siong tì-sú [[Khí-chhóe-iām|khí-chhoé kám-jiám hoat-iām]], tio̍h su-iàu kin-kńg tī-liâu. Tī khí-lāi tī-liâu, sîn-keng kap hoeh-kńg chia-ê khí-chhoé kap chiù-khí lóng hông î-tû chheng-khì. Kin-kńg pī iōng endodontic file lâi chheng-kiat kap sok-hêng, lō·-boé koh iōng chhiūⁿ chhiūⁿ-ni ê [[gutta-percha]] lâi thūn. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aae.org/patients/faqs/rootcanals.htm FAQs About Root Canal Treatment], hosted on the American Association of Endodontists website. Page accessed August 16, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Tī-liâu soah, chhùi-khí ài iōng khí-lông kā khàm--khí-lâi. 

Chiù-khí nā hûi-siông giâm-tiōng, tio̍h ài kā chhùi-khí [[bán-chhùi-khí|bán-tiāu]]. Bô tùi-kā-khí (''opposing tooth''), he̍k lâu--lo̍h-lâi ē ín-khí chin-chi̍t-pō· ê būn-tê, he̍k [[tì-hūi-khí]] lóng-sī bán-chhùi-khí ê sek-èng-chèng. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aaoms.org/public/Pamphlets/WisdomTeeth.pdf Wisdom Teeth], packet in pdf format hosted by the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Page accessed on August 16, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Pēⁿ-lâng nā-sī bô-hoat-tō· he̍k m̄-goān hù siu-ho̍k ê hùi-iōng, he̍k siu-ho̍k ū khùn-lân, bán-chhùi-khí khó-lêng mā-sī kiàn-gī ê soán-tek.

Hiān-tāi siâng-chāi sú-iōng ê thiâm-pó· châi-liāu ū:
*'''[[a-má-káng]]''' (''amalgam'')
*'''[[ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí (khí-kho)|Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí]]''' (''composite resin'')
Khah-tōa ê chiù-khang nā sú-iōng ti̍t-chiap thiâm-pó· ê hong-sek khah-bô thò-tòng, pit-su keng-kòe [[kā-bô·]] (''impression taking''), koàn-bô· (''pouring cast''), tih-la̍h (''waxup''), hoan-soa (''investing''), kap chù-chō (''casting'') téng-téng kòe-têng, chòe-aū chò-sêng '''[[kham-thé (khí-kho)|kham-thé]]''' (''inlay''), '''[[koan-kài-thé (khí-kho)|koan-kài-thé]]''' (''onlay''), he̍k-sī '''[[khí-lông]]''' (''crown''), chiah-koh iōng [[liâm-ha̍p-che]] (''dental cement'') liâm tī [[chhùi-khí]], án-ne chiah ē-tàng hoe-ho̍k [[chhùi-khí]] ê gōa-hêng kap kong-lêng. Kham-thé, koan-kài-thé, kap khí-lông só· sú-iōng ê châi-liāu ū :
*'''[[kim ha̍p-kim (khí-kho)|Khe-kim]]''' (''gold alloys'')
*'''[[Phó·-thong kim-sio̍k ha̍p-kim (khí-kho)|Phó·-thong kim-sio̍k]]''' (''base metal'')
*'''[[Iù-hûi-á (khí-kho)|Iù-hûi-á]]''' (''porcelain'')
*'''[[Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí (khí-kho)|Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí]]''' (''composite resin'')

== Ī-hông ==

=== Chia̍h-mi̍h khòng-chè ===

Siāng ū-hāu ê ī-hông hoat-to· chi-it sī chīn-liōng mài chia̍h cheng-chè ê [[thn̂g-lūi]] chia̍h-mi̍h.
Nā-beh chia̍h tit hoaⁿ-hí, koh bē chhùi-khí-thiàⁿ, tû-liáu ióng-sêng liông-hó ê kháu-khiuⁿ chheng-kiat koàn-sì í-gōa, koh-ài phòe-ha̍p chia̍h-si̍t koán-lí, soán-tek sek-tòng ê chia̍h-mi̍h, kap khòng-chè gâu chiù-khí ê chia̍h-mi̍h ê liap-chhú-liōng.

It-poan lâi-kóng, liâm-sèng koân, hâm thn̂g chē, cheng-chè ê piáⁿ-koaⁿ tiám-sim sī siāng-gâu chiù-khí ê chia̍h-mi̍h. In-chhú teh chia̍h tiám-sim ê sî-chūn, tio̍h-ài chim-chiok soán-tek.

==== Khòng-chè chia̍h-si̍t ê chò-hoat ====

* Ióng-sêng tha̍k si̍t-phín piau-chhiam ê koàn-sì tāi-seng, m̄-thang kò·-bé hâm thn̂g siuⁿ chē ê si̍t-phín.
* kā gâu chiù-khí ê si̍t-bu̍t chīn-liōng hān-chè tī 3 tǹg pn̄g-chêng he̍k pn̄g-āu 1 tiám-cheng lāi lâi chia̍h，jî-chhiáⁿ pn̄g-āu ài [[sé-chhùi]] bín-chhùi-khí, sé liáu bē-sái koh chia̍h mi̍h-kiāⁿ.
* Chim-chiok soán-tek 3 tǹg chi-kan ê tiám-sim.
** Khah mài chia̍h chē thn̂g gâu liâm chhùi-khí ê chia̍h-mi̍h, soán-tek kî-thaⁿ sek-ha̍p ê tāi-iōng-phín. 
**Soán-tek sú-iōng [[chheⁿ-chhài]] [[kóe-chí]] lâi chò 3 tǹg chi-kan ê tiám-sim. 
**Pē-bú he̍k-chiah sī-tōa mài iōng thn̂g-kó lâi chiáng-lē kap phiàn gin-á. 
**Chhù-lāi ê lâng ê li̍p-tiûⁿ tio̍h-ài siāng-khoán, chiah-bē kā gin-á ê koan-liām chhòng--loān-khì.

==== Chia̍h-mi̍h ê soán-tek ====

*'''Chīn-liōng phiah-bián ê chia̍h-mi̍h''': &lt;br /&gt;[[chi-ku-la̍t]] (chi-ku-la̍t gû-leng), [[chhiū-ni-thn̂g]], ngē ê thn̂g-kó, 棒棒糖, [[thô·-tāu-thn̂g]], 太妃糖, [[peng-kî-lîm]], 甜甜圈, 蘋果派, 棗糕, hâm-thn̂g ê piáⁿ-koaⁿ, 可可, [[khì-chúi]], ka-thn̂g ê kó-chiap, [[phô-tô]]-koaⁿ, kóe-chí koàn-thâu, kó-chiùⁿ, [[phang-bi̍t]], [[thô·-tāu-chiùⁿ]] téng-téng.
*'''Ē-ēng-tit khó-lū ê chia̍h-mi̍h''':&lt;br /&gt;So·-tá piáⁿ , bô-thn̂g ê [[chhiū-ni-thn̂g]], [[thô·-tāu]]，[[he̍k-tô]], [[kōe-chí]], [[bán-thô]], [[pau-á]], 酪餅, pe̍h-kún-chúi, chió-thn̂g he̍k bô-thn̂g ê [[ím-liāu]], bô ka-kang kòe ê [[chheⁿ-chhài]] [[kóe-chí]], ke-bah-kak, [[bah-so·]], [[hî-so·]], [[liû-hî-sī]].

=== Kháu-khiuⁿ ōe-seng ===

Liông-hó ê kháu-khiuⁿ ōe-seng sī ī-hông chiù-khí ê tē-2 ê hoat-to·, te̍k-pia̍t sī pêng-hôa bīn ê chiù-khí. 1 kang siāng-chió 1 kái sú-iōng '''[[khí-bín-á]]''' [[sé-chhùi]] kap '''[[khí-sòaⁿ]]''' chheng chhùi-khí-phāng sī chiâⁿ tiōng-iàu ê chheng-kia̍t khang-khòe. Sú-iōng hâm-ū [[chlorhexidine]] ê [[lo̍k-chhùi-chúi]] sui-jiân ê-tàng ek-chè [[gê-khún-pan]] hêng-sêng, m̄-koh [[gê-i-su]] bô chàn-sêng tn̂g-kî sú-iōng.

=== '''Kái-piàn chhùi-khí piáu-bīn he̍k chhùi-khí kò·-chō ===

[[Khí-kho ê Hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t|Hu̍t]] lî-chí tn̂g-sî-kan tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kap [[khí-iū-chit]] chiap-chhiok ē-tàng sú-ti̍t chá-kî ê chiù-khí koh-chài kài-hòa, lēng-gōa koân lông-tō· ê hu̍t mā ē-tàng ek-chè [[gê-khún-pan]] sán-seng sng. Só·-í [[Khí-kho ê Hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t|hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t]] ē-tàng kiám-chió [[chhùi-khí]] kài-chit ê liû-sit, pang-chō· chá-kî chiù-khí ê hôe-ho̍k, sú-ti̍t chhùi-khí tùi chiù-khí koh-khah ū té-khòng-la̍t. [[Gê-i-su]] siâng-chài kiàn-gī lī-iōng [[Khí-kho ê Hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t|hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t]] ê hoat-tō· ū:

=== Kî-thaⁿ ê pō·-sò· ===

*'''Ím-chúi-ka-hu̍t''' (飲水加氟)
*'''Chia̍h hu̍t-tēng''' (口服氟錠)
*'''Hâm-hu̍t [[khí-ko]] kap [[lo̍k-chhùi-chúi]]''' 
*'''Kio̍k-pō·-chhat-hu̍t''' (局部塗氟)&lt;br /&gt;
Kái-piàn [[chhùi-khí]] piáu-bīn he̍k chhùi-khí kò·-chō ê lēng 1-ê hó hoat-tō· sī:
*'''[[Sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng]] hong-pì'''&lt;br /&gt;
Sú-iōng liû-tōng-sèng chiâⁿ-hó ê [chhiū-chí]] kā chhùi-khí ka-ha̍p bīn siāng-gâu chiù-khang ê [[sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng]] hong-pì--khí-lâi sī ī-hông [[sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng]] chiù-khí siāng-hó ê hoat-tō·.

== Goā-pō· liân-kiat ==

* [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001055.htm NIH]

== Chham-khó chu-liāu ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt; 
&lt;references/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[Category:Pīⁿ]]
[[Category:Kháu-khiuⁿ pēⁿ-lí-ha̍k]]</text>
      <sha1>54w4w05p5q440hscq2cxsopvd6buqfj</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pang-bô͘:In the news</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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      <timestamp>2017-06-11T13:40:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>受保護 &quot;[[Pang-bô͘:In the news]]&quot; ([Siu-kái=Chí ín-chún chū-tōng khak-jīn iōng-chiá] (無限期)[Sóa khì=Chí ín-chún chū-tōng khak-jīn iōng-chiá] (無限期))</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Siāng sin ê sin-bûn khǹg siāng téng-koân --&gt;
[[File:Adam West 1961.JPG|right|100px]]
* [[6 goe̍h 9 ji̍t]]: Ián koè ''[[Batman]]'' ê [[Bí-kok]] ián-oân [[Adam West]] (''siòng'') tī [[Los Angeles]] koè-sin.&lt;!-- https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/10/arts/sad-day-for-gotham-adam-west-who-played-batman-dies-at-88.html?_r=0 --&gt;
* [[6 goe̍h 1 ji̍t]]: [[Bí-kok]] chóng-thóng [[Donald Trump]] soan-pò͘ thoat-lî kiám-khin [[un-sek khì-thé]] pâi-hòng ê [[Pa-lí Hia̍p-gī]]. &lt;!--http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/01/politics/trump-paris-climate-decision/index.html--&gt;
* [[5 goe̍h 29 ji̍t]]: Choè koè [[Panama]] to̍k-chhâi-chiá ê [[Manuel Noriega]] koè-sin.&lt;!--http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-40090143--&gt;
* [[5 goe̍h 24 ji̍t]]: [[Tâi-oân]] [[su-hoat-īⁿ tāi-hoat-koaⁿ]] chhâi-tēng ''[[Bîn-hoat (Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok)|Bîn-hoat]]'' in-ūi m̄-chún [[tông-sèng hun-in]] sī ûi-hoán [[hiàn-hoat]] ê, iau-kiû tī nn̄g nî lāi siu-kái [[Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok hiàn-hoat|hiàn-hoat]].

'''[[Sin-bûn sū-kiāⁿ|Kî-thaⁿ ê sin-bûn]]'''&amp;nbsp;</text>
      <sha1>2vel08pr98rvsr56i5l2b4uvvtv9lr3</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kha-kiû</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2017-06-11T14:11:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Featured ariticle}}

[[File:Football iu 1996.jpg|thumb|right|Chhēng âng-saⁿ ê kiû-oân siám-phiah 2 ê pe̍h-saⁿ kiû-oân, oá kiû-mn̂g--khì.]]

'''Kha-kiû''' chit jī, it-póaⁿ sī chí '''hia̍p-hōe kha-kiû''' ([[Eng-gí]]: ''association football''), che sī choân sè-kài siōng chē lâng sńg, siōng chē lâng khoàⁿ ê kiû-tūi [[ūn-tōng|thé-io̍k]] ūn-tōng. Chia só͘ kóng ê hia̍p-hōe kha-kiû, sī chí ha̍h [[FIFA]] (Kok-chè Kha-kiû Hia̍p-hoē Liân-bêng) kok-chè phiau-chún ê kha-kiû hêng-thài; nā pa̍t-khoán kha-kiû, pí-lūn [[Bí-kok kha-kiû]] ia̍h [[Rugby]], in liû-hêng ê tē-khu khah iú-hān.

Kha-kiû sī 1 khoán kiû-lūi ūn-tōng, pí-sài ê lâng hun 2 tūi, 1 tūi siōng chē ū 11 ê kiû-oân. That kiû ji̍p-khì kiû-mn̂g khah chē piàn ê hit tūi sǹg iâⁿ. Kha-kiû iōng--ê kiû mā hō-chò kha-kiû, chú-iàu khò kha lâi tín-tāng; chóng--sī mā ún-chún kiû-oân iōng chhiú í-goā ê kî-thaⁿ hêng-khu pō·-ūi khì sak kiû. Kò· kiû-mn̂g ê kiû-oân sī î-it ē-tàng tī pí-sài-khu lāi-té iōng chhiú bōng kiû ê lâng.

[[File:Kha-kiu.png|frame|Kok-chè pí-sài iōng--ê kha-kiû]]

FIFA (hoa̍t-lo̍h kha-kiû ê kok-chè cho·-chit) 2001 nî hoat-piáu ê tiau-cha kiat-kó, hoat-kiàn ū chhiau-koè 2-ek 4-chheng-bān lâng, toà tī 200 kúi-ê kok-ka, tēng-kî sńg kha-kiû. Kha-kiû ê kui-chek kán-tan, tùi siat-pī ê iau-kiû chin hó boán-chiok, chia ê in-sò· kiám-chhái tùi kha-kiû ê liû-thoân ū pang-chān. Tû-liáu ū chit-gia̍p ê kiû-tūi, mā ū chin chē hui-chit-gia̍p--ê. Tī chē-chē só·-chāi (te̍k-pia̍t sī [[Europa]], [[Latin Bí-chiu]], [[Hui-chiu]]) kha-kiû ū chin chē sí-tiong ê kiû-bê, in ê jia̍t-chêng tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ tī kiû-tiûⁿ po̍k-hoat chhut-lâi.

== Le̍k-sú ==
2004 nî, [[A-chiu-poe Kha-kiû-sài]] tī Pak-kiaⁿ kî-hêng ê kî-kan, [[FIFA]] chèng-sek hiòng chôan-sè-kài soan-pō· 1-tiâu siau-sit, he tio̍h sī in tēng ''kha-kiû ê hoat-gôan-tē sī Tiong-kok''. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dzwww.com/english/pic/200407160831.htm], [http://www.dzwww.com/english/news/200407160663.htm], [http://english.sina.com/news/sports/6726360.shtml]&lt;/ref&gt;

M̄-koh hiān-tāi ê hia̍p-hōe kha-kiû ti̍t-chiap ê lâi-goân, sī tī [[England]] hông hoat-bêng--ê. 

=== Kó͘-tāi bûn-hòa ê kha-kiû khoán oa̍h-tāng ===
==== Tiong-kok ====
{{main|Chhiok-kiok}}

Kong-gôan-chêng 307 nî, mā tio̍h-si̍ Tiong-kok kó·-tāi ê [[Chiàn-kok]] sî-kî. [[Tiò-kok]] ê kok-[[ông]] ( Bú-lêng-ông ) si̍t-hêng kái-kek, tī chôan-kok thui-sak &quot; khiâ-bé siā-chīⁿ &quot; ê ūn-tōng. Tiò-ông sî-siông chhōa-tio̍h chhin-sìn khiâ-bê chhut siâⁿ khì seh-chhit-thô, seng-oa̍h koè-tit chhiâⁿ-iâⁿ koh chū-chāi. Ū 1 ji̍t, Tiō-ông chham i-ê ē-kha-chhiú-lâng lâi-kàu 1-piàn chhiū-nâ lāi, chèng-lâng khòaⁿ-kìⁿ chhiū-nâ lāi-té ū chin chōe iá-thò·, seⁿ-chòe chin-chiàⁿ kó·-chui. Tiò-ông sûi bēng-lēng chiòng-lâng seng ùi sì-chiu-ûi kā chià-ê iá-thò· pau-ûi--khí-lâi, àn-sǹg beh lâi o̍ah-lia̍h. Pò·-tī hó-sè liáu-āu, khai-sí tāng-chhiú, siūⁿ-bōe-kàu iá-thò· chi̍t-ē tio̍h-kiaⁿ, kha-chhiu soah koh-khah liú-lia̍h, chū-án-ne sì-kài chông, sì-kè nǹg, tī lâng-phāng kah bé-phāng tang-tiong chǹg-lâi-chǹg-khì. Sûi-jiân chèng-lâng lóng-chóng chin kut-la̍t teh pau-chhau, m̄-koh kāng-khóan bô-chhái-kang, kàu-bóe-á iá-thò· mā-sī chôan-pō· cháu-kah bô-pòaⁿ-chiah. Tiò-ông kám-kak chin òan-thàn, sim-chêng mā chin bô sóng-khòai. Chit-ê sî-chūn, ū 1-ê pō·-hā hiông-hiông siūⁿ-tio̍h 1-ê phiat-pō·, siūⁿ-beh lâi thè Tiò-ông kái iu-chhiû, i kái-soeh kóng chit-khóan lia̍h thò·-á ê iû-hì si̍t-chāi chin chhù-bī, put-jī-kò thò·-á siūⁿ-kòe-thâu chiáu-chiⁿ, nā-beh lia̍h, ē khah hùi-khì, i kiàn-gī Tiò-ông, put-jû iōng &quot; kiû &quot; tāi-thè thò·-á, ta̍k-ê-lâng ûi-ûi kòe-lâi sńg, m̄-nā ē-tāng siau-khián, koh ū-hoat-tō· tòan-liān sin-thé, to̍h-chún-kóng tī kiong-têng lāi-té mā ē-tàng lâi chhit-thô. Tiò-ông thiaⁿ-liáu chin hoaⁿ-hí, kóaⁿ-kín hoan-hù pō·-hā chek-sî khì chhau-pān. Chū-án-ne, chit-chióng gôan-sí ê kha-kiû ūn-tōng chôaⁿ khai-sí tiàm Tiong-kok sî-kiâⁿ--khí-lâi. M̄-koh, hit-tong-sî ê lâng iu-gôan sī khiâ tī bé-téng leh that-kiû. 

[[Hàn-tāi]] ê sî-chūn, í-keng hoat-tián kah ū choan-mn̂g thê-kiong hông pí-sài iōng ê kha-kiû-tiûⁿ, hit-sî hō-chò &quot; kiok-siâⁿ &quot;(鞠城), tiûⁿ-tē sī sì-kak-hêng--ê, sán-tn̂g-sán-tn̂g, àn tiong-ng pun-chòe 2-pêng, 1-pêng kok an-pâi 6-ê tōng-khang (洞). Tiûⁿ-tē ê sì-kho·-lìn-tńg (四周围) ài iōng piah-chhiûⁿ-á khong--khí-lâi. 

Kàu-kah [[Tông-tiâu]] ê sî-tāi, Tiong-kok ê kha-kiû iû-hì í-keng chin phó·-piàn, peh-sìⁿ chhit-thô kha-kiû ê chúi-pêng mā pí kòe-khì thê-kôan put-lí-á chē. Chit-ê sî-chūn, kha-kiû ūn-tōng mā khai-sí liû-thôan kàu gōa-kok. 

Ùi Sòng-tiâu ê sī koh ū ná kū-lo̍k-pō͘ teh keng-gêng ê chhiok-kiok oa̍h-tāng.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35409594 |title = Did China invent football?|date=2016-01-26|accessdate=2017-01-12|website=BBC.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hiān-tāi kha-kiû === 
==== Eng-kok ====
Eng-kok chá-kî ê kha-kiû pìⁿ-chiâⁿ sī 1-chióng lâng kah kiû chi-kan ê iû-hì. Hit-sî Eng-kok-lâng chiong kha-kiû ūn-tōng khòaⁿ-chò sī ko-siōng ê ūn-tōng, kan-na hān-chè tī Ông-sek (王室) lāi-té hiáng-siū, kìm-chí phó·-thong ê peh-sèⁿ sńg chit-chióng iû-hì. Āu--lâi, Eng-kok kah Tan-be̍h hoat-seng chiàn-cheng, chin-chōe Eng-kok ê [[a-peng-ko]] ūi-tio̍h beh pâi-kái tùi te̍k-jîn ê óan-hūn, thiau-kang tī hioh-khùn ê sî-chūn iōng te̍k-jîn ê thâu-khak tòng kha-kiû lâi sńg. Chit-chióng &quot; ài-kok &quot; ê hêng-ûi kám-tòng tio̍h hit-sî ê Eng-kok kok-ông, i ūi-tio̍h beh chióng-lē jîn-bîn, to̍h hā-lēng chhú-siau &quot; '''bîn-kan bōe-tàng sńg kha-kiû''' &quot; ê kìm-lēng. Chū-án-ne, kha-kiû chiah khái-sí tī Eng-kok kok-lâi sî-kiâⁿ--khí-lâi, jî-chhiáⁿ hoat-tián chin kín. 

Kong-gôan 12 sè-kí chho·-kî, Eng-kok khai-sí chhut-hiān kha-kiû pí-sài, kok-ka mā-ū teh kiàn-siat choan-gia̍p ê kha-kiû-tiûⁿ. 1863 nî 10 ge̍h 26 hō, sè-kài siōng tē-it-ê chiok-kiû ūn-tōng chó·-chit '''England Chiok-kiû Hia̍p-hōe''' tī [[Lûn-tun]] sêng-li̍p. Hia̍p-hōe kui-tēng thóng-it ê ūn-tōng kui-chek, che phiau-chì tio̍h hiān-tāi kha-kiû ūn-tōng ê khái-sí.

== Pí-sài ê kui-chek ==
=== Le̍k-sú ián-piàn ===
=== Phiau-chún ê pí-sài kui-chek ===
=== Pí-sài ê bo̍k-tek ===

Kā kiû that ji̍p-khì tùi-hong ê kiû-mn̂g siōng chē piàn ê hit tūi sī iâⁿ-hong. Kan-na kò· kiû-mn̂g ê kiû-oân (1 tūi 1 ê) ē-sái tiàm pí-sài-khu lāi-té iōng chhiú khì bong kiû.

=== Chhâi-phoàⁿ-koaⁿ ===

Múi 1 tiûⁿ pí-sài ū 1-ūi chhâi-phoàⁿ-koaⁿ ([[Eng-gí]]: ''referee''). Kui-chek tē-5-tiâu siá-kóng: &quot;i choân-jiân ū koân-ui chiam-tùi i hō· lâng chí-phài ê hit tiûⁿ tùi-sài lâi chip-hêng Kiû-sài ê Hoat&quot;, jī-chhiáⁿ i tùi kiû-sài ū choè-āu ê koat-tēng-koân. Chhâi-phoàⁿ-koaⁿ ū 2-ūi chō·-lí. Tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ koh ū tē-4-ê lâng pang-chān chhâi-phoàⁿ-koaⁿ; nā ū su-iàu, i ē-sái tāi-thè pa̍t-lâng.

=== Kiû-tūi ===

Múi 1 tūi siōng chē ū 11-ê kiû-oân, kî-tiong 1-ê tiāⁿ-tio̍h sī kò· kiû-mn̂g--ê. Pí-sài kui-chek ē-sái lēng-goā koh chí-tēng siōng chió ê lâng-sò· (it-poaⁿ iau-kiû ū 8 ê).

Kui-chek ún-chún kò·-mn̂g-oân tī ka-kī ê hoa̍t-khu (''penalty area'') lāi, iōng chhiú khì tín-tàng kiû.

Chhun ê kiû-oân ē-sái iōng chhiú í-goā ê jīn-hô 1 ê pō·-ūi chhau-chok kiû. î-it ê lē-goā: kiû chún nā hông that chhut-khì piⁿ-soàⁿ goā-kháu, kiû-oân ē-sái tùi kài-goā iōng chhiú kā kiû tàn ji̍p-khì pí-sài-khu lāi.

Kiû-sài chìn-hêng ê tang-tiong, kiû-tūi ē-sái kā ka-kī ê kiû-oân oāⁿ--lo̍h-lâi, oāⁿ sin kiû-oân chiūⁿ-tiûⁿ. Oāⁿ-tiāu ê kiû-oân bē-sái koh-chài ji̍p--khì. Siōng chē ē-sái oāⁿ kúi-ê, bô-kāng liân-bêng, kok-ka ū bô kāng-khoán ê kui-tēng. Oāⁿ kiû-oân ê lí-iû pau-koat tio̍h-siong, siuⁿ thiám, bô hāu-lu̍t, chiàn-su̍t su-iàu.

=== Pí-sài-khu ===

[[File:Kha-kiu-tiann.png|400px|Phiau-chún ê pí-sài-khu]]

=== Sî-kan ===

== Chú-iàu ê kok-chè pí-sài ==

Siōng chú-iàu ê kok-chè kha-kiû pí-sài sī FIFA pān--ê [[Kha-kiû Sè-kài-poe|Sè-kài-poe]]. Sè-kài-poe ê pí-sài múi 4-tang chò 1 kî. 190-goā-ê kok-ka tūi seng tī tē-hng chham-ka chu-keh pí-sài. Koat-sài (múi 4-tang 1 pái) khai-hóng 32 tūi chham-ka (1998 nî chìn-chêng sī 24 tūi), pí-sài 4 lé-pài.

* [[A-chiu]]: [[A-chiu-poe]]
* [[Europa]]: European Championship
* [[Hui-chiu]]: African Nations Cup
* [[Lâm-bí-chiu]]: CONCACAF Gold Cup
* [[Pak-bí-chiu]]: Copa America
* [[Tāi-iûⁿ-chiu]]: Oceania Cup

[[Olympia Ūn-tōng-hoē]] chū 1900 nî khai-sí ū kha-kiû pí-sài (kan-na 1932 nî bô). Pún-té kan-na khai-hóng hō· gia̍p-goā soán-chhiú chham-ka; 1984 nî hit pái khai-sí mā ū tiâu-kiāⁿ chiap-siū chit-gia̍p soán-chhiú ê chu-keh. In-ūi Ò-ūn kan-na ún-chún 23 hoè í-hā ê soán-chhiú kap kúi-ê-á nî-hoè khah toā-ê, pí-sài ê chúi-chún it-poaⁿ khah bô kàu chit-gia̍p ê thêng-tō·.

== Po̍k-le̍k ==

Thīn kha-kiû-tūi ê sí-tiong chi-chhî-chiá ū-sî ē chè-chō mâ-hoân, sīm-chí chō-sêng lâng tio̍h-siong, sí-bông. Chhin-chhiūⁿ [[Colombia]]-chek ê kiû-oân Andres Escobar tī 1994 nî Sè-kài-poe pí-sái soah, beh tńg-chhù ê lō·--lìn hō· lâng thâi--sí, lí-iû kóng sī in-ūi i kā kiû that-ji̍p ka-kī tūi ê kiû-mn̂g. Kha-kiû ê po̍k-le̍k hūn-chú ū lâng chheng-ho· sī &quot;kha-kiû lô·-moâ&quot;. 2004 nî tī [[Pak-kiaⁿ]] ê A-chiu-poe pí-sài mā hoat-seng koan-chiòng tùi Ji̍t-pún-tūi kap kî-thaⁿ ê ji̍t-pún-lâng kiông-lia̍t piáu-ta̍t put-boán, hiám-á pìⁿ-chiâⁿ po̍k-le̍k sū-kiāⁿ.

== Chham-khó ==
{{reflist}}

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Ūn-tōng hāng-bo̍k]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Kha-kiû|*]]</text>
      <sha1>rhyprmo2pn5kgqd6zi1do5ehg7sph5m</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1678803</id>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Good ariticle}}

[[File:Football iu 1996.jpg|thumb|right|Chhēng âng-saⁿ ê kiû-oân siám-phiah 2 ê pe̍h-saⁿ kiû-oân, oá kiû-mn̂g--khì.]]

'''Kha-kiû''' chit jī, it-póaⁿ sī chí '''hia̍p-hōe kha-kiû''' ([[Eng-gí]]: ''association football''), che sī choân sè-kài siōng chē lâng sńg, siōng chē lâng khoàⁿ ê kiû-tūi [[ūn-tōng|thé-io̍k]] ūn-tōng. Chia só͘ kóng ê hia̍p-hōe kha-kiû, sī chí ha̍h [[FIFA]] (Kok-chè Kha-kiû Hia̍p-hoē Liân-bêng) kok-chè phiau-chún ê kha-kiû hêng-thài; nā pa̍t-khoán kha-kiû, pí-lūn [[Bí-kok kha-kiû]] ia̍h [[Rugby]], in liû-hêng ê tē-khu khah iú-hān.

Kha-kiû sī 1 khoán kiû-lūi ūn-tōng, pí-sài ê lâng hun 2 tūi, 1 tūi siōng chē ū 11 ê kiû-oân. That kiû ji̍p-khì kiû-mn̂g khah chē piàn ê hit tūi sǹg iâⁿ. Kha-kiû iōng--ê kiû mā hō-chò kha-kiû, chú-iàu khò kha lâi tín-tāng; chóng--sī mā ún-chún kiû-oân iōng chhiú í-goā ê kî-thaⁿ hêng-khu pō·-ūi khì sak kiû. Kò· kiû-mn̂g ê kiû-oân sī î-it ē-tàng tī pí-sài-khu lāi-té iōng chhiú bōng kiû ê lâng.

[[File:Kha-kiu.png|frame|Kok-chè pí-sài iōng--ê kha-kiû]]

FIFA (hoa̍t-lo̍h kha-kiû ê kok-chè cho·-chit) 2001 nî hoat-piáu ê tiau-cha kiat-kó, hoat-kiàn ū chhiau-koè 2-ek 4-chheng-bān lâng, toà tī 200 kúi-ê kok-ka, tēng-kî sńg kha-kiû. Kha-kiû ê kui-chek kán-tan, tùi siat-pī ê iau-kiû chin hó boán-chiok, chia ê in-sò· kiám-chhái tùi kha-kiû ê liû-thoân ū pang-chān. Tû-liáu ū chit-gia̍p ê kiû-tūi, mā ū chin chē hui-chit-gia̍p--ê. Tī chē-chē só·-chāi (te̍k-pia̍t sī [[Europa]], [[Latin Bí-chiu]], [[Hui-chiu]]) kha-kiû ū chin chē sí-tiong ê kiû-bê, in ê jia̍t-chêng tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ tī kiû-tiûⁿ po̍k-hoat chhut-lâi.

== Le̍k-sú ==
2004 nî, [[A-chiu-poe Kha-kiû-sài]] tī Pak-kiaⁿ kî-hêng ê kî-kan, [[FIFA]] chèng-sek hiòng chôan-sè-kài soan-pō· 1-tiâu siau-sit, he tio̍h sī in tēng ''kha-kiû ê hoat-gôan-tē sī Tiong-kok''. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dzwww.com/english/pic/200407160831.htm], [http://www.dzwww.com/english/news/200407160663.htm], [http://english.sina.com/news/sports/6726360.shtml]&lt;/ref&gt;

M̄-koh hiān-tāi ê hia̍p-hōe kha-kiû ti̍t-chiap ê lâi-goân, sī tī [[England]] hông hoat-bêng--ê. 

=== Kó͘-tāi bûn-hòa ê kha-kiû khoán oa̍h-tāng ===
==== Tiong-kok ====
{{main|Chhiok-kiok}}

Kong-gôan-chêng 307 nî, mā tio̍h-si̍ Tiong-kok kó·-tāi ê [[Chiàn-kok]] sî-kî. [[Tiò-kok]] ê kok-[[ông]] ( Bú-lêng-ông ) si̍t-hêng kái-kek, tī chôan-kok thui-sak &quot; khiâ-bé siā-chīⁿ &quot; ê ūn-tōng. Tiò-ông sî-siông chhōa-tio̍h chhin-sìn khiâ-bê chhut siâⁿ khì seh-chhit-thô, seng-oa̍h koè-tit chhiâⁿ-iâⁿ koh chū-chāi. Ū 1 ji̍t, Tiō-ông chham i-ê ē-kha-chhiú-lâng lâi-kàu 1-piàn chhiū-nâ lāi, chèng-lâng khòaⁿ-kìⁿ chhiū-nâ lāi-té ū chin chōe iá-thò·, seⁿ-chòe chin-chiàⁿ kó·-chui. Tiò-ông sûi bēng-lēng chiòng-lâng seng ùi sì-chiu-ûi kā chià-ê iá-thò· pau-ûi--khí-lâi, àn-sǹg beh lâi o̍ah-lia̍h. Pò·-tī hó-sè liáu-āu, khai-sí tāng-chhiú, siūⁿ-bōe-kàu iá-thò· chi̍t-ē tio̍h-kiaⁿ, kha-chhiu soah koh-khah liú-lia̍h, chū-án-ne sì-kài chông, sì-kè nǹg, tī lâng-phāng kah bé-phāng tang-tiong chǹg-lâi-chǹg-khì. Sûi-jiân chèng-lâng lóng-chóng chin kut-la̍t teh pau-chhau, m̄-koh kāng-khóan bô-chhái-kang, kàu-bóe-á iá-thò· mā-sī chôan-pō· cháu-kah bô-pòaⁿ-chiah. Tiò-ông kám-kak chin òan-thàn, sim-chêng mā chin bô sóng-khòai. Chit-ê sî-chūn, ū 1-ê pō·-hā hiông-hiông siūⁿ-tio̍h 1-ê phiat-pō·, siūⁿ-beh lâi thè Tiò-ông kái iu-chhiû, i kái-soeh kóng chit-khóan lia̍h thò·-á ê iû-hì si̍t-chāi chin chhù-bī, put-jī-kò thò·-á siūⁿ-kòe-thâu chiáu-chiⁿ, nā-beh lia̍h, ē khah hùi-khì, i kiàn-gī Tiò-ông, put-jû iōng &quot; kiû &quot; tāi-thè thò·-á, ta̍k-ê-lâng ûi-ûi kòe-lâi sńg, m̄-nā ē-tāng siau-khián, koh ū-hoat-tō· tòan-liān sin-thé, to̍h-chún-kóng tī kiong-têng lāi-té mā ē-tàng lâi chhit-thô. Tiò-ông thiaⁿ-liáu chin hoaⁿ-hí, kóaⁿ-kín hoan-hù pō·-hā chek-sî khì chhau-pān. Chū-án-ne, chit-chióng gôan-sí ê kha-kiû ūn-tōng chôaⁿ khai-sí tiàm Tiong-kok sî-kiâⁿ--khí-lâi. M̄-koh, hit-tong-sî ê lâng iu-gôan sī khiâ tī bé-téng leh that-kiû. 

[[Hàn-tāi]] ê sî-chūn, í-keng hoat-tián kah ū choan-mn̂g thê-kiong hông pí-sài iōng ê kha-kiû-tiûⁿ, hit-sî hō-chò &quot; kiok-siâⁿ &quot;(鞠城), tiûⁿ-tē sī sì-kak-hêng--ê, sán-tn̂g-sán-tn̂g, àn tiong-ng pun-chòe 2-pêng, 1-pêng kok an-pâi 6-ê tōng-khang (洞). Tiûⁿ-tē ê sì-kho·-lìn-tńg (四周围) ài iōng piah-chhiûⁿ-á khong--khí-lâi. 

Kàu-kah [[Tông-tiâu]] ê sî-tāi, Tiong-kok ê kha-kiû iû-hì í-keng chin phó·-piàn, peh-sìⁿ chhit-thô kha-kiû ê chúi-pêng mā pí kòe-khì thê-kôan put-lí-á chē. Chit-ê sî-chūn, kha-kiû ūn-tōng mā khai-sí liû-thôan kàu gōa-kok. 

Ùi Sòng-tiâu ê sī koh ū ná kū-lo̍k-pō͘ teh keng-gêng ê chhiok-kiok oa̍h-tāng.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35409594 |title = Did China invent football?|date=2016-01-26|accessdate=2017-01-12|website=BBC.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hiān-tāi kha-kiû === 
==== Eng-kok ====
Eng-kok chá-kî ê kha-kiû pìⁿ-chiâⁿ sī 1-chióng lâng kah kiû chi-kan ê iû-hì. Hit-sî Eng-kok-lâng chiong kha-kiû ūn-tōng khòaⁿ-chò sī ko-siōng ê ūn-tōng, kan-na hān-chè tī Ông-sek (王室) lāi-té hiáng-siū, kìm-chí phó·-thong ê peh-sèⁿ sńg chit-chióng iû-hì. Āu--lâi, Eng-kok kah Tan-be̍h hoat-seng chiàn-cheng, chin-chōe Eng-kok ê [[a-peng-ko]] ūi-tio̍h beh pâi-kái tùi te̍k-jîn ê óan-hūn, thiau-kang tī hioh-khùn ê sî-chūn iōng te̍k-jîn ê thâu-khak tòng kha-kiû lâi sńg. Chit-chióng &quot; ài-kok &quot; ê hêng-ûi kám-tòng tio̍h hit-sî ê Eng-kok kok-ông, i ūi-tio̍h beh chióng-lē jîn-bîn, to̍h hā-lēng chhú-siau &quot; '''bîn-kan bōe-tàng sńg kha-kiû''' &quot; ê kìm-lēng. Chū-án-ne, kha-kiû chiah khái-sí tī Eng-kok kok-lâi sî-kiâⁿ--khí-lâi, jî-chhiáⁿ hoat-tián chin kín. 

Kong-gôan 12 sè-kí chho·-kî, Eng-kok khai-sí chhut-hiān kha-kiû pí-sài, kok-ka mā-ū teh kiàn-siat choan-gia̍p ê kha-kiû-tiûⁿ. 1863 nî 10 ge̍h 26 hō, sè-kài siōng tē-it-ê chiok-kiû ūn-tōng chó·-chit '''England Chiok-kiû Hia̍p-hōe''' tī [[Lûn-tun]] sêng-li̍p. Hia̍p-hōe kui-tēng thóng-it ê ūn-tōng kui-chek, che phiau-chì tio̍h hiān-tāi kha-kiû ūn-tōng ê khái-sí.

== Pí-sài ê kui-chek ==
=== Le̍k-sú ián-piàn ===
=== Phiau-chún ê pí-sài kui-chek ===
=== Pí-sài ê bo̍k-tek ===

Kā kiû that ji̍p-khì tùi-hong ê kiû-mn̂g siōng chē piàn ê hit tūi sī iâⁿ-hong. Kan-na kò· kiû-mn̂g ê kiû-oân (1 tūi 1 ê) ē-sái tiàm pí-sài-khu lāi-té iōng chhiú khì bong kiû.

=== Chhâi-phoàⁿ-koaⁿ ===

Múi 1 tiûⁿ pí-sài ū 1-ūi chhâi-phoàⁿ-koaⁿ ([[Eng-gí]]: ''referee''). Kui-chek tē-5-tiâu siá-kóng: &quot;i choân-jiân ū koân-ui chiam-tùi i hō· lâng chí-phài ê hit tiûⁿ tùi-sài lâi chip-hêng Kiû-sài ê Hoat&quot;, jī-chhiáⁿ i tùi kiû-sài ū choè-āu ê koat-tēng-koân. Chhâi-phoàⁿ-koaⁿ ū 2-ūi chō·-lí. Tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ koh ū tē-4-ê lâng pang-chān chhâi-phoàⁿ-koaⁿ; nā ū su-iàu, i ē-sái tāi-thè pa̍t-lâng.

=== Kiû-tūi ===

Múi 1 tūi siōng chē ū 11-ê kiû-oân, kî-tiong 1-ê tiāⁿ-tio̍h sī kò· kiû-mn̂g--ê. Pí-sài kui-chek ē-sái lēng-goā koh chí-tēng siōng chió ê lâng-sò· (it-poaⁿ iau-kiû ū 8 ê).

Kui-chek ún-chún kò·-mn̂g-oân tī ka-kī ê hoa̍t-khu (''penalty area'') lāi, iōng chhiú khì tín-tàng kiû.

Chhun ê kiû-oân ē-sái iōng chhiú í-goā ê jīn-hô 1 ê pō·-ūi chhau-chok kiû. î-it ê lē-goā: kiû chún nā hông that chhut-khì piⁿ-soàⁿ goā-kháu, kiû-oân ē-sái tùi kài-goā iōng chhiú kā kiû tàn ji̍p-khì pí-sài-khu lāi.

Kiû-sài chìn-hêng ê tang-tiong, kiû-tūi ē-sái kā ka-kī ê kiû-oân oāⁿ--lo̍h-lâi, oāⁿ sin kiû-oân chiūⁿ-tiûⁿ. Oāⁿ-tiāu ê kiû-oân bē-sái koh-chài ji̍p--khì. Siōng chē ē-sái oāⁿ kúi-ê, bô-kāng liân-bêng, kok-ka ū bô kāng-khoán ê kui-tēng. Oāⁿ kiû-oân ê lí-iû pau-koat tio̍h-siong, siuⁿ thiám, bô hāu-lu̍t, chiàn-su̍t su-iàu.

=== Pí-sài-khu ===

[[File:Kha-kiu-tiann.png|400px|Phiau-chún ê pí-sài-khu]]

=== Sî-kan ===

== Chú-iàu ê kok-chè pí-sài ==

Siōng chú-iàu ê kok-chè kha-kiû pí-sài sī FIFA pān--ê [[Kha-kiû Sè-kài-poe|Sè-kài-poe]]. Sè-kài-poe ê pí-sài múi 4-tang chò 1 kî. 190-goā-ê kok-ka tūi seng tī tē-hng chham-ka chu-keh pí-sài. Koat-sài (múi 4-tang 1 pái) khai-hóng 32 tūi chham-ka (1998 nî chìn-chêng sī 24 tūi), pí-sài 4 lé-pài.

* [[A-chiu]]: [[A-chiu-poe]]
* [[Europa]]: European Championship
* [[Hui-chiu]]: African Nations Cup
* [[Lâm-bí-chiu]]: CONCACAF Gold Cup
* [[Pak-bí-chiu]]: Copa America
* [[Tāi-iûⁿ-chiu]]: Oceania Cup

[[Olympia Ūn-tōng-hoē]] chū 1900 nî khai-sí ū kha-kiû pí-sài (kan-na 1932 nî bô). Pún-té kan-na khai-hóng hō· gia̍p-goā soán-chhiú chham-ka; 1984 nî hit pái khai-sí mā ū tiâu-kiāⁿ chiap-siū chit-gia̍p soán-chhiú ê chu-keh. In-ūi Ò-ūn kan-na ún-chún 23 hoè í-hā ê soán-chhiú kap kúi-ê-á nî-hoè khah toā-ê, pí-sài ê chúi-chún it-poaⁿ khah bô kàu chit-gia̍p ê thêng-tō·.

== Po̍k-le̍k ==

Thīn kha-kiû-tūi ê sí-tiong chi-chhî-chiá ū-sî ē chè-chō mâ-hoân, sīm-chí chō-sêng lâng tio̍h-siong, sí-bông. Chhin-chhiūⁿ [[Colombia]]-chek ê kiû-oân Andres Escobar tī 1994 nî Sè-kài-poe pí-sái soah, beh tńg-chhù ê lō·--lìn hō· lâng thâi--sí, lí-iû kóng sī in-ūi i kā kiû that-ji̍p ka-kī tūi ê kiû-mn̂g. Kha-kiû ê po̍k-le̍k hūn-chú ū lâng chheng-ho· sī &quot;kha-kiû lô·-moâ&quot;. 2004 nî tī [[Pak-kiaⁿ]] ê A-chiu-poe pí-sài mā hoat-seng koan-chiòng tùi Ji̍t-pún-tūi kap kî-thaⁿ ê ji̍t-pún-lâng kiông-lia̍t piáu-ta̍t put-boán, hiám-á pìⁿ-chiâⁿ po̍k-le̍k sū-kiāⁿ.

== Chham-khó ==
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[[Lūi-pia̍t:Ūn-tōng hāng-bo̍k]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Kha-kiû|*]]</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Good article}}

[[File:Football iu 1996.jpg|thumb|right|Chhēng âng-saⁿ ê kiû-oân siám-phiah 2 ê pe̍h-saⁿ kiû-oân, oá kiû-mn̂g--khì.]]

'''Kha-kiû''' chit jī, it-póaⁿ sī chí '''hia̍p-hōe kha-kiû''' ([[Eng-gí]]: ''association football''), che sī choân sè-kài siōng chē lâng sńg, siōng chē lâng khoàⁿ ê kiû-tūi [[ūn-tōng|thé-io̍k]] ūn-tōng. Chia só͘ kóng ê hia̍p-hōe kha-kiû, sī chí ha̍h [[FIFA]] (Kok-chè Kha-kiû Hia̍p-hoē Liân-bêng) kok-chè phiau-chún ê kha-kiû hêng-thài; nā pa̍t-khoán kha-kiû, pí-lūn [[Bí-kok kha-kiû]] ia̍h [[Rugby]], in liû-hêng ê tē-khu khah iú-hān.

Kha-kiû sī 1 khoán kiû-lūi ūn-tōng, pí-sài ê lâng hun 2 tūi, 1 tūi siōng chē ū 11 ê kiû-oân. That kiû ji̍p-khì kiû-mn̂g khah chē piàn ê hit tūi sǹg iâⁿ. Kha-kiû iōng--ê kiû mā hō-chò kha-kiû, chú-iàu khò kha lâi tín-tāng; chóng--sī mā ún-chún kiû-oân iōng chhiú í-goā ê kî-thaⁿ hêng-khu pō·-ūi khì sak kiû. Kò· kiû-mn̂g ê kiû-oân sī î-it ē-tàng tī pí-sài-khu lāi-té iōng chhiú bōng kiû ê lâng.

[[File:Kha-kiu.png|frame|Kok-chè pí-sài iōng--ê kha-kiû]]

FIFA (hoa̍t-lo̍h kha-kiû ê kok-chè cho·-chit) 2001 nî hoat-piáu ê tiau-cha kiat-kó, hoat-kiàn ū chhiau-koè 2-ek 4-chheng-bān lâng, toà tī 200 kúi-ê kok-ka, tēng-kî sńg kha-kiû. Kha-kiû ê kui-chek kán-tan, tùi siat-pī ê iau-kiû chin hó boán-chiok, chia ê in-sò· kiám-chhái tùi kha-kiû ê liû-thoân ū pang-chān. Tû-liáu ū chit-gia̍p ê kiû-tūi, mā ū chin chē hui-chit-gia̍p--ê. Tī chē-chē só·-chāi (te̍k-pia̍t sī [[Europa]], [[Latin Bí-chiu]], [[Hui-chiu]]) kha-kiû ū chin chē sí-tiong ê kiû-bê, in ê jia̍t-chêng tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ tī kiû-tiûⁿ po̍k-hoat chhut-lâi.

== Le̍k-sú ==
2004 nî, [[A-chiu-poe Kha-kiû-sài]] tī Pak-kiaⁿ kî-hêng ê kî-kan, [[FIFA]] chèng-sek hiòng chôan-sè-kài soan-pō· 1-tiâu siau-sit, he tio̍h sī in tēng ''kha-kiû ê hoat-gôan-tē sī Tiong-kok''. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dzwww.com/english/pic/200407160831.htm], [http://www.dzwww.com/english/news/200407160663.htm], [http://english.sina.com/news/sports/6726360.shtml]&lt;/ref&gt;

M̄-koh hiān-tāi ê hia̍p-hōe kha-kiû ti̍t-chiap ê lâi-goân, sī tī [[England]] hông hoat-bêng--ê. 

=== Kó͘-tāi bûn-hòa ê kha-kiû khoán oa̍h-tāng ===
==== Tiong-kok ====
{{main|Chhiok-kiok}}

Kong-gôan-chêng 307 nî, mā tio̍h-si̍ Tiong-kok kó·-tāi ê [[Chiàn-kok]] sî-kî. [[Tiò-kok]] ê kok-[[ông]] ( Bú-lêng-ông ) si̍t-hêng kái-kek, tī chôan-kok thui-sak &quot; khiâ-bé siā-chīⁿ &quot; ê ūn-tōng. Tiò-ông sî-siông chhōa-tio̍h chhin-sìn khiâ-bê chhut siâⁿ khì seh-chhit-thô, seng-oa̍h koè-tit chhiâⁿ-iâⁿ koh chū-chāi. Ū 1 ji̍t, Tiō-ông chham i-ê ē-kha-chhiú-lâng lâi-kàu 1-piàn chhiū-nâ lāi, chèng-lâng khòaⁿ-kìⁿ chhiū-nâ lāi-té ū chin chōe iá-thò·, seⁿ-chòe chin-chiàⁿ kó·-chui. Tiò-ông sûi bēng-lēng chiòng-lâng seng ùi sì-chiu-ûi kā chià-ê iá-thò· pau-ûi--khí-lâi, àn-sǹg beh lâi o̍ah-lia̍h. Pò·-tī hó-sè liáu-āu, khai-sí tāng-chhiú, siūⁿ-bōe-kàu iá-thò· chi̍t-ē tio̍h-kiaⁿ, kha-chhiu soah koh-khah liú-lia̍h, chū-án-ne sì-kài chông, sì-kè nǹg, tī lâng-phāng kah bé-phāng tang-tiong chǹg-lâi-chǹg-khì. Sûi-jiân chèng-lâng lóng-chóng chin kut-la̍t teh pau-chhau, m̄-koh kāng-khóan bô-chhái-kang, kàu-bóe-á iá-thò· mā-sī chôan-pō· cháu-kah bô-pòaⁿ-chiah. Tiò-ông kám-kak chin òan-thàn, sim-chêng mā chin bô sóng-khòai. Chit-ê sî-chūn, ū 1-ê pō·-hā hiông-hiông siūⁿ-tio̍h 1-ê phiat-pō·, siūⁿ-beh lâi thè Tiò-ông kái iu-chhiû, i kái-soeh kóng chit-khóan lia̍h thò·-á ê iû-hì si̍t-chāi chin chhù-bī, put-jī-kò thò·-á siūⁿ-kòe-thâu chiáu-chiⁿ, nā-beh lia̍h, ē khah hùi-khì, i kiàn-gī Tiò-ông, put-jû iōng &quot; kiû &quot; tāi-thè thò·-á, ta̍k-ê-lâng ûi-ûi kòe-lâi sńg, m̄-nā ē-tāng siau-khián, koh ū-hoat-tō· tòan-liān sin-thé, to̍h-chún-kóng tī kiong-têng lāi-té mā ē-tàng lâi chhit-thô. Tiò-ông thiaⁿ-liáu chin hoaⁿ-hí, kóaⁿ-kín hoan-hù pō·-hā chek-sî khì chhau-pān. Chū-án-ne, chit-chióng gôan-sí ê kha-kiû ūn-tōng chôaⁿ khai-sí tiàm Tiong-kok sî-kiâⁿ--khí-lâi. M̄-koh, hit-tong-sî ê lâng iu-gôan sī khiâ tī bé-téng leh that-kiû. 

[[Hàn-tāi]] ê sî-chūn, í-keng hoat-tián kah ū choan-mn̂g thê-kiong hông pí-sài iōng ê kha-kiû-tiûⁿ, hit-sî hō-chò &quot; kiok-siâⁿ &quot;(鞠城), tiûⁿ-tē sī sì-kak-hêng--ê, sán-tn̂g-sán-tn̂g, àn tiong-ng pun-chòe 2-pêng, 1-pêng kok an-pâi 6-ê tōng-khang (洞). Tiûⁿ-tē ê sì-kho·-lìn-tńg (四周围) ài iōng piah-chhiûⁿ-á khong--khí-lâi. 

Kàu-kah [[Tông-tiâu]] ê sî-tāi, Tiong-kok ê kha-kiû iû-hì í-keng chin phó·-piàn, peh-sìⁿ chhit-thô kha-kiû ê chúi-pêng mā pí kòe-khì thê-kôan put-lí-á chē. Chit-ê sî-chūn, kha-kiû ūn-tōng mā khai-sí liû-thôan kàu gōa-kok. 

Ùi Sòng-tiâu ê sī koh ū ná kū-lo̍k-pō͘ teh keng-gêng ê chhiok-kiok oa̍h-tāng.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35409594 |title = Did China invent football?|date=2016-01-26|accessdate=2017-01-12|website=BBC.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hiān-tāi kha-kiû === 
==== Eng-kok ====
Eng-kok chá-kî ê kha-kiû pìⁿ-chiâⁿ sī 1-chióng lâng kah kiû chi-kan ê iû-hì. Hit-sî Eng-kok-lâng chiong kha-kiû ūn-tōng khòaⁿ-chò sī ko-siōng ê ūn-tōng, kan-na hān-chè tī Ông-sek (王室) lāi-té hiáng-siū, kìm-chí phó·-thong ê peh-sèⁿ sńg chit-chióng iû-hì. Āu--lâi, Eng-kok kah Tan-be̍h hoat-seng chiàn-cheng, chin-chōe Eng-kok ê [[a-peng-ko]] ūi-tio̍h beh pâi-kái tùi te̍k-jîn ê óan-hūn, thiau-kang tī hioh-khùn ê sî-chūn iōng te̍k-jîn ê thâu-khak tòng kha-kiû lâi sńg. Chit-chióng &quot; ài-kok &quot; ê hêng-ûi kám-tòng tio̍h hit-sî ê Eng-kok kok-ông, i ūi-tio̍h beh chióng-lē jîn-bîn, to̍h hā-lēng chhú-siau &quot; '''bîn-kan bōe-tàng sńg kha-kiû''' &quot; ê kìm-lēng. Chū-án-ne, kha-kiû chiah khái-sí tī Eng-kok kok-lâi sî-kiâⁿ--khí-lâi, jî-chhiáⁿ hoat-tián chin kín. 

Kong-gôan 12 sè-kí chho·-kî, Eng-kok khai-sí chhut-hiān kha-kiû pí-sài, kok-ka mā-ū teh kiàn-siat choan-gia̍p ê kha-kiû-tiûⁿ. 1863 nî 10 ge̍h 26 hō, sè-kài siōng tē-it-ê chiok-kiû ūn-tōng chó·-chit '''England Chiok-kiû Hia̍p-hōe''' tī [[Lûn-tun]] sêng-li̍p. Hia̍p-hōe kui-tēng thóng-it ê ūn-tōng kui-chek, che phiau-chì tio̍h hiān-tāi kha-kiû ūn-tōng ê khái-sí.

== Pí-sài ê kui-chek ==
=== Le̍k-sú ián-piàn ===
=== Phiau-chún ê pí-sài kui-chek ===
=== Pí-sài ê bo̍k-tek ===

Kā kiû that ji̍p-khì tùi-hong ê kiû-mn̂g siōng chē piàn ê hit tūi sī iâⁿ-hong. Kan-na kò· kiû-mn̂g ê kiû-oân (1 tūi 1 ê) ē-sái tiàm pí-sài-khu lāi-té iōng chhiú khì bong kiû.

=== Chhâi-phoàⁿ-koaⁿ ===

Múi 1 tiûⁿ pí-sài ū 1-ūi chhâi-phoàⁿ-koaⁿ ([[Eng-gí]]: ''referee''). Kui-chek tē-5-tiâu siá-kóng: &quot;i choân-jiân ū koân-ui chiam-tùi i hō· lâng chí-phài ê hit tiûⁿ tùi-sài lâi chip-hêng Kiû-sài ê Hoat&quot;, jī-chhiáⁿ i tùi kiû-sài ū choè-āu ê koat-tēng-koân. Chhâi-phoàⁿ-koaⁿ ū 2-ūi chō·-lí. Tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ koh ū tē-4-ê lâng pang-chān chhâi-phoàⁿ-koaⁿ; nā ū su-iàu, i ē-sái tāi-thè pa̍t-lâng.

=== Kiû-tūi ===

Múi 1 tūi siōng chē ū 11-ê kiû-oân, kî-tiong 1-ê tiāⁿ-tio̍h sī kò· kiû-mn̂g--ê. Pí-sài kui-chek ē-sái lēng-goā koh chí-tēng siōng chió ê lâng-sò· (it-poaⁿ iau-kiû ū 8 ê).

Kui-chek ún-chún kò·-mn̂g-oân tī ka-kī ê hoa̍t-khu (''penalty area'') lāi, iōng chhiú khì tín-tàng kiû.

Chhun ê kiû-oân ē-sái iōng chhiú í-goā ê jīn-hô 1 ê pō·-ūi chhau-chok kiû. î-it ê lē-goā: kiû chún nā hông that chhut-khì piⁿ-soàⁿ goā-kháu, kiû-oân ē-sái tùi kài-goā iōng chhiú kā kiû tàn ji̍p-khì pí-sài-khu lāi.

Kiû-sài chìn-hêng ê tang-tiong, kiû-tūi ē-sái kā ka-kī ê kiû-oân oāⁿ--lo̍h-lâi, oāⁿ sin kiû-oân chiūⁿ-tiûⁿ. Oāⁿ-tiāu ê kiû-oân bē-sái koh-chài ji̍p--khì. Siōng chē ē-sái oāⁿ kúi-ê, bô-kāng liân-bêng, kok-ka ū bô kāng-khoán ê kui-tēng. Oāⁿ kiû-oân ê lí-iû pau-koat tio̍h-siong, siuⁿ thiám, bô hāu-lu̍t, chiàn-su̍t su-iàu.

=== Pí-sài-khu ===

[[File:Kha-kiu-tiann.png|400px|Phiau-chún ê pí-sài-khu]]

=== Sî-kan ===

== Chú-iàu ê kok-chè pí-sài ==

Siōng chú-iàu ê kok-chè kha-kiû pí-sài sī FIFA pān--ê [[Kha-kiû Sè-kài-poe|Sè-kài-poe]]. Sè-kài-poe ê pí-sài múi 4-tang chò 1 kî. 190-goā-ê kok-ka tūi seng tī tē-hng chham-ka chu-keh pí-sài. Koat-sài (múi 4-tang 1 pái) khai-hóng 32 tūi chham-ka (1998 nî chìn-chêng sī 24 tūi), pí-sài 4 lé-pài.

* [[A-chiu]]: [[A-chiu-poe]]
* [[Europa]]: European Championship
* [[Hui-chiu]]: African Nations Cup
* [[Lâm-bí-chiu]]: CONCACAF Gold Cup
* [[Pak-bí-chiu]]: Copa America
* [[Tāi-iûⁿ-chiu]]: Oceania Cup

[[Olympia Ūn-tōng-hoē]] chū 1900 nî khai-sí ū kha-kiû pí-sài (kan-na 1932 nî bô). Pún-té kan-na khai-hóng hō· gia̍p-goā soán-chhiú chham-ka; 1984 nî hit pái khai-sí mā ū tiâu-kiāⁿ chiap-siū chit-gia̍p soán-chhiú ê chu-keh. In-ūi Ò-ūn kan-na ún-chún 23 hoè í-hā ê soán-chhiú kap kúi-ê-á nî-hoè khah toā-ê, pí-sài ê chúi-chún it-poaⁿ khah bô kàu chit-gia̍p ê thêng-tō·.

== Po̍k-le̍k ==

Thīn kha-kiû-tūi ê sí-tiong chi-chhî-chiá ū-sî ē chè-chō mâ-hoân, sīm-chí chō-sêng lâng tio̍h-siong, sí-bông. Chhin-chhiūⁿ [[Colombia]]-chek ê kiû-oân Andres Escobar tī 1994 nî Sè-kài-poe pí-sái soah, beh tńg-chhù ê lō·--lìn hō· lâng thâi--sí, lí-iû kóng sī in-ūi i kā kiû that-ji̍p ka-kī tūi ê kiû-mn̂g. Kha-kiû ê po̍k-le̍k hūn-chú ū lâng chheng-ho· sī &quot;kha-kiû lô·-moâ&quot;. 2004 nî tī [[Pak-kiaⁿ]] ê A-chiu-poe pí-sài mā hoat-seng koan-chiòng tùi Ji̍t-pún-tūi kap kî-thaⁿ ê ji̍t-pún-lâng kiông-lia̍t piáu-ta̍t put-boán, hiám-á pìⁿ-chiâⁿ po̍k-le̍k sū-kiāⁿ.

== Chham-khó ==
{{reflist}}

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Ūn-tōng hāng-bo̍k]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Kha-kiû|*]]</text>
      <sha1>rfxamd9g8dnjp4js93xc79ozqrbqnun</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tâi-oân-oē</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Hō-miâ */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Tâi-gí}}
[[File:Home usage of Taiwanese by district in Taiwan gradient map (2010).svg|thumb|2010 nî Tâi-pêⁿ Kim-má chiàu hêng-chèng-kuh chò kài-sòaⁿ kì-lio̍k ê tī chhù-lāi kóng Hô-ló-oē--ê jîn-khâu pí-lē, 50% í-hā m̄ tio̍k-sek (著色), pún chu-liāu sī pau-koat chhù-lāi kóng chē chióng ōe ê chêng-hêng (pí-lūn kóng Hō-ló-ōe kiam Hôa-gí--ê), bô piáu-hiān kâng chi̍t-ê siū chhái-hóng-chiá pún-sin kóng ta̍k chióng giân-gí ê pí-lē.]]

'''Tâi-oân-oē''', he̍k-chiá kiò '''Tâi-gí''' (-gú) ia̍h '''Tâi-oân-gí''' (-gú), sī chú-iàu tī [[Tâi-oân]] liû-thong ê chi̍t khoán [[giân-gí]], sǹg sī [[Hō-ló-ōe]] chi̍t chiòng, mā sǹg sī [[Bân-lâm-gí]] ê hun-chi chi it, sī Tâi-oân 60% jîn-kháu thoân-thóng-siōng ê [[bú-gí]]. 

== Hō-miâ ==
Ùi Tâi-oân-ōe pún-sin ê iōng-gí, tùi pún giân-gí ê hō-miâ kî-tiong chi̍t khoán sī Hō-ló-ōe;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Taiwanese or Southern Min? On the Controversy of Ethnolinguistic Names in Taiwan|journal=台語研究|year=2015|volume=7|issue=1|author=[[Chiúⁿ Ûi-bûn]]|language=Eng-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; tī ha̍k-su̍t-kài it-poaⁿ ê liáu-kái lāi-bīn, Tâi-oân-ōe sǹg Bân-lâm-gí chi̍t chióng, chóng-sī Tâi-oân-ōe ēng-chiá pún-sin tī kháu-gí siōng khah hàn ēng &quot;Bân-lâm-gí&quot; chheng-ho͘ ka-tī tng teh kóng ê giân-gí. Ùi che nn̄g khoán hō-miâ ē-té, te̍k-pia̍t chí-miâ Tâi-oân ê hun-chi, thang kóng '''Tâi-oân Hō-ló-ōe''' kap '''Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí'''.

Lēng-ōa tī chi̍t kóa tiûⁿ-ha̍p, &quot;Tâi-oân-gí&quot;, &quot;Tâi-gí&quot; téng iōng-gí, hông ēng-lâi chí kok khoán [[Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]] chéng-thé.

== Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi ==
Bân-lâm-gú/Hō-ló-oē tiāⁿ hông tòng chòe [[Hàn-gí]] ka-cho̍k ê chi̍t-ê [[hong-giân]]. M̄-koh, mā ē-sái kā tòng chò [[Hàn-Chōng gí-hē]] ê chi̍t-ê gí-giân. Bô phó͘-sè ê phiau-chún thang jīn-tēng chi̍t khoán ōe sī gí-giân ia̍h hong-giân.

[[File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg|thumb|Kun-kù [[Âng Ûi-jîn]] ián-kiù só͘ ōe ê tē-tô͘:
{{Legend|#ff8080|Khah óa Choân-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}} 
{{Legend|#8080ff|Khah óa Chiang-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
{{Legend|#ff80ff|Choân-Chiang saⁿ-lām ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
]]

== Sêng-hun ==
Kī-taⁿ chú-liû ê Tâi-oân-ōe khiuⁿ-kháu, kí-pún sī chi̍t khoán [[Chiang-choân-lām]], ia̍h chiō sī goân lâi tī Tâi-oân hun-pia̍t liû-thong tī pō͘-hūn tē-hng ê [[Chiang-chiu-ōe]] kap [[Choân-chiu-ōe]] nn̄g khoán ōe saⁿ-lām liáu-āu sán-seng--ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣的語種分佈與區劃|author=洪惟仁|journal=人文與社會科學簡訊|year=2013|volume=14|issue=2|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tû-liáu Chiân-Choân ê lâi-goân, [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]] mā chiàm liáu chin chió-hūn ê éng-hióng, Tiô-chī-hē ê jîn-kûn tī Tâi-oân ē-tàng kóng í-keng iông ji̍p chāi-tē Hō-ló-lâng lāi-bīn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Southern Min Hokkien as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders |chapter=Chapter 4. Taiwan: The Haven for Southern Min?|author= Picus Sizhi Ding|year=2016|publisher=Springer Singapore|isbn=978-981-287-594-5|language=Eng-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kap Ho̍k-kiàn he̍k-chiá sī Lâm-iûⁿ téng kî-tha [[Bân-lâm-gí]] hun-chi khah bô kâng ê pō͘-hūn chi it, sī Tâi-oân-ōe khah chē lâi-chū [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] he̍k-chiá sī keng-kòe Ji̍t-pún-ōe thoân ji̍p ê [[gōa-lâi-gú]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=1930年代台灣歌仔冊內底ê日語借詞|journal=台語研究|volume=6|issue=2|year=2014|author=張玉萍}}&lt;/ref&gt; lēng-gōa ia̍h ū chió hūn [[Lâm-tó gí-hē]] ê sêng-hun, kap pō͘-hūn in-ūi [[Hô-lân]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=從近代初期季風亞洲的荷蘭語學習看臺灣荷蘭時代的殖民地語言現象與遺緒|journal=臺灣史研究|year=2013|volume=20|issue=1|author=邱馨慧|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; kap [[Tē--sī chèng-khoân|Teⁿ--sī]] kiam [[Chheng-kok]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=明鄭清領時期臺灣閩南語的形成－兼論在臺灣閩南語史分期的定位|journal=遠東學報|year=2006|volume=22|issue=2|author=黃秀仍 &amp; 曾春潮|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; thóng-tī téng te̍k-sû le̍k-sú pōe-kéng éng-hióng sán-seng ê sû-lūi kap ho͘-im. Chiàn-āu, kap [[Hôa-gí]] ê chiap-chhio̍k, Tâi-gí koh chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ siū éng-hióng sán-seng chi̍t kóa gú-im kap [[bûn-pe̍h]] soán-te̍k ê piàn-hòa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=台、華語接觸所引起的台語語音的變化趨勢|author=李淑鳳|year=2010|journal=台語研究|volume=2|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gí-im ==
=== Chú-im ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=text-align:center
|-style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
|+Thâu-im
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chhùi-kòa chú-im|Khí-gûn&lt;br&gt;chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Nńg-chhùi-kòa chú-im|Nńg-chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| [[Siaⁿ-mn̂g chú-im|Siaⁿ-mn̂g-im]]
|-
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Phīⁿ chú-im|Phīⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|
|'''{{IPAblink|m}}'''&lt;br&gt;m
|
|'''{{IPAblink|n}}'''&lt;br&gt;n
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ŋ}}'''&lt;br&gt;nng
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[That chú-im|That-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|'''{{IPAblink|p}}'''&lt;br&gt;p
|'''{{IPAblink|b}}'''&lt;br&gt;b
|'''{{IPAblink|t}}'''&lt;br&gt;t
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|k}}'''&lt;br&gt;k
|'''{{IPAblink|g}}'''&lt;br&gt;g
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;[[Iú-khì chú-im|iú-khì]]&lt;/small&gt;
|'''[pʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;ph
|
|'''[tʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;th
|
|
|
|'''[kʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;kh
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Sat-chhat chú-im|Sat-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|ts}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch,ts
|'''{{IPAblink|dz}}'''&lt;br&gt;j
|'''{{IPAblink|tɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch(i),ts(i)
|'''{{IPAblink|dʑ}}'''&lt;br&gt;j(i)
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;iú-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''[tsʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh,tsh
|
|'''[tɕʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh(i),tsh(i)
|
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Bôa-chhat chú-im|Bôa-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|s}}'''&lt;br&gt;s
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;si
|
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|h}}'''&lt;br&gt;h
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Piⁿ chu-im|Piⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|l}}'''&lt;br&gt;l
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}
{|class=wikitable
|+Bóe-im
! !![[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]!![[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[Phīⁿ-phòa|Phīⁿ-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[m]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-m||'''&lt;big&gt;[n]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-n||'''&lt;big&gt;[ŋ]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ng||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|◌̃}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ⁿ,-N
|-align=center
![[Sat chú-im|Phòa-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[p̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-p||'''&lt;big&gt;[t̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-t||'''&lt;big&gt;[k̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-k||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|ʔ}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-h
|}

# Chi̍h-téng sat-chhat chú-im and bôa-chhat-im ùi {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng ē piàn [[khí-gûn chhùi-kòa-im]], ia̍h chiō sī kóng {{IPA|/dzi/}}, {{IPA|/tsi/}}, {{IPA|/tsʰi/}}, kap {{IPA|/si/}} hông ho͘ chò {{IPA|[dʑi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕʰi]}}, kap {{IPA|[ɕi]}}.
# Chú-im {{IPA|/dz/}} ū khó-lêng hông lí-kái chò bôa-chhat-im; ia̍h chiō tōa-hūn tiûⁿ-ha̍p sī hông tòng chò {{IPA|[z]}}, tī {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng koh chò {{IPA|[ʑ]}}.
# Tī chi̍t kóa chêng-hêng, [[Iú-siaⁿ-im|Iú-siaⁿ]] phòa-im ({{IPA|/b/}} kap {{IPA|/ɡ/}}) hun-pia̍t piàn bôa-chhat-im ({{IPAblink|β}} kap {{IPAblink|ɣ}}).

=== Bó-im ===
{|class=wikitable
!rowspan=2| !!colspan=2|[[Chiân bó-im|Chiân]]!![[Tiong bó-im|Tiong-im]]!!colspan=2|[[Āu bó-im|Āu-im]]
!rowspan=5| !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|[[Im-chat chú-im]]
|-align=center
!Oral!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ-im]]!!Kháu!!Kháu!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ]]
|-align=center
![[Ha̍p bó-im|Ha̍p-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|i}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;i||&lt;big&gt;'''[ĩ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;iⁿ||
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|u}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;u||&lt;big&gt;'''[ũ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;uⁿ
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[m̩]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;m
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[ŋ̍]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;ng
|-align=center
![[Pòaⁿ-khui bó-im|Pòaⁿ-khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|e}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;e||&lt;big&gt;'''[ẽ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;eⁿ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ə}}, {{IPAblink|o}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o ㄜㄛ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ɔ}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o͘||&lt;big&gt;'''[ɔ̃]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;oⁿ
|-align=center
![[Khui bó-im|Khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|a}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;a||&lt;big&gt;'''[ã]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;aⁿ|| || ||
|}
&lt;!--
The vowel {{angle bracket|o}} is akin to a schwa; in contrast, {{angle bracket|[[o͘]]}} (with dot) is more open. In addition, there are several [[diphthong]]s and [[triphthong]]s (for example, {{angle bracket|iau}}). The consonants {{angle bracket|m}} and {{angle bracket|ng}} can function as a syllabic nucleus and are therefore included here as vowels. The vowels may be either plain or nasal: {{angle bracket|a}} is non-nasal, and {{angle bracket|aⁿ}} is the same vowel with concurrent nasal articulation. This is similar to [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and many other languages.

There are two pronunciations of vowel {{angle bracket|o}}. In the south (e.g., [[Tainan]] and [[Kaohsiung]]) it is {{IPA|[ə]}}; in the north (e.g., [[Taipei]]) it is {{IPA|[o]}}. Due to development of transportation and communication, both pronunciations are common and acceptable throughout the island.
--&gt;

== Chham-chiàu ==
{{reflist}}

== Liân-kiat ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20041014104924/www.holopedia.net/wiki.phtml?title=H%C5%8D-l%C3%B3-o%C4%93 ''Holopedia.net'' ê kū-pán-pún]

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Bân-lâm-gí]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>94nr4b26gz4zpa6quy5fsjdca8keag7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678833</id>
      <parentid>1678832</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T19:26:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Tâi-gí}}
[[File:Home usage of Taiwanese by district in Taiwan gradient map (2010).svg|thumb|2010 nî Tâi-pêⁿ Kim-má chiàu hêng-chèng-kuh chò kài-sòaⁿ kì-lio̍k ê tī chhù-lāi kóng Hô-ló-oē--ê jîn-khâu pí-lē, 50% í-hā m̄ tio̍k-sek (著色), pún chu-liāu sī pau-koat chhù-lāi kóng chē chióng ōe ê chêng-hêng (pí-lūn kóng Hō-ló-ōe kiam Hôa-gí--ê), bô piáu-hiān kâng chi̍t-ê siū chhái-hóng-chiá pún-sin kóng ta̍k chióng giân-gí ê pí-lē.]]

'''Tâi-oân-oē''', he̍k-chiá kiò '''Tâi-gí''' (-gú) ia̍h '''Tâi-oân-gí''' (-gú), sī chú-iàu tī [[Tâi-oân]] liû-thong ê chi̍t khoán [[giân-gí]], sǹg sī [[Hō-ló-ōe]] chi̍t chiòng, mā sǹg sī [[Bân-lâm-gí]] ê hun-chi chi it, sī Tâi-oân 60% jîn-kháu thoân-thóng-siōng ê [[bú-gí]]. 

== Hō-miâ ==
Ùi Tâi-oân-ōe pún-sin ê iōng-gí, tùi pún giân-gí ê hō-miâ kî-tiong chi̍t khoán sī Hō-ló-ōe;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Taiwanese or Southern Min? On the Controversy of Ethnolinguistic Names in Taiwan|journal=台語研究|year=2015|volume=7|issue=1|author=[[Chiúⁿ Ûi-bûn]]|language=Eng-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; tī ha̍k-su̍t-kài it-poaⁿ ê liáu-kái lāi-bīn, Tâi-oân-ōe sǹg Bân-lâm-gí chi̍t chióng, chóng-sī Tâi-oân-ōe ēng-chiá pún-sin tī kháu-gí siōng khah hàn ēng &quot;Bân-lâm-gí&quot; chheng-ho͘ ka-tī tng teh kóng ê giân-gí. Ùi che nn̄g khoán hō-miâ ē-té, te̍k-pia̍t chí-miâ Tâi-oân ê hun-chi, thang kóng '''Tâi-oân Hō-ló-ōe''' kap '''Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí'''.

Lēng-ōa tī chi̍t kóa tiûⁿ-ha̍p, &quot;Tâi-oân-gí&quot;, &quot;Tâi-gí&quot; téng iōng-gí, hông ēng-lâi chí kok khoán [[Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]] chéng-thé.

== Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi ==
Nā khó-lū tio̍h ho͘-siōng hui-lí-kái-sèng (''mutual unintelligibility''), Bân-lâm-gí sī sǹg [[Hàn-gí-cho̍k|Hàn-gí ka-cho̍k]] (''Sinitic family'') ē-té ê chi̍t khoán giân-gí. Ū ha̍k-chiá chiong Ho̍k-kiàn lâm-pō͘ kap Tâi-oân ê Bân-lâm-gí chò-hóe hō chò &quot;Hái-kiap Hok-kiàn-ōe&quot; (''Strait Hokkien''), kap [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]], [[Hái-lâm-ōe]] téng tōa hun-lūi khu-pia̍t.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 1. Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg|thumb|Kun-kù [[Âng Ûi-jîn]] ián-kiù só͘ ōe ê tē-tô͘:
{{Legend|#ff8080|Khah óa Choân-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}} 
{{Legend|#8080ff|Khah óa Chiang-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
{{Legend|#ff80ff|Choân-Chiang saⁿ-lām ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
]]

== Sêng-hun ==
Kī-taⁿ chú-liû ê Tâi-oân-ōe khiuⁿ-kháu, kí-pún sī chi̍t khoán [[Chiang-choân-lām]], ia̍h chiō sī goân lâi tī Tâi-oân hun-pia̍t liû-thong tī pō͘-hūn tē-hng ê [[Chiang-chiu-ōe]] kap [[Choân-chiu-ōe]] nn̄g khoán ōe saⁿ-lām liáu-āu sán-seng--ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣的語種分佈與區劃|author=洪惟仁|journal=人文與社會科學簡訊|year=2013|volume=14|issue=2|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tû-liáu Chiân-Choân ê lâi-goân, [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]] mā chiàm liáu chin chió-hūn ê éng-hióng, Tiô-chī-hē ê jîn-kûn tī Tâi-oân ē-tàng kóng í-keng iông ji̍p chāi-tē Hō-ló-lâng lāi-bīn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c4&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 4. Taiwan: The Haven for Southern Min?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kap Ho̍k-kiàn he̍k-chiá sī Lâm-iûⁿ téng kî-tha [[Bân-lâm-gí]] hun-chi khah bô kâng ê pō͘-hūn chi it, sī Tâi-oân-ōe khah chē lâi-chū [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] he̍k-chiá sī keng-kòe Ji̍t-pún-ōe thoân ji̍p ê [[gōa-lâi-gú]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=1930年代台灣歌仔冊內底ê日語借詞|journal=台語研究|volume=6|issue=2|year=2014|author=張玉萍}}&lt;/ref&gt; lēng-gōa ia̍h ū chió hūn [[Lâm-tó gí-hē]] ê sêng-hun, kap pō͘-hūn in-ūi [[Hô-lân]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=從近代初期季風亞洲的荷蘭語學習看臺灣荷蘭時代的殖民地語言現象與遺緒|journal=臺灣史研究|year=2013|volume=20|issue=1|author=邱馨慧|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; kap [[Tē--sī chèng-khoân|Teⁿ--sī]] kiam [[Chheng-kok]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=明鄭清領時期臺灣閩南語的形成－兼論在臺灣閩南語史分期的定位|journal=遠東學報|year=2006|volume=22|issue=2|author=黃秀仍 &amp; 曾春潮|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; thóng-tī téng te̍k-sû le̍k-sú pōe-kéng éng-hióng sán-seng ê sû-lūi kap ho͘-im. Chiàn-āu, kap [[Hôa-gí]] ê chiap-chhio̍k, Tâi-gí koh chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ siū éng-hióng sán-seng chi̍t kóa gú-im kap [[bûn-pe̍h]] soán-te̍k ê piàn-hòa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=台、華語接觸所引起的台語語音的變化趨勢|author=李淑鳳|year=2010|journal=台語研究|volume=2|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gí-im ==
=== Chú-im ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=text-align:center
|-style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
|+Thâu-im
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chhùi-kòa chú-im|Khí-gûn&lt;br&gt;chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Nńg-chhùi-kòa chú-im|Nńg-chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| [[Siaⁿ-mn̂g chú-im|Siaⁿ-mn̂g-im]]
|-
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Phīⁿ chú-im|Phīⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|
|'''{{IPAblink|m}}'''&lt;br&gt;m
|
|'''{{IPAblink|n}}'''&lt;br&gt;n
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ŋ}}'''&lt;br&gt;nng
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[That chú-im|That-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|'''{{IPAblink|p}}'''&lt;br&gt;p
|'''{{IPAblink|b}}'''&lt;br&gt;b
|'''{{IPAblink|t}}'''&lt;br&gt;t
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|k}}'''&lt;br&gt;k
|'''{{IPAblink|g}}'''&lt;br&gt;g
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;[[Iú-khì chú-im|iú-khì]]&lt;/small&gt;
|'''[pʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;ph
|
|'''[tʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;th
|
|
|
|'''[kʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;kh
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Sat-chhat chú-im|Sat-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|ts}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch,ts
|'''{{IPAblink|dz}}'''&lt;br&gt;j
|'''{{IPAblink|tɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch(i),ts(i)
|'''{{IPAblink|dʑ}}'''&lt;br&gt;j(i)
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;iú-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''[tsʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh,tsh
|
|'''[tɕʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh(i),tsh(i)
|
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Bôa-chhat chú-im|Bôa-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|s}}'''&lt;br&gt;s
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;si
|
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|h}}'''&lt;br&gt;h
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Piⁿ chu-im|Piⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|l}}'''&lt;br&gt;l
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}
{|class=wikitable
|+Bóe-im
! !![[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]!![[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[Phīⁿ-phòa|Phīⁿ-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[m]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-m||'''&lt;big&gt;[n]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-n||'''&lt;big&gt;[ŋ]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ng||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|◌̃}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ⁿ,-N
|-align=center
![[Sat chú-im|Phòa-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[p̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-p||'''&lt;big&gt;[t̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-t||'''&lt;big&gt;[k̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-k||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|ʔ}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-h
|}

# Chi̍h-téng sat-chhat chú-im and bôa-chhat-im ùi {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng ē piàn [[khí-gûn chhùi-kòa-im]], ia̍h chiō sī kóng {{IPA|/dzi/}}, {{IPA|/tsi/}}, {{IPA|/tsʰi/}}, kap {{IPA|/si/}} hông ho͘ chò {{IPA|[dʑi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕʰi]}}, kap {{IPA|[ɕi]}}.
# Chú-im {{IPA|/dz/}} ū khó-lêng hông lí-kái chò bôa-chhat-im; ia̍h chiō tōa-hūn tiûⁿ-ha̍p sī hông tòng chò {{IPA|[z]}}, tī {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng koh chò {{IPA|[ʑ]}}.
# Tī chi̍t kóa chêng-hêng, [[Iú-siaⁿ-im|Iú-siaⁿ]] phòa-im ({{IPA|/b/}} kap {{IPA|/ɡ/}}) hun-pia̍t piàn bôa-chhat-im ({{IPAblink|β}} kap {{IPAblink|ɣ}}).

=== Bó-im ===
{|class=wikitable
!rowspan=2| !!colspan=2|[[Chiân bó-im|Chiân]]!![[Tiong bó-im|Tiong-im]]!!colspan=2|[[Āu bó-im|Āu-im]]
!rowspan=5| !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|[[Im-chat chú-im]]
|-align=center
!Oral!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ-im]]!!Kháu!!Kháu!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ]]
|-align=center
![[Ha̍p bó-im|Ha̍p-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|i}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;i||&lt;big&gt;'''[ĩ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;iⁿ||
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|u}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;u||&lt;big&gt;'''[ũ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;uⁿ
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[m̩]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;m
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[ŋ̍]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;ng
|-align=center
![[Pòaⁿ-khui bó-im|Pòaⁿ-khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|e}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;e||&lt;big&gt;'''[ẽ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;eⁿ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ə}}, {{IPAblink|o}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o ㄜㄛ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ɔ}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o͘||&lt;big&gt;'''[ɔ̃]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;oⁿ
|-align=center
![[Khui bó-im|Khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|a}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;a||&lt;big&gt;'''[ã]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;aⁿ|| || ||
|}
&lt;!--
The vowel {{angle bracket|o}} is akin to a schwa; in contrast, {{angle bracket|[[o͘]]}} (with dot) is more open. In addition, there are several [[diphthong]]s and [[triphthong]]s (for example, {{angle bracket|iau}}). The consonants {{angle bracket|m}} and {{angle bracket|ng}} can function as a syllabic nucleus and are therefore included here as vowels. The vowels may be either plain or nasal: {{angle bracket|a}} is non-nasal, and {{angle bracket|aⁿ}} is the same vowel with concurrent nasal articulation. This is similar to [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and many other languages.

There are two pronunciations of vowel {{angle bracket|o}}. In the south (e.g., [[Tainan]] and [[Kaohsiung]]) it is {{IPA|[ə]}}; in the north (e.g., [[Taipei]]) it is {{IPA|[o]}}. Due to development of transportation and communication, both pronunciations are common and acceptable throughout the island.
--&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
=== Su-chì ===
* {{cite book|ref=harv|title=Southern Min Hokkien as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders|author= Picus Sizhi Ding|year=2016|publisher=Springer Singapore|isbn=978-981-287-594-5|language=Eng-gí}}

=== Chù-kha ===
{{reflist}}

== Liân-kiat ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20041014104924/www.holopedia.net/wiki.phtml?title=H%C5%8D-l%C3%B3-o%C4%93 ''Holopedia.net'' ê kū-pán-pún]

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Bân-lâm-gí]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>kgm69sxnb2l4i1tgajsbb1sq9un2rio</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678834</id>
      <parentid>1678833</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T19:30:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi */ chìn-chêng ê lōe-iông sió kái liáu-āu khǹg--tn̂g-lâi</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Tâi-gí}}
[[File:Home usage of Taiwanese by district in Taiwan gradient map (2010).svg|thumb|2010 nî Tâi-pêⁿ Kim-má chiàu hêng-chèng-kuh chò kài-sòaⁿ kì-lio̍k ê tī chhù-lāi kóng Hô-ló-oē--ê jîn-khâu pí-lē, 50% í-hā m̄ tio̍k-sek (著色), pún chu-liāu sī pau-koat chhù-lāi kóng chē chióng ōe ê chêng-hêng (pí-lūn kóng Hō-ló-ōe kiam Hôa-gí--ê), bô piáu-hiān kâng chi̍t-ê siū chhái-hóng-chiá pún-sin kóng ta̍k chióng giân-gí ê pí-lē.]]

'''Tâi-oân-oē''', he̍k-chiá kiò '''Tâi-gí''' (-gú) ia̍h '''Tâi-oân-gí''' (-gú), sī chú-iàu tī [[Tâi-oân]] liû-thong ê chi̍t khoán [[giân-gí]], sǹg sī [[Hō-ló-ōe]] chi̍t chiòng, mā sǹg sī [[Bân-lâm-gí]] ê hun-chi chi it, sī Tâi-oân 60% jîn-kháu thoân-thóng-siōng ê [[bú-gí]]. 

== Hō-miâ ==
Ùi Tâi-oân-ōe pún-sin ê iōng-gí, tùi pún giân-gí ê hō-miâ kî-tiong chi̍t khoán sī Hō-ló-ōe;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Taiwanese or Southern Min? On the Controversy of Ethnolinguistic Names in Taiwan|journal=台語研究|year=2015|volume=7|issue=1|author=[[Chiúⁿ Ûi-bûn]]|language=Eng-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; tī ha̍k-su̍t-kài it-poaⁿ ê liáu-kái lāi-bīn, Tâi-oân-ōe sǹg Bân-lâm-gí chi̍t chióng, chóng-sī Tâi-oân-ōe ēng-chiá pún-sin tī kháu-gí siōng khah hàn ēng &quot;Bân-lâm-gí&quot; chheng-ho͘ ka-tī tng teh kóng ê giân-gí. Ùi che nn̄g khoán hō-miâ ē-té, te̍k-pia̍t chí-miâ Tâi-oân ê hun-chi, thang kóng '''Tâi-oân Hō-ló-ōe''' kap '''Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí'''.

Lēng-ōa tī chi̍t kóa tiûⁿ-ha̍p, &quot;Tâi-oân-gí&quot;, &quot;Tâi-gí&quot; téng iōng-gí, hông ēng-lâi chí kok khoán [[Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]] chéng-thé.

== Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi ==
Bân-lâm-gú/Hō-ló-oē thoân-thóng siōng tiāⁿ hông kóng sī chi̍t-ê [[hong-giân]]. M̄-koh nā khó-lū tio̍h ho͘-siōng hui-lí-kái-sèng (''mutual unintelligibility''), Bân-lâm-gí sī sǹg [[Hàn-gí-cho̍k|Hàn-gí ka-cho̍k]] (''Sinitic family'') ē-té ê chi̍t khoán giân-gí. Ū ha̍k-chiá chiong Ho̍k-kiàn lâm-pō͘ kap Tâi-oân ê Bân-lâm-gí chò-hóe hō chò &quot;Hái-kiap Hok-kiàn-ōe&quot; (''Strait Hokkien''), kap [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]], [[Hái-lâm-ōe]] téng tōa hun-lūi khu-pia̍t.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 1. Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg|thumb|Kun-kù [[Âng Ûi-jîn]] ián-kiù só͘ ōe ê tē-tô͘:
{{Legend|#ff8080|Khah óa Choân-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}} 
{{Legend|#8080ff|Khah óa Chiang-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
{{Legend|#ff80ff|Choân-Chiang saⁿ-lām ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
]]

== Sêng-hun ==
Kī-taⁿ chú-liû ê Tâi-oân-ōe khiuⁿ-kháu, kí-pún sī chi̍t khoán [[Chiang-choân-lām]], ia̍h chiō sī goân lâi tī Tâi-oân hun-pia̍t liû-thong tī pō͘-hūn tē-hng ê [[Chiang-chiu-ōe]] kap [[Choân-chiu-ōe]] nn̄g khoán ōe saⁿ-lām liáu-āu sán-seng--ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣的語種分佈與區劃|author=洪惟仁|journal=人文與社會科學簡訊|year=2013|volume=14|issue=2|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tû-liáu Chiân-Choân ê lâi-goân, [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]] mā chiàm liáu chin chió-hūn ê éng-hióng, Tiô-chī-hē ê jîn-kûn tī Tâi-oân ē-tàng kóng í-keng iông ji̍p chāi-tē Hō-ló-lâng lāi-bīn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c4&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 4. Taiwan: The Haven for Southern Min?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kap Ho̍k-kiàn he̍k-chiá sī Lâm-iûⁿ téng kî-tha [[Bân-lâm-gí]] hun-chi khah bô kâng ê pō͘-hūn chi it, sī Tâi-oân-ōe khah chē lâi-chū [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] he̍k-chiá sī keng-kòe Ji̍t-pún-ōe thoân ji̍p ê [[gōa-lâi-gú]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=1930年代台灣歌仔冊內底ê日語借詞|journal=台語研究|volume=6|issue=2|year=2014|author=張玉萍}}&lt;/ref&gt; lēng-gōa ia̍h ū chió hūn [[Lâm-tó gí-hē]] ê sêng-hun, kap pō͘-hūn in-ūi [[Hô-lân]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=從近代初期季風亞洲的荷蘭語學習看臺灣荷蘭時代的殖民地語言現象與遺緒|journal=臺灣史研究|year=2013|volume=20|issue=1|author=邱馨慧|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; kap [[Tē--sī chèng-khoân|Teⁿ--sī]] kiam [[Chheng-kok]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=明鄭清領時期臺灣閩南語的形成－兼論在臺灣閩南語史分期的定位|journal=遠東學報|year=2006|volume=22|issue=2|author=黃秀仍 &amp; 曾春潮|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; thóng-tī téng te̍k-sû le̍k-sú pōe-kéng éng-hióng sán-seng ê sû-lūi kap ho͘-im. Chiàn-āu, kap [[Hôa-gí]] ê chiap-chhio̍k, Tâi-gí koh chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ siū éng-hióng sán-seng chi̍t kóa gú-im kap [[bûn-pe̍h]] soán-te̍k ê piàn-hòa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=台、華語接觸所引起的台語語音的變化趨勢|author=李淑鳳|year=2010|journal=台語研究|volume=2|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gí-im ==
=== Chú-im ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=text-align:center
|-style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
|+Thâu-im
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chhùi-kòa chú-im|Khí-gûn&lt;br&gt;chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Nńg-chhùi-kòa chú-im|Nńg-chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| [[Siaⁿ-mn̂g chú-im|Siaⁿ-mn̂g-im]]
|-
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Phīⁿ chú-im|Phīⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|
|'''{{IPAblink|m}}'''&lt;br&gt;m
|
|'''{{IPAblink|n}}'''&lt;br&gt;n
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ŋ}}'''&lt;br&gt;nng
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[That chú-im|That-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|'''{{IPAblink|p}}'''&lt;br&gt;p
|'''{{IPAblink|b}}'''&lt;br&gt;b
|'''{{IPAblink|t}}'''&lt;br&gt;t
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|k}}'''&lt;br&gt;k
|'''{{IPAblink|g}}'''&lt;br&gt;g
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;[[Iú-khì chú-im|iú-khì]]&lt;/small&gt;
|'''[pʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;ph
|
|'''[tʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;th
|
|
|
|'''[kʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;kh
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Sat-chhat chú-im|Sat-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|ts}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch,ts
|'''{{IPAblink|dz}}'''&lt;br&gt;j
|'''{{IPAblink|tɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch(i),ts(i)
|'''{{IPAblink|dʑ}}'''&lt;br&gt;j(i)
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;iú-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''[tsʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh,tsh
|
|'''[tɕʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh(i),tsh(i)
|
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Bôa-chhat chú-im|Bôa-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|s}}'''&lt;br&gt;s
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;si
|
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|h}}'''&lt;br&gt;h
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Piⁿ chu-im|Piⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|l}}'''&lt;br&gt;l
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}
{|class=wikitable
|+Bóe-im
! !![[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]!![[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[Phīⁿ-phòa|Phīⁿ-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[m]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-m||'''&lt;big&gt;[n]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-n||'''&lt;big&gt;[ŋ]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ng||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|◌̃}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ⁿ,-N
|-align=center
![[Sat chú-im|Phòa-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[p̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-p||'''&lt;big&gt;[t̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-t||'''&lt;big&gt;[k̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-k||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|ʔ}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-h
|}

# Chi̍h-téng sat-chhat chú-im and bôa-chhat-im ùi {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng ē piàn [[khí-gûn chhùi-kòa-im]], ia̍h chiō sī kóng {{IPA|/dzi/}}, {{IPA|/tsi/}}, {{IPA|/tsʰi/}}, kap {{IPA|/si/}} hông ho͘ chò {{IPA|[dʑi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕʰi]}}, kap {{IPA|[ɕi]}}.
# Chú-im {{IPA|/dz/}} ū khó-lêng hông lí-kái chò bôa-chhat-im; ia̍h chiō tōa-hūn tiûⁿ-ha̍p sī hông tòng chò {{IPA|[z]}}, tī {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng koh chò {{IPA|[ʑ]}}.
# Tī chi̍t kóa chêng-hêng, [[Iú-siaⁿ-im|Iú-siaⁿ]] phòa-im ({{IPA|/b/}} kap {{IPA|/ɡ/}}) hun-pia̍t piàn bôa-chhat-im ({{IPAblink|β}} kap {{IPAblink|ɣ}}).

=== Bó-im ===
{|class=wikitable
!rowspan=2| !!colspan=2|[[Chiân bó-im|Chiân]]!![[Tiong bó-im|Tiong-im]]!!colspan=2|[[Āu bó-im|Āu-im]]
!rowspan=5| !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|[[Im-chat chú-im]]
|-align=center
!Oral!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ-im]]!!Kháu!!Kháu!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ]]
|-align=center
![[Ha̍p bó-im|Ha̍p-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|i}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;i||&lt;big&gt;'''[ĩ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;iⁿ||
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|u}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;u||&lt;big&gt;'''[ũ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;uⁿ
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[m̩]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;m
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[ŋ̍]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;ng
|-align=center
![[Pòaⁿ-khui bó-im|Pòaⁿ-khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|e}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;e||&lt;big&gt;'''[ẽ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;eⁿ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ə}}, {{IPAblink|o}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o ㄜㄛ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ɔ}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o͘||&lt;big&gt;'''[ɔ̃]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;oⁿ
|-align=center
![[Khui bó-im|Khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|a}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;a||&lt;big&gt;'''[ã]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;aⁿ|| || ||
|}
&lt;!--
The vowel {{angle bracket|o}} is akin to a schwa; in contrast, {{angle bracket|[[o͘]]}} (with dot) is more open. In addition, there are several [[diphthong]]s and [[triphthong]]s (for example, {{angle bracket|iau}}). The consonants {{angle bracket|m}} and {{angle bracket|ng}} can function as a syllabic nucleus and are therefore included here as vowels. The vowels may be either plain or nasal: {{angle bracket|a}} is non-nasal, and {{angle bracket|aⁿ}} is the same vowel with concurrent nasal articulation. This is similar to [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and many other languages.

There are two pronunciations of vowel {{angle bracket|o}}. In the south (e.g., [[Tainan]] and [[Kaohsiung]]) it is {{IPA|[ə]}}; in the north (e.g., [[Taipei]]) it is {{IPA|[o]}}. Due to development of transportation and communication, both pronunciations are common and acceptable throughout the island.
--&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
=== Su-chì ===
* {{cite book|ref=harv|title=Southern Min Hokkien as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders|author= Picus Sizhi Ding|year=2016|publisher=Springer Singapore|isbn=978-981-287-594-5|language=Eng-gí}}

=== Chù-kha ===
{{reflist}}

== Liân-kiat ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20041014104924/www.holopedia.net/wiki.phtml?title=H%C5%8D-l%C3%B3-o%C4%93 ''Holopedia.net'' ê kū-pán-pún]

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Bân-lâm-gí]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>t2v8br11pvsc1ecptk2u6ht8t6u46x5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678835</id>
      <parentid>1678834</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T19:42:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Tâi-gí}}
[[File:Home usage of Taiwanese by district in Taiwan gradient map (2010).svg|thumb|2010 nî Tâi-pêⁿ Kim-má chiàu hêng-chèng-kuh chò kài-sòaⁿ kì-lio̍k ê tī chhù-lāi kóng Hô-ló-oē--ê jîn-khâu pí-lē, 50% í-hā m̄ tio̍k-sek (著色), pún chu-liāu sī pau-koat chhù-lāi kóng chē chióng ōe ê chêng-hêng (pí-lūn kóng Hō-ló-ōe kiam Hôa-gí--ê), bô piáu-hiān kâng chi̍t-ê siū chhái-hóng-chiá pún-sin kóng ta̍k chióng giân-gí ê pí-lē.]]

'''Tâi-oân-oē''', he̍k-chiá kiò '''Tâi-gí''' (-gú) ia̍h '''Tâi-oân-gí''' (-gú), sī chú-iàu tī [[Tâi-oân]] liû-thong ê chi̍t khoán [[giân-gí]], sǹg sī [[Hō-ló-ōe]] chi̍t chiòng, mā sǹg sī [[Bân-lâm-gí]] ê hun-chi chi it, sī Tâi-oân 60% jîn-kháu thoân-thóng-siōng ê [[bú-gí]]. 

== Hō-miâ ==
Ùi Tâi-oân-ōe pún-sin ê iōng-gí, tùi pún giân-gí ê hō-miâ kî-tiong chi̍t khoán sī Hō-ló-ōe;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Taiwanese or Southern Min? On the Controversy of Ethnolinguistic Names in Taiwan|journal=台語研究|year=2015|volume=7|issue=1|author=[[Chiúⁿ Ûi-bûn]]|language=Eng-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; tī ha̍k-su̍t-kài it-poaⁿ ê liáu-kái lāi-bīn, Tâi-oân-ōe sǹg Bân-lâm-gí chi̍t chióng, chóng-sī Tâi-oân-ōe ēng-chiá pún-sin tī kháu-gí siōng khah hàn ēng &quot;Bân-lâm-gí&quot; chheng-ho͘ ka-tī tng teh kóng ê giân-gí. Ùi che nn̄g khoán hō-miâ ē-té, te̍k-pia̍t chí-miâ Tâi-oân ê hun-chi, thang kóng '''Tâi-oân Hō-ló-ōe''' kap '''Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí'''.

Lēng-ōa tī chi̍t kóa tiûⁿ-ha̍p, &quot;Tâi-oân-gí&quot;, &quot;Tâi-gí&quot; téng iōng-gí, hông ēng-lâi chí kok khoán [[Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]] chéng-thé.

== Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi ==
Bân-lâm-gú/Hō-ló-oē thoân-thóng siōng tiāⁿ hông kóng sī chi̍t-ê [[hong-giân]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—找回我們的名字|authors=李勤岸|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt; M̄-koh nā khó-lū tio̍h ho͘-siōng hui-lí-kái-sèng (''mutual unintelligibility''), Bân-lâm-gí sī sǹg [[Hàn-gí-cho̍k|Hàn-gí ka-cho̍k]] (''Sinitic family'') ē-té ê chi̍t khoán giân-gí. Ū ha̍k-chiá chiong Ho̍k-kiàn lâm-pō͘ kap Tâi-oân ê Bân-lâm-gí chò-hóe hō chò &quot;Hái-kiap Hok-kiàn-ōe&quot; (''Strait Hokkien''), kap [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]], [[Hái-lâm-ōe]] téng tōa hun-lūi khu-pia̍t.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 1. Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg|thumb|Kun-kù [[Âng Ûi-jîn]] ián-kiù só͘ ōe ê tē-tô͘:
{{Legend|#ff8080|Khah óa Choân-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}} 
{{Legend|#8080ff|Khah óa Chiang-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
{{Legend|#ff80ff|Choân-Chiang saⁿ-lām ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
]]

== Sêng-hun ==
Kī-taⁿ chú-liû ê Tâi-oân-ōe khiuⁿ-kháu, kí-pún sī chi̍t khoán [[Chiang-choân-lām]], ia̍h chiō sī goân lâi tī Tâi-oân hun-pia̍t liû-thong tī pō͘-hūn tē-hng ê [[Chiang-chiu-ōe]] kap [[Choân-chiu-ōe]] nn̄g khoán ōe saⁿ-lām liáu-āu sán-seng--ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣的語種分佈與區劃|author=洪惟仁|journal=人文與社會科學簡訊|year=2013|volume=14|issue=2|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tû-liáu Chiân-Choân ê lâi-goân, [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]] mā chiàm liáu chin chió-hūn ê éng-hióng, Tiô-chī-hē ê jîn-kûn tī Tâi-oân ē-tàng kóng í-keng iông ji̍p chāi-tē Hō-ló-lâng lāi-bīn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c4&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 4. Taiwan: The Haven for Southern Min?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kap Ho̍k-kiàn he̍k-chiá sī Lâm-iûⁿ téng kî-tha [[Bân-lâm-gí]] hun-chi khah bô kâng ê pō͘-hūn chi it, sī Tâi-oân-ōe khah chē lâi-chū [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] he̍k-chiá sī keng-kòe Ji̍t-pún-ōe thoân ji̍p ê [[gōa-lâi-gú]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=1930年代台灣歌仔冊內底ê日語借詞|journal=台語研究|volume=6|issue=2|year=2014|author=張玉萍}}&lt;/ref&gt; lēng-gōa ia̍h ū chió hūn [[Lâm-tó gí-hē]] ê sêng-hun, kap pō͘-hūn in-ūi [[Hô-lân]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=從近代初期季風亞洲的荷蘭語學習看臺灣荷蘭時代的殖民地語言現象與遺緒|journal=臺灣史研究|year=2013|volume=20|issue=1|author=邱馨慧|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; kap [[Tē--sī chèng-khoân|Teⁿ--sī]] kiam [[Chheng-kok]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=明鄭清領時期臺灣閩南語的形成－兼論在臺灣閩南語史分期的定位|journal=遠東學報|year=2006|volume=22|issue=2|author=黃秀仍 &amp; 曾春潮|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; thóng-tī téng te̍k-sû le̍k-sú pōe-kéng éng-hióng sán-seng ê sû-lūi kap ho͘-im. Chiàn-āu, kap [[Hôa-gí]] ê chiap-chhio̍k, Tâi-gí koh chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ siū éng-hióng sán-seng chi̍t kóa gú-im kap [[bûn-pe̍h]] soán-te̍k ê piàn-hòa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=台、華語接觸所引起的台語語音的變化趨勢|author=李淑鳳|year=2010|journal=台語研究|volume=2|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gí-im ==
=== Chú-im ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=text-align:center
|-style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
|+Thâu-im
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chhùi-kòa chú-im|Khí-gûn&lt;br&gt;chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Nńg-chhùi-kòa chú-im|Nńg-chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| [[Siaⁿ-mn̂g chú-im|Siaⁿ-mn̂g-im]]
|-
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Phīⁿ chú-im|Phīⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|
|'''{{IPAblink|m}}'''&lt;br&gt;m
|
|'''{{IPAblink|n}}'''&lt;br&gt;n
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ŋ}}'''&lt;br&gt;nng
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[That chú-im|That-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|'''{{IPAblink|p}}'''&lt;br&gt;p
|'''{{IPAblink|b}}'''&lt;br&gt;b
|'''{{IPAblink|t}}'''&lt;br&gt;t
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|k}}'''&lt;br&gt;k
|'''{{IPAblink|g}}'''&lt;br&gt;g
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;[[Iú-khì chú-im|iú-khì]]&lt;/small&gt;
|'''[pʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;ph
|
|'''[tʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;th
|
|
|
|'''[kʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;kh
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Sat-chhat chú-im|Sat-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|ts}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch,ts
|'''{{IPAblink|dz}}'''&lt;br&gt;j
|'''{{IPAblink|tɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch(i),ts(i)
|'''{{IPAblink|dʑ}}'''&lt;br&gt;j(i)
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;iú-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''[tsʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh,tsh
|
|'''[tɕʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh(i),tsh(i)
|
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Bôa-chhat chú-im|Bôa-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|s}}'''&lt;br&gt;s
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;si
|
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|h}}'''&lt;br&gt;h
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Piⁿ chu-im|Piⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|l}}'''&lt;br&gt;l
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}
{|class=wikitable
|+Bóe-im
! !![[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]!![[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[Phīⁿ-phòa|Phīⁿ-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[m]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-m||'''&lt;big&gt;[n]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-n||'''&lt;big&gt;[ŋ]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ng||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|◌̃}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ⁿ,-N
|-align=center
![[Sat chú-im|Phòa-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[p̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-p||'''&lt;big&gt;[t̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-t||'''&lt;big&gt;[k̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-k||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|ʔ}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-h
|}

# Chi̍h-téng sat-chhat chú-im and bôa-chhat-im ùi {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng ē piàn [[khí-gûn chhùi-kòa-im]], ia̍h chiō sī kóng {{IPA|/dzi/}}, {{IPA|/tsi/}}, {{IPA|/tsʰi/}}, kap {{IPA|/si/}} hông ho͘ chò {{IPA|[dʑi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕʰi]}}, kap {{IPA|[ɕi]}}.
# Chú-im {{IPA|/dz/}} ū khó-lêng hông lí-kái chò bôa-chhat-im; ia̍h chiō tōa-hūn tiûⁿ-ha̍p sī hông tòng chò {{IPA|[z]}}, tī {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng koh chò {{IPA|[ʑ]}}.
# Tī chi̍t kóa chêng-hêng, [[Iú-siaⁿ-im|Iú-siaⁿ]] phòa-im ({{IPA|/b/}} kap {{IPA|/ɡ/}}) hun-pia̍t piàn bôa-chhat-im ({{IPAblink|β}} kap {{IPAblink|ɣ}}).

=== Bó-im ===
{|class=wikitable
!rowspan=2| !!colspan=2|[[Chiân bó-im|Chiân]]!![[Tiong bó-im|Tiong-im]]!!colspan=2|[[Āu bó-im|Āu-im]]
!rowspan=5| !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|[[Im-chat chú-im]]
|-align=center
!Oral!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ-im]]!!Kháu!!Kháu!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ]]
|-align=center
![[Ha̍p bó-im|Ha̍p-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|i}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;i||&lt;big&gt;'''[ĩ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;iⁿ||
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|u}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;u||&lt;big&gt;'''[ũ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;uⁿ
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[m̩]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;m
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[ŋ̍]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;ng
|-align=center
![[Pòaⁿ-khui bó-im|Pòaⁿ-khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|e}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;e||&lt;big&gt;'''[ẽ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;eⁿ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ə}}, {{IPAblink|o}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o ㄜㄛ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ɔ}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o͘||&lt;big&gt;'''[ɔ̃]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;oⁿ
|-align=center
![[Khui bó-im|Khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|a}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;a||&lt;big&gt;'''[ã]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;aⁿ|| || ||
|}
&lt;!--
The vowel {{angle bracket|o}} is akin to a schwa; in contrast, {{angle bracket|[[o͘]]}} (with dot) is more open. In addition, there are several [[diphthong]]s and [[triphthong]]s (for example, {{angle bracket|iau}}). The consonants {{angle bracket|m}} and {{angle bracket|ng}} can function as a syllabic nucleus and are therefore included here as vowels. The vowels may be either plain or nasal: {{angle bracket|a}} is non-nasal, and {{angle bracket|aⁿ}} is the same vowel with concurrent nasal articulation. This is similar to [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and many other languages.

There are two pronunciations of vowel {{angle bracket|o}}. In the south (e.g., [[Tainan]] and [[Kaohsiung]]) it is {{IPA|[ə]}}; in the north (e.g., [[Taipei]]) it is {{IPA|[o]}}. Due to development of transportation and communication, both pronunciations are common and acceptable throughout the island.
--&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
=== Su-chì ===
* {{cite book|ref=harv|title=Southern Min Hokkien as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders|author= Picus Sizhi Ding|year=2016|publisher=Springer Singapore|isbn=978-981-287-594-5|language=Eng-gí}}

=== Chù-kha ===
{{reflist}}

== Liân-kiat ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20041014104924/www.holopedia.net/wiki.phtml?title=H%C5%8D-l%C3%B3-o%C4%93 ''Holopedia.net'' ê kū-pán-pún]

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Bân-lâm-gí]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>s1gzy2yvkd8zvefamro89wd2e90834u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678839</id>
      <parentid>1678835</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T19:54:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Tâi-gí}}
[[File:Home usage of Taiwanese by district in Taiwan gradient map (2010).svg|thumb|2010 nî Tâi-pêⁿ Kim-má chiàu hêng-chèng-kuh chò kài-sòaⁿ kì-lio̍k ê tī chhù-lāi ū kóng Hô-ló-oē--ê jîn-khâu pí-lē, 50% í-hā m̄ tio̍k-sek (著色), pún chu-liāu sī pau-koat chhù-lāi kóng chē chióng ōe ê chêng-hêng (pí-lūn kóng Hō-ló-ōe kiam Hôa-gí--ê), bô piáu-hiān kâng chi̍t-ê siū chhái-hóng-chiá pún-sin kóng ta̍k chióng giân-gí ê pí-lē.]]

'''Tâi-oân-oē''', he̍k-chiá kiò '''Tâi-gí''' (-gú) ia̍h '''Tâi-oân-gí''' (-gú), sī chú-iàu tī [[Tâi-oân]] liû-thong ê chi̍t khoán [[giân-gí]], sǹg sī [[Hō-ló-ōe]] chi̍t chiòng, mā sǹg sī [[Bân-lâm-gí]] ê hun-chi chi it, sī Tâi-oân 60% jîn-kháu thoân-thóng-siōng ê [[bú-gí]]. 

== Hō-miâ ==
Ùi Tâi-oân-ōe pún-sin ê iōng-gí, tùi pún giân-gí ê hō-miâ kî-tiong chi̍t khoán sī Hō-ló-ōe;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Taiwanese or Southern Min? On the Controversy of Ethnolinguistic Names in Taiwan|journal=台語研究|year=2015|volume=7|issue=1|author=[[Chiúⁿ Ûi-bûn]]|language=Eng-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; tī ha̍k-su̍t-kài it-poaⁿ ê liáu-kái lāi-bīn, Tâi-oân-ōe sǹg Bân-lâm-gí chi̍t chióng, chóng-sī Tâi-oân-ōe ēng-chiá pún-sin tī kháu-gí siōng khah hàn ēng &quot;Bân-lâm-gí&quot; chheng-ho͘ ka-tī tng teh kóng ê giân-gí. Ùi che nn̄g khoán hō-miâ ē-té, te̍k-pia̍t chí-miâ Tâi-oân ê hun-chi, thang kóng '''Tâi-oân Hō-ló-ōe''' kap '''Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí'''.

Lēng-ōa tī chi̍t kóa tiûⁿ-ha̍p, &quot;Tâi-oân-gí&quot;, &quot;Tâi-gí&quot; téng iōng-gí, hông ēng-lâi chí kok khoán [[Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]] chéng-thé.

== Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi ==
Bân-lâm-gú/Hō-ló-oē thoân-thóng siōng tiāⁿ hông kóng sī chi̍t-ê [[hong-giân]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—找回我們的名字|authors=李勤岸|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt; M̄-koh nā khó-lū tio̍h ho͘-siōng hui-lí-kái-sèng (''mutual unintelligibility''), Bân-lâm-gí sī sǹg [[Hàn-gí-cho̍k|Hàn-gí ka-cho̍k]] (''Sinitic family'') ē-té ê chi̍t khoán giân-gí. Ū ha̍k-chiá chiong Ho̍k-kiàn lâm-pō͘ kap Tâi-oân ê Bân-lâm-gí chò-hóe hō chò &quot;Hái-kiap Hok-kiàn-ōe&quot; (''Strait Hokkien''), kap [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]], [[Hái-lâm-ōe]] téng tōa hun-lūi khu-pia̍t.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 1. Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg|thumb|Kun-kù [[Âng Ûi-jîn]] ián-kiù só͘ ōe ê tē-tô͘:
{{Legend|#ff8080|Khah óa Choân-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}} 
{{Legend|#8080ff|Khah óa Chiang-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
{{Legend|#ff80ff|Choân-Chiang saⁿ-lām ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
]]

== Sêng-hun ==
Kī-taⁿ chú-liû ê Tâi-oân-ōe khiuⁿ-kháu, kí-pún sī chi̍t khoán [[Chiang-choân-lām]], ia̍h chiō sī goân lâi tī Tâi-oân hun-pia̍t liû-thong tī pō͘-hūn tē-hng ê [[Chiang-chiu-ōe]] kap [[Choân-chiu-ōe]] nn̄g khoán ōe saⁿ-lām liáu-āu sán-seng--ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣的語種分佈與區劃|author=洪惟仁|journal=人文與社會科學簡訊|year=2013|volume=14|issue=2|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tû-liáu Chiân-Choân ê lâi-goân, [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]] mā chiàm liáu chin chió-hūn ê éng-hióng, Tiô-chī-hē ê jîn-kûn tī Tâi-oân ē-tàng kóng í-keng iông ji̍p chāi-tē Hō-ló-lâng lāi-bīn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c4&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 4. Taiwan: The Haven for Southern Min?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kap Ho̍k-kiàn he̍k-chiá sī Lâm-iûⁿ téng kî-tha [[Bân-lâm-gí]] hun-chi khah bô kâng ê pō͘-hūn chi it, sī Tâi-oân-ōe khah chē lâi-chū [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] he̍k-chiá sī keng-kòe Ji̍t-pún-ōe thoân ji̍p ê [[gōa-lâi-gú]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=1930年代台灣歌仔冊內底ê日語借詞|journal=台語研究|volume=6|issue=2|year=2014|author=張玉萍}}&lt;/ref&gt; lēng-gōa ia̍h ū chió hūn [[Lâm-tó gí-hē]] ê sêng-hun, kap pō͘-hūn in-ūi [[Hô-lân]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=從近代初期季風亞洲的荷蘭語學習看臺灣荷蘭時代的殖民地語言現象與遺緒|journal=臺灣史研究|year=2013|volume=20|issue=1|author=邱馨慧|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; kap [[Tē--sī chèng-khoân|Teⁿ--sī]] kiam [[Chheng-kok]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=明鄭清領時期臺灣閩南語的形成－兼論在臺灣閩南語史分期的定位|journal=遠東學報|year=2006|volume=22|issue=2|author=黃秀仍 &amp; 曾春潮|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; thóng-tī téng te̍k-sû le̍k-sú pōe-kéng éng-hióng sán-seng ê sû-lūi kap ho͘-im. Chiàn-āu, kap [[Hôa-gí]] ê chiap-chhio̍k, Tâi-gí koh chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ siū éng-hióng sán-seng chi̍t kóa gú-im kap [[bûn-pe̍h]] soán-te̍k ê piàn-hòa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=台、華語接觸所引起的台語語音的變化趨勢|author=李淑鳳|year=2010|journal=台語研究|volume=2|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gí-im ==
=== Chú-im ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=text-align:center
|-style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
|+Thâu-im
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chhùi-kòa chú-im|Khí-gûn&lt;br&gt;chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Nńg-chhùi-kòa chú-im|Nńg-chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| [[Siaⁿ-mn̂g chú-im|Siaⁿ-mn̂g-im]]
|-
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Phīⁿ chú-im|Phīⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|
|'''{{IPAblink|m}}'''&lt;br&gt;m
|
|'''{{IPAblink|n}}'''&lt;br&gt;n
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ŋ}}'''&lt;br&gt;nng
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[That chú-im|That-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|'''{{IPAblink|p}}'''&lt;br&gt;p
|'''{{IPAblink|b}}'''&lt;br&gt;b
|'''{{IPAblink|t}}'''&lt;br&gt;t
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|k}}'''&lt;br&gt;k
|'''{{IPAblink|g}}'''&lt;br&gt;g
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;[[Iú-khì chú-im|iú-khì]]&lt;/small&gt;
|'''[pʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;ph
|
|'''[tʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;th
|
|
|
|'''[kʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;kh
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Sat-chhat chú-im|Sat-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|ts}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch,ts
|'''{{IPAblink|dz}}'''&lt;br&gt;j
|'''{{IPAblink|tɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch(i),ts(i)
|'''{{IPAblink|dʑ}}'''&lt;br&gt;j(i)
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;iú-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''[tsʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh,tsh
|
|'''[tɕʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh(i),tsh(i)
|
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Bôa-chhat chú-im|Bôa-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|s}}'''&lt;br&gt;s
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;si
|
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|h}}'''&lt;br&gt;h
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Piⁿ chu-im|Piⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|l}}'''&lt;br&gt;l
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}
{|class=wikitable
|+Bóe-im
! !![[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]!![[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[Phīⁿ-phòa|Phīⁿ-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[m]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-m||'''&lt;big&gt;[n]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-n||'''&lt;big&gt;[ŋ]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ng||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|◌̃}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ⁿ,-N
|-align=center
![[Sat chú-im|Phòa-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[p̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-p||'''&lt;big&gt;[t̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-t||'''&lt;big&gt;[k̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-k||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|ʔ}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-h
|}

# Chi̍h-téng sat-chhat chú-im and bôa-chhat-im ùi {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng ē piàn [[khí-gûn chhùi-kòa-im]], ia̍h chiō sī kóng {{IPA|/dzi/}}, {{IPA|/tsi/}}, {{IPA|/tsʰi/}}, kap {{IPA|/si/}} hông ho͘ chò {{IPA|[dʑi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕʰi]}}, kap {{IPA|[ɕi]}}.
# Chú-im {{IPA|/dz/}} ū khó-lêng hông lí-kái chò bôa-chhat-im; ia̍h chiō tōa-hūn tiûⁿ-ha̍p sī hông tòng chò {{IPA|[z]}}, tī {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng koh chò {{IPA|[ʑ]}}.
# Tī chi̍t kóa chêng-hêng, [[Iú-siaⁿ-im|Iú-siaⁿ]] phòa-im ({{IPA|/b/}} kap {{IPA|/ɡ/}}) hun-pia̍t piàn bôa-chhat-im ({{IPAblink|β}} kap {{IPAblink|ɣ}}).

=== Bó-im ===
{|class=wikitable
!rowspan=2| !!colspan=2|[[Chiân bó-im|Chiân]]!![[Tiong bó-im|Tiong-im]]!!colspan=2|[[Āu bó-im|Āu-im]]
!rowspan=5| !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|[[Im-chat chú-im]]
|-align=center
!Oral!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ-im]]!!Kháu!!Kháu!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ]]
|-align=center
![[Ha̍p bó-im|Ha̍p-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|i}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;i||&lt;big&gt;'''[ĩ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;iⁿ||
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|u}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;u||&lt;big&gt;'''[ũ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;uⁿ
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[m̩]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;m
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[ŋ̍]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;ng
|-align=center
![[Pòaⁿ-khui bó-im|Pòaⁿ-khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|e}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;e||&lt;big&gt;'''[ẽ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;eⁿ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ə}}, {{IPAblink|o}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o ㄜㄛ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ɔ}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o͘||&lt;big&gt;'''[ɔ̃]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;oⁿ
|-align=center
![[Khui bó-im|Khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|a}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;a||&lt;big&gt;'''[ã]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;aⁿ|| || ||
|}
&lt;!--
The vowel {{angle bracket|o}} is akin to a schwa; in contrast, {{angle bracket|[[o͘]]}} (with dot) is more open. In addition, there are several [[diphthong]]s and [[triphthong]]s (for example, {{angle bracket|iau}}). The consonants {{angle bracket|m}} and {{angle bracket|ng}} can function as a syllabic nucleus and are therefore included here as vowels. The vowels may be either plain or nasal: {{angle bracket|a}} is non-nasal, and {{angle bracket|aⁿ}} is the same vowel with concurrent nasal articulation. This is similar to [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and many other languages.

There are two pronunciations of vowel {{angle bracket|o}}. In the south (e.g., [[Tainan]] and [[Kaohsiung]]) it is {{IPA|[ə]}}; in the north (e.g., [[Taipei]]) it is {{IPA|[o]}}. Due to development of transportation and communication, both pronunciations are common and acceptable throughout the island.
--&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
=== Su-chì ===
* {{cite book|ref=harv|title=Southern Min Hokkien as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders|author= Picus Sizhi Ding|year=2016|publisher=Springer Singapore|isbn=978-981-287-594-5|language=Eng-gí}}

=== Chù-kha ===
{{reflist}}

== Liân-kiat ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20041014104924/www.holopedia.net/wiki.phtml?title=H%C5%8D-l%C3%B3-o%C4%93 ''Holopedia.net'' ê kū-pán-pún]

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Bân-lâm-gí]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>k4av5vhtq188vkyg1dcchnhn0ptkylj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678840</id>
      <parentid>1678839</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T20:01:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Tâi-gí}}
[[File:Home usage of Taiwanese by district in Taiwan gradient map (2010).svg|thumb|2010 nî Tâi-pêⁿ Kim-má chiàu hêng-chèng-kuh chò kài-sòaⁿ kì-lio̍k ê tī chhù-lāi ū kóng Hô-ló-oē--ê jîn-khâu pí-lē, 50% í-hā m̄ tio̍k-sek (著色), pún chu-liāu sī pau-koat chhù-lāi kóng chē chióng ōe ê chêng-hêng (pí-lūn kóng Hō-ló-ōe kiam Hôa-gí--ê), bô piáu-hiān kâng chi̍t-ê siū chhái-hóng-chiá pún-sin kóng ta̍k chióng giân-gí ê pí-lē.]]

'''Tâi-oân-oē''', he̍k-chiá kiò '''Tâi-gí''' (-gú) ia̍h '''Tâi-oân-gí''' (-gú), sī chú-iàu tī [[Tâi-oân]] liû-thong ê chi̍t khoán [[giân-gí]], sǹg sī [[Hō-ló-ōe]] chi̍t chiòng, mā sǹg sī [[Bân-lâm-gí]] ê hun-chi chi it, sī Tâi-oân 60% jîn-kháu thoân-thóng-siōng ê [[bú-gí]]. 

== Hō-miâ ==
Ùi Tâi-oân-ōe pún-sin ê iōng-gí, tùi pún giân-gí ê hō-miâ kî-tiong chi̍t khoán sī Hō-ló-ōe;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Taiwanese or Southern Min? On the Controversy of Ethnolinguistic Names in Taiwan|journal=台語研究|year=2015|volume=7|issue=1|author=[[Chiúⁿ Ûi-bûn]]|language=Eng-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Hō-ló&quot; chit-ê khài-liām, chiàu ho͘-im ia̍h ū kóng &quot;Ho̍h-ló&quot;, khó-lêng ê lâi-goân sī Kńg-tang ê Kheh-lâng ia̍h Kńg-hú-lâng tùi Tiô-chiu téng tha-cho̍k ê chheng-ho͘, ùi Ho̍k-kiàn khah hàn lâng chai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—排除誤解，尋求共識|authors=李勤岸|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt;

 Tī ha̍k-su̍t-kài it-poaⁿ ê liáu-kái lāi-bīn, Tâi-oân-ōe sǹg Bân-lâm-gí chi̍t chióng, chóng-sī Tâi-oân-ōe ēng-chiá pún-sin tī kháu-gí siōng khah hàn ēng &quot;Bân-lâm-gí&quot; chheng-ho͘ ka-tī tng teh kóng ê giân-gí. Ùi che nn̄g khoán hō-miâ ē-té, te̍k-pia̍t chí-miâ Tâi-oân ê hun-chi, thang kóng '''Tâi-oân Hō-ló-ōe''' kap '''Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí'''.

Lēng-ōa tī chi̍t kóa tiûⁿ-ha̍p, &quot;Tâi-oân-gí&quot;, &quot;Tâi-gí&quot; téng iōng-gí, hông ēng-lâi chí kok khoán [[Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]] chéng-thé.

== Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi ==
Bân-lâm-gú/Hō-ló-oē thoân-thóng siōng tiāⁿ hông kóng sī chi̍t-ê [[hong-giân]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—找回我們的名字|authors=李勤岸|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt; M̄-koh nā khó-lū tio̍h ho͘-siōng hui-lí-kái-sèng (''mutual unintelligibility''), Bân-lâm-gí sī sǹg [[Hàn-gí-cho̍k|Hàn-gí ka-cho̍k]] (''Sinitic family'') ē-té ê chi̍t khoán giân-gí. Ū ha̍k-chiá chiong Ho̍k-kiàn lâm-pō͘ kap Tâi-oân ê Bân-lâm-gí chò-hóe hō chò &quot;Hái-kiap Hok-kiàn-ōe&quot; (''Strait Hokkien''), kap [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]], [[Hái-lâm-ōe]] téng tōa hun-lūi khu-pia̍t.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 1. Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg|thumb|Kun-kù [[Âng Ûi-jîn]] ián-kiù só͘ ōe ê tē-tô͘:
{{Legend|#ff8080|Khah óa Choân-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}} 
{{Legend|#8080ff|Khah óa Chiang-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
{{Legend|#ff80ff|Choân-Chiang saⁿ-lām ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
]]

== Sêng-hun ==
Kī-taⁿ chú-liû ê Tâi-oân-ōe khiuⁿ-kháu, kí-pún sī chi̍t khoán [[Chiang-choân-lām]], ia̍h chiō sī goân lâi tī Tâi-oân hun-pia̍t liû-thong tī pō͘-hūn tē-hng ê [[Chiang-chiu-ōe]] kap [[Choân-chiu-ōe]] nn̄g khoán ōe saⁿ-lām liáu-āu sán-seng--ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣的語種分佈與區劃|author=洪惟仁|journal=人文與社會科學簡訊|year=2013|volume=14|issue=2|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tû-liáu Chiân-Choân ê lâi-goân, [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]] mā chiàm liáu chin chió-hūn ê éng-hióng, Tiô-chī-hē ê jîn-kûn tī Tâi-oân ē-tàng kóng í-keng iông ji̍p chāi-tē Hō-ló-lâng lāi-bīn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c4&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 4. Taiwan: The Haven for Southern Min?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kap Ho̍k-kiàn he̍k-chiá sī Lâm-iûⁿ téng kî-tha [[Bân-lâm-gí]] hun-chi khah bô kâng ê pō͘-hūn chi it, sī Tâi-oân-ōe khah chē lâi-chū [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] he̍k-chiá sī keng-kòe Ji̍t-pún-ōe thoân ji̍p ê [[gōa-lâi-gú]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=1930年代台灣歌仔冊內底ê日語借詞|journal=台語研究|volume=6|issue=2|year=2014|author=張玉萍}}&lt;/ref&gt; lēng-gōa ia̍h ū chió hūn [[Lâm-tó gí-hē]] ê sêng-hun, kap pō͘-hūn in-ūi [[Hô-lân]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=從近代初期季風亞洲的荷蘭語學習看臺灣荷蘭時代的殖民地語言現象與遺緒|journal=臺灣史研究|year=2013|volume=20|issue=1|author=邱馨慧|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; kap [[Tē--sī chèng-khoân|Teⁿ--sī]] kiam [[Chheng-kok]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=明鄭清領時期臺灣閩南語的形成－兼論在臺灣閩南語史分期的定位|journal=遠東學報|year=2006|volume=22|issue=2|author=黃秀仍 &amp; 曾春潮|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; thóng-tī téng te̍k-sû le̍k-sú pōe-kéng éng-hióng sán-seng ê sû-lūi kap ho͘-im. Chiàn-āu, kap [[Hôa-gí]] ê chiap-chhio̍k, Tâi-gí koh chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ siū éng-hióng sán-seng chi̍t kóa gú-im kap [[bûn-pe̍h]] soán-te̍k ê piàn-hòa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=台、華語接觸所引起的台語語音的變化趨勢|author=李淑鳳|year=2010|journal=台語研究|volume=2|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gí-im ==
=== Chú-im ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=text-align:center
|-style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
|+Thâu-im
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chhùi-kòa chú-im|Khí-gûn&lt;br&gt;chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Nńg-chhùi-kòa chú-im|Nńg-chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| [[Siaⁿ-mn̂g chú-im|Siaⁿ-mn̂g-im]]
|-
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Phīⁿ chú-im|Phīⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|
|'''{{IPAblink|m}}'''&lt;br&gt;m
|
|'''{{IPAblink|n}}'''&lt;br&gt;n
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ŋ}}'''&lt;br&gt;nng
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[That chú-im|That-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|'''{{IPAblink|p}}'''&lt;br&gt;p
|'''{{IPAblink|b}}'''&lt;br&gt;b
|'''{{IPAblink|t}}'''&lt;br&gt;t
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|k}}'''&lt;br&gt;k
|'''{{IPAblink|g}}'''&lt;br&gt;g
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;[[Iú-khì chú-im|iú-khì]]&lt;/small&gt;
|'''[pʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;ph
|
|'''[tʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;th
|
|
|
|'''[kʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;kh
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Sat-chhat chú-im|Sat-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|ts}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch,ts
|'''{{IPAblink|dz}}'''&lt;br&gt;j
|'''{{IPAblink|tɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch(i),ts(i)
|'''{{IPAblink|dʑ}}'''&lt;br&gt;j(i)
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;iú-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''[tsʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh,tsh
|
|'''[tɕʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh(i),tsh(i)
|
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Bôa-chhat chú-im|Bôa-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|s}}'''&lt;br&gt;s
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;si
|
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|h}}'''&lt;br&gt;h
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Piⁿ chu-im|Piⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|l}}'''&lt;br&gt;l
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}
{|class=wikitable
|+Bóe-im
! !![[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]!![[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[Phīⁿ-phòa|Phīⁿ-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[m]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-m||'''&lt;big&gt;[n]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-n||'''&lt;big&gt;[ŋ]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ng||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|◌̃}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ⁿ,-N
|-align=center
![[Sat chú-im|Phòa-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[p̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-p||'''&lt;big&gt;[t̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-t||'''&lt;big&gt;[k̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-k||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|ʔ}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-h
|}

# Chi̍h-téng sat-chhat chú-im and bôa-chhat-im ùi {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng ē piàn [[khí-gûn chhùi-kòa-im]], ia̍h chiō sī kóng {{IPA|/dzi/}}, {{IPA|/tsi/}}, {{IPA|/tsʰi/}}, kap {{IPA|/si/}} hông ho͘ chò {{IPA|[dʑi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕʰi]}}, kap {{IPA|[ɕi]}}.
# Chú-im {{IPA|/dz/}} ū khó-lêng hông lí-kái chò bôa-chhat-im; ia̍h chiō tōa-hūn tiûⁿ-ha̍p sī hông tòng chò {{IPA|[z]}}, tī {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng koh chò {{IPA|[ʑ]}}.
# Tī chi̍t kóa chêng-hêng, [[Iú-siaⁿ-im|Iú-siaⁿ]] phòa-im ({{IPA|/b/}} kap {{IPA|/ɡ/}}) hun-pia̍t piàn bôa-chhat-im ({{IPAblink|β}} kap {{IPAblink|ɣ}}).

=== Bó-im ===
{|class=wikitable
!rowspan=2| !!colspan=2|[[Chiân bó-im|Chiân]]!![[Tiong bó-im|Tiong-im]]!!colspan=2|[[Āu bó-im|Āu-im]]
!rowspan=5| !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|[[Im-chat chú-im]]
|-align=center
!Oral!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ-im]]!!Kháu!!Kháu!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ]]
|-align=center
![[Ha̍p bó-im|Ha̍p-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|i}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;i||&lt;big&gt;'''[ĩ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;iⁿ||
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|u}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;u||&lt;big&gt;'''[ũ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;uⁿ
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[m̩]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;m
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[ŋ̍]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;ng
|-align=center
![[Pòaⁿ-khui bó-im|Pòaⁿ-khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|e}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;e||&lt;big&gt;'''[ẽ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;eⁿ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ə}}, {{IPAblink|o}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o ㄜㄛ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ɔ}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o͘||&lt;big&gt;'''[ɔ̃]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;oⁿ
|-align=center
![[Khui bó-im|Khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|a}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;a||&lt;big&gt;'''[ã]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;aⁿ|| || ||
|}
&lt;!--
The vowel {{angle bracket|o}} is akin to a schwa; in contrast, {{angle bracket|[[o͘]]}} (with dot) is more open. In addition, there are several [[diphthong]]s and [[triphthong]]s (for example, {{angle bracket|iau}}). The consonants {{angle bracket|m}} and {{angle bracket|ng}} can function as a syllabic nucleus and are therefore included here as vowels. The vowels may be either plain or nasal: {{angle bracket|a}} is non-nasal, and {{angle bracket|aⁿ}} is the same vowel with concurrent nasal articulation. This is similar to [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and many other languages.

There are two pronunciations of vowel {{angle bracket|o}}. In the south (e.g., [[Tainan]] and [[Kaohsiung]]) it is {{IPA|[ə]}}; in the north (e.g., [[Taipei]]) it is {{IPA|[o]}}. Due to development of transportation and communication, both pronunciations are common and acceptable throughout the island.
--&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
=== Su-chì ===
* {{cite book|ref=harv|title=Southern Min Hokkien as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders|author= Picus Sizhi Ding|year=2016|publisher=Springer Singapore|isbn=978-981-287-594-5|language=Eng-gí}}

=== Chù-kha ===
{{reflist}}

== Liân-kiat ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20041014104924/www.holopedia.net/wiki.phtml?title=H%C5%8D-l%C3%B3-o%C4%93 ''Holopedia.net'' ê kū-pán-pún]

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Bân-lâm-gí]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>e4nt0zloxf11skjzb8z3yf295lwoyx9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678841</id>
      <parentid>1678840</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T20:02:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Hō-miâ */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Tâi-gí}}
[[File:Home usage of Taiwanese by district in Taiwan gradient map (2010).svg|thumb|2010 nî Tâi-pêⁿ Kim-má chiàu hêng-chèng-kuh chò kài-sòaⁿ kì-lio̍k ê tī chhù-lāi ū kóng Hô-ló-oē--ê jîn-khâu pí-lē, 50% í-hā m̄ tio̍k-sek (著色), pún chu-liāu sī pau-koat chhù-lāi kóng chē chióng ōe ê chêng-hêng (pí-lūn kóng Hō-ló-ōe kiam Hôa-gí--ê), bô piáu-hiān kâng chi̍t-ê siū chhái-hóng-chiá pún-sin kóng ta̍k chióng giân-gí ê pí-lē.]]

'''Tâi-oân-oē''', he̍k-chiá kiò '''Tâi-gí''' (-gú) ia̍h '''Tâi-oân-gí''' (-gú), sī chú-iàu tī [[Tâi-oân]] liû-thong ê chi̍t khoán [[giân-gí]], sǹg sī [[Hō-ló-ōe]] chi̍t chiòng, mā sǹg sī [[Bân-lâm-gí]] ê hun-chi chi it, sī Tâi-oân 60% jîn-kháu thoân-thóng-siōng ê [[bú-gí]]. 

== Hō-miâ ==
Ùi Tâi-oân-ōe pún-sin ê iōng-gí, tùi pún giân-gí ê hō-miâ kî-tiong chi̍t khoán sī Hō-ló-ōe;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Taiwanese or Southern Min? On the Controversy of Ethnolinguistic Names in Taiwan|journal=台語研究|year=2015|volume=7|issue=1|author=[[Chiúⁿ Ûi-bûn]]|language=Eng-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Hō-ló&quot; chit-ê khài-liām, chiàu ho͘-im ia̍h ū kóng &quot;Ho̍h-ló&quot;, khó-lêng ê lâi-goân sī Kńg-tang ê Kheh-lâng ia̍h Kńg-hú-lâng tùi Tiô-chiu téng tha-cho̍k ê chheng-ho͘, ùi Ho̍k-kiàn khah hàn lâng chai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—排除誤解，尋求共識|authors=洪惟仁|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tī ha̍k-su̍t-kài it-poaⁿ ê liáu-kái lāi-bīn, Tâi-oân-ōe sǹg Bân-lâm-gí chi̍t chióng, chóng-sī Tâi-oân-ōe ēng-chiá pún-sin tī kháu-gí siōng khah hàn ēng &quot;Bân-lâm-gí&quot; chheng-ho͘ ka-tī tng teh kóng ê giân-gí. Ùi che nn̄g khoán hō-miâ ē-té, te̍k-pia̍t chí-miâ Tâi-oân ê hun-chi, thang kóng '''Tâi-oân Hō-ló-ōe''' kap '''Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí'''. Lēng-ōa tī chi̍t kóa tiûⁿ-ha̍p, &quot;Tâi-oân-gí&quot;, &quot;Tâi-gí&quot; téng iōng-gí, hông ēng-lâi chí kok khoán [[Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]] chéng-thé.

== Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi ==
Bân-lâm-gú/Hō-ló-oē thoân-thóng siōng tiāⁿ hông kóng sī chi̍t-ê [[hong-giân]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—找回我們的名字|authors=李勤岸|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt; M̄-koh nā khó-lū tio̍h ho͘-siōng hui-lí-kái-sèng (''mutual unintelligibility''), Bân-lâm-gí sī sǹg [[Hàn-gí-cho̍k|Hàn-gí ka-cho̍k]] (''Sinitic family'') ē-té ê chi̍t khoán giân-gí. Ū ha̍k-chiá chiong Ho̍k-kiàn lâm-pō͘ kap Tâi-oân ê Bân-lâm-gí chò-hóe hō chò &quot;Hái-kiap Hok-kiàn-ōe&quot; (''Strait Hokkien''), kap [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]], [[Hái-lâm-ōe]] téng tōa hun-lūi khu-pia̍t.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 1. Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg|thumb|Kun-kù [[Âng Ûi-jîn]] ián-kiù só͘ ōe ê tē-tô͘:
{{Legend|#ff8080|Khah óa Choân-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}} 
{{Legend|#8080ff|Khah óa Chiang-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
{{Legend|#ff80ff|Choân-Chiang saⁿ-lām ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
]]

== Sêng-hun ==
Kī-taⁿ chú-liû ê Tâi-oân-ōe khiuⁿ-kháu, kí-pún sī chi̍t khoán [[Chiang-choân-lām]], ia̍h chiō sī goân lâi tī Tâi-oân hun-pia̍t liû-thong tī pō͘-hūn tē-hng ê [[Chiang-chiu-ōe]] kap [[Choân-chiu-ōe]] nn̄g khoán ōe saⁿ-lām liáu-āu sán-seng--ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣的語種分佈與區劃|author=洪惟仁|journal=人文與社會科學簡訊|year=2013|volume=14|issue=2|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tû-liáu Chiân-Choân ê lâi-goân, [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]] mā chiàm liáu chin chió-hūn ê éng-hióng, Tiô-chī-hē ê jîn-kûn tī Tâi-oân ē-tàng kóng í-keng iông ji̍p chāi-tē Hō-ló-lâng lāi-bīn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c4&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 4. Taiwan: The Haven for Southern Min?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kap Ho̍k-kiàn he̍k-chiá sī Lâm-iûⁿ téng kî-tha [[Bân-lâm-gí]] hun-chi khah bô kâng ê pō͘-hūn chi it, sī Tâi-oân-ōe khah chē lâi-chū [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] he̍k-chiá sī keng-kòe Ji̍t-pún-ōe thoân ji̍p ê [[gōa-lâi-gú]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=1930年代台灣歌仔冊內底ê日語借詞|journal=台語研究|volume=6|issue=2|year=2014|author=張玉萍}}&lt;/ref&gt; lēng-gōa ia̍h ū chió hūn [[Lâm-tó gí-hē]] ê sêng-hun, kap pō͘-hūn in-ūi [[Hô-lân]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=從近代初期季風亞洲的荷蘭語學習看臺灣荷蘭時代的殖民地語言現象與遺緒|journal=臺灣史研究|year=2013|volume=20|issue=1|author=邱馨慧|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; kap [[Tē--sī chèng-khoân|Teⁿ--sī]] kiam [[Chheng-kok]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=明鄭清領時期臺灣閩南語的形成－兼論在臺灣閩南語史分期的定位|journal=遠東學報|year=2006|volume=22|issue=2|author=黃秀仍 &amp; 曾春潮|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; thóng-tī téng te̍k-sû le̍k-sú pōe-kéng éng-hióng sán-seng ê sû-lūi kap ho͘-im. Chiàn-āu, kap [[Hôa-gí]] ê chiap-chhio̍k, Tâi-gí koh chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ siū éng-hióng sán-seng chi̍t kóa gú-im kap [[bûn-pe̍h]] soán-te̍k ê piàn-hòa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=台、華語接觸所引起的台語語音的變化趨勢|author=李淑鳳|year=2010|journal=台語研究|volume=2|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gí-im ==
=== Chú-im ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=text-align:center
|-style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
|+Thâu-im
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chhùi-kòa chú-im|Khí-gûn&lt;br&gt;chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Nńg-chhùi-kòa chú-im|Nńg-chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| [[Siaⁿ-mn̂g chú-im|Siaⁿ-mn̂g-im]]
|-
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Phīⁿ chú-im|Phīⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|
|'''{{IPAblink|m}}'''&lt;br&gt;m
|
|'''{{IPAblink|n}}'''&lt;br&gt;n
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ŋ}}'''&lt;br&gt;nng
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[That chú-im|That-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|'''{{IPAblink|p}}'''&lt;br&gt;p
|'''{{IPAblink|b}}'''&lt;br&gt;b
|'''{{IPAblink|t}}'''&lt;br&gt;t
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|k}}'''&lt;br&gt;k
|'''{{IPAblink|g}}'''&lt;br&gt;g
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;[[Iú-khì chú-im|iú-khì]]&lt;/small&gt;
|'''[pʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;ph
|
|'''[tʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;th
|
|
|
|'''[kʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;kh
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Sat-chhat chú-im|Sat-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|ts}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch,ts
|'''{{IPAblink|dz}}'''&lt;br&gt;j
|'''{{IPAblink|tɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch(i),ts(i)
|'''{{IPAblink|dʑ}}'''&lt;br&gt;j(i)
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;iú-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''[tsʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh,tsh
|
|'''[tɕʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh(i),tsh(i)
|
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Bôa-chhat chú-im|Bôa-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|s}}'''&lt;br&gt;s
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;si
|
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|h}}'''&lt;br&gt;h
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Piⁿ chu-im|Piⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|l}}'''&lt;br&gt;l
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}
{|class=wikitable
|+Bóe-im
! !![[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]!![[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[Phīⁿ-phòa|Phīⁿ-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[m]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-m||'''&lt;big&gt;[n]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-n||'''&lt;big&gt;[ŋ]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ng||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|◌̃}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ⁿ,-N
|-align=center
![[Sat chú-im|Phòa-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[p̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-p||'''&lt;big&gt;[t̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-t||'''&lt;big&gt;[k̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-k||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|ʔ}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-h
|}

# Chi̍h-téng sat-chhat chú-im and bôa-chhat-im ùi {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng ē piàn [[khí-gûn chhùi-kòa-im]], ia̍h chiō sī kóng {{IPA|/dzi/}}, {{IPA|/tsi/}}, {{IPA|/tsʰi/}}, kap {{IPA|/si/}} hông ho͘ chò {{IPA|[dʑi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕʰi]}}, kap {{IPA|[ɕi]}}.
# Chú-im {{IPA|/dz/}} ū khó-lêng hông lí-kái chò bôa-chhat-im; ia̍h chiō tōa-hūn tiûⁿ-ha̍p sī hông tòng chò {{IPA|[z]}}, tī {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng koh chò {{IPA|[ʑ]}}.
# Tī chi̍t kóa chêng-hêng, [[Iú-siaⁿ-im|Iú-siaⁿ]] phòa-im ({{IPA|/b/}} kap {{IPA|/ɡ/}}) hun-pia̍t piàn bôa-chhat-im ({{IPAblink|β}} kap {{IPAblink|ɣ}}).

=== Bó-im ===
{|class=wikitable
!rowspan=2| !!colspan=2|[[Chiân bó-im|Chiân]]!![[Tiong bó-im|Tiong-im]]!!colspan=2|[[Āu bó-im|Āu-im]]
!rowspan=5| !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|[[Im-chat chú-im]]
|-align=center
!Oral!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ-im]]!!Kháu!!Kháu!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ]]
|-align=center
![[Ha̍p bó-im|Ha̍p-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|i}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;i||&lt;big&gt;'''[ĩ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;iⁿ||
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|u}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;u||&lt;big&gt;'''[ũ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;uⁿ
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[m̩]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;m
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[ŋ̍]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;ng
|-align=center
![[Pòaⁿ-khui bó-im|Pòaⁿ-khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|e}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;e||&lt;big&gt;'''[ẽ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;eⁿ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ə}}, {{IPAblink|o}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o ㄜㄛ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ɔ}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o͘||&lt;big&gt;'''[ɔ̃]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;oⁿ
|-align=center
![[Khui bó-im|Khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|a}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;a||&lt;big&gt;'''[ã]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;aⁿ|| || ||
|}
&lt;!--
The vowel {{angle bracket|o}} is akin to a schwa; in contrast, {{angle bracket|[[o͘]]}} (with dot) is more open. In addition, there are several [[diphthong]]s and [[triphthong]]s (for example, {{angle bracket|iau}}). The consonants {{angle bracket|m}} and {{angle bracket|ng}} can function as a syllabic nucleus and are therefore included here as vowels. The vowels may be either plain or nasal: {{angle bracket|a}} is non-nasal, and {{angle bracket|aⁿ}} is the same vowel with concurrent nasal articulation. This is similar to [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and many other languages.

There are two pronunciations of vowel {{angle bracket|o}}. In the south (e.g., [[Tainan]] and [[Kaohsiung]]) it is {{IPA|[ə]}}; in the north (e.g., [[Taipei]]) it is {{IPA|[o]}}. Due to development of transportation and communication, both pronunciations are common and acceptable throughout the island.
--&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
=== Su-chì ===
* {{cite book|ref=harv|title=Southern Min Hokkien as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders|author= Picus Sizhi Ding|year=2016|publisher=Springer Singapore|isbn=978-981-287-594-5|language=Eng-gí}}

=== Chù-kha ===
{{reflist}}

== Liân-kiat ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20041014104924/www.holopedia.net/wiki.phtml?title=H%C5%8D-l%C3%B3-o%C4%93 ''Holopedia.net'' ê kū-pán-pún]

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Bân-lâm-gí]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>7yhut1irsrs1ynefli2235jpplbrgv4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678842</id>
      <parentid>1678841</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T20:02:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Su-chì */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Tâi-gí}}
[[File:Home usage of Taiwanese by district in Taiwan gradient map (2010).svg|thumb|2010 nî Tâi-pêⁿ Kim-má chiàu hêng-chèng-kuh chò kài-sòaⁿ kì-lio̍k ê tī chhù-lāi ū kóng Hô-ló-oē--ê jîn-khâu pí-lē, 50% í-hā m̄ tio̍k-sek (著色), pún chu-liāu sī pau-koat chhù-lāi kóng chē chióng ōe ê chêng-hêng (pí-lūn kóng Hō-ló-ōe kiam Hôa-gí--ê), bô piáu-hiān kâng chi̍t-ê siū chhái-hóng-chiá pún-sin kóng ta̍k chióng giân-gí ê pí-lē.]]

'''Tâi-oân-oē''', he̍k-chiá kiò '''Tâi-gí''' (-gú) ia̍h '''Tâi-oân-gí''' (-gú), sī chú-iàu tī [[Tâi-oân]] liû-thong ê chi̍t khoán [[giân-gí]], sǹg sī [[Hō-ló-ōe]] chi̍t chiòng, mā sǹg sī [[Bân-lâm-gí]] ê hun-chi chi it, sī Tâi-oân 60% jîn-kháu thoân-thóng-siōng ê [[bú-gí]]. 

== Hō-miâ ==
Ùi Tâi-oân-ōe pún-sin ê iōng-gí, tùi pún giân-gí ê hō-miâ kî-tiong chi̍t khoán sī Hō-ló-ōe;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Taiwanese or Southern Min? On the Controversy of Ethnolinguistic Names in Taiwan|journal=台語研究|year=2015|volume=7|issue=1|author=[[Chiúⁿ Ûi-bûn]]|language=Eng-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Hō-ló&quot; chit-ê khài-liām, chiàu ho͘-im ia̍h ū kóng &quot;Ho̍h-ló&quot;, khó-lêng ê lâi-goân sī Kńg-tang ê Kheh-lâng ia̍h Kńg-hú-lâng tùi Tiô-chiu téng tha-cho̍k ê chheng-ho͘, ùi Ho̍k-kiàn khah hàn lâng chai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—排除誤解，尋求共識|authors=洪惟仁|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tī ha̍k-su̍t-kài it-poaⁿ ê liáu-kái lāi-bīn, Tâi-oân-ōe sǹg Bân-lâm-gí chi̍t chióng, chóng-sī Tâi-oân-ōe ēng-chiá pún-sin tī kháu-gí siōng khah hàn ēng &quot;Bân-lâm-gí&quot; chheng-ho͘ ka-tī tng teh kóng ê giân-gí. Ùi che nn̄g khoán hō-miâ ē-té, te̍k-pia̍t chí-miâ Tâi-oân ê hun-chi, thang kóng '''Tâi-oân Hō-ló-ōe''' kap '''Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí'''. Lēng-ōa tī chi̍t kóa tiûⁿ-ha̍p, &quot;Tâi-oân-gí&quot;, &quot;Tâi-gí&quot; téng iōng-gí, hông ēng-lâi chí kok khoán [[Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]] chéng-thé.

== Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi ==
Bân-lâm-gú/Hō-ló-oē thoân-thóng siōng tiāⁿ hông kóng sī chi̍t-ê [[hong-giân]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—找回我們的名字|authors=李勤岸|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt; M̄-koh nā khó-lū tio̍h ho͘-siōng hui-lí-kái-sèng (''mutual unintelligibility''), Bân-lâm-gí sī sǹg [[Hàn-gí-cho̍k|Hàn-gí ka-cho̍k]] (''Sinitic family'') ē-té ê chi̍t khoán giân-gí. Ū ha̍k-chiá chiong Ho̍k-kiàn lâm-pō͘ kap Tâi-oân ê Bân-lâm-gí chò-hóe hō chò &quot;Hái-kiap Hok-kiàn-ōe&quot; (''Strait Hokkien''), kap [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]], [[Hái-lâm-ōe]] téng tōa hun-lūi khu-pia̍t.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 1. Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg|thumb|Kun-kù [[Âng Ûi-jîn]] ián-kiù só͘ ōe ê tē-tô͘:
{{Legend|#ff8080|Khah óa Choân-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}} 
{{Legend|#8080ff|Khah óa Chiang-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
{{Legend|#ff80ff|Choân-Chiang saⁿ-lām ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
]]

== Sêng-hun ==
Kī-taⁿ chú-liû ê Tâi-oân-ōe khiuⁿ-kháu, kí-pún sī chi̍t khoán [[Chiang-choân-lām]], ia̍h chiō sī goân lâi tī Tâi-oân hun-pia̍t liû-thong tī pō͘-hūn tē-hng ê [[Chiang-chiu-ōe]] kap [[Choân-chiu-ōe]] nn̄g khoán ōe saⁿ-lām liáu-āu sán-seng--ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣的語種分佈與區劃|author=洪惟仁|journal=人文與社會科學簡訊|year=2013|volume=14|issue=2|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tû-liáu Chiân-Choân ê lâi-goân, [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]] mā chiàm liáu chin chió-hūn ê éng-hióng, Tiô-chī-hē ê jîn-kûn tī Tâi-oân ē-tàng kóng í-keng iông ji̍p chāi-tē Hō-ló-lâng lāi-bīn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c4&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 4. Taiwan: The Haven for Southern Min?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kap Ho̍k-kiàn he̍k-chiá sī Lâm-iûⁿ téng kî-tha [[Bân-lâm-gí]] hun-chi khah bô kâng ê pō͘-hūn chi it, sī Tâi-oân-ōe khah chē lâi-chū [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] he̍k-chiá sī keng-kòe Ji̍t-pún-ōe thoân ji̍p ê [[gōa-lâi-gú]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=1930年代台灣歌仔冊內底ê日語借詞|journal=台語研究|volume=6|issue=2|year=2014|author=張玉萍}}&lt;/ref&gt; lēng-gōa ia̍h ū chió hūn [[Lâm-tó gí-hē]] ê sêng-hun, kap pō͘-hūn in-ūi [[Hô-lân]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=從近代初期季風亞洲的荷蘭語學習看臺灣荷蘭時代的殖民地語言現象與遺緒|journal=臺灣史研究|year=2013|volume=20|issue=1|author=邱馨慧|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; kap [[Tē--sī chèng-khoân|Teⁿ--sī]] kiam [[Chheng-kok]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=明鄭清領時期臺灣閩南語的形成－兼論在臺灣閩南語史分期的定位|journal=遠東學報|year=2006|volume=22|issue=2|author=黃秀仍 &amp; 曾春潮|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; thóng-tī téng te̍k-sû le̍k-sú pōe-kéng éng-hióng sán-seng ê sû-lūi kap ho͘-im. Chiàn-āu, kap [[Hôa-gí]] ê chiap-chhio̍k, Tâi-gí koh chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ siū éng-hióng sán-seng chi̍t kóa gú-im kap [[bûn-pe̍h]] soán-te̍k ê piàn-hòa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=台、華語接觸所引起的台語語音的變化趨勢|author=李淑鳳|year=2010|journal=台語研究|volume=2|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gí-im ==
=== Chú-im ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=text-align:center
|-style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
|+Thâu-im
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chhùi-kòa chú-im|Khí-gûn&lt;br&gt;chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Nńg-chhùi-kòa chú-im|Nńg-chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| [[Siaⁿ-mn̂g chú-im|Siaⁿ-mn̂g-im]]
|-
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Phīⁿ chú-im|Phīⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|
|'''{{IPAblink|m}}'''&lt;br&gt;m
|
|'''{{IPAblink|n}}'''&lt;br&gt;n
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ŋ}}'''&lt;br&gt;nng
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[That chú-im|That-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|'''{{IPAblink|p}}'''&lt;br&gt;p
|'''{{IPAblink|b}}'''&lt;br&gt;b
|'''{{IPAblink|t}}'''&lt;br&gt;t
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|k}}'''&lt;br&gt;k
|'''{{IPAblink|g}}'''&lt;br&gt;g
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;[[Iú-khì chú-im|iú-khì]]&lt;/small&gt;
|'''[pʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;ph
|
|'''[tʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;th
|
|
|
|'''[kʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;kh
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Sat-chhat chú-im|Sat-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|ts}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch,ts
|'''{{IPAblink|dz}}'''&lt;br&gt;j
|'''{{IPAblink|tɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch(i),ts(i)
|'''{{IPAblink|dʑ}}'''&lt;br&gt;j(i)
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;iú-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''[tsʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh,tsh
|
|'''[tɕʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh(i),tsh(i)
|
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Bôa-chhat chú-im|Bôa-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|s}}'''&lt;br&gt;s
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;si
|
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|h}}'''&lt;br&gt;h
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Piⁿ chu-im|Piⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|l}}'''&lt;br&gt;l
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}
{|class=wikitable
|+Bóe-im
! !![[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]!![[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[Phīⁿ-phòa|Phīⁿ-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[m]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-m||'''&lt;big&gt;[n]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-n||'''&lt;big&gt;[ŋ]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ng||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|◌̃}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ⁿ,-N
|-align=center
![[Sat chú-im|Phòa-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[p̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-p||'''&lt;big&gt;[t̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-t||'''&lt;big&gt;[k̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-k||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|ʔ}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-h
|}

# Chi̍h-téng sat-chhat chú-im and bôa-chhat-im ùi {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng ē piàn [[khí-gûn chhùi-kòa-im]], ia̍h chiō sī kóng {{IPA|/dzi/}}, {{IPA|/tsi/}}, {{IPA|/tsʰi/}}, kap {{IPA|/si/}} hông ho͘ chò {{IPA|[dʑi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕʰi]}}, kap {{IPA|[ɕi]}}.
# Chú-im {{IPA|/dz/}} ū khó-lêng hông lí-kái chò bôa-chhat-im; ia̍h chiō tōa-hūn tiûⁿ-ha̍p sī hông tòng chò {{IPA|[z]}}, tī {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng koh chò {{IPA|[ʑ]}}.
# Tī chi̍t kóa chêng-hêng, [[Iú-siaⁿ-im|Iú-siaⁿ]] phòa-im ({{IPA|/b/}} kap {{IPA|/ɡ/}}) hun-pia̍t piàn bôa-chhat-im ({{IPAblink|β}} kap {{IPAblink|ɣ}}).

=== Bó-im ===
{|class=wikitable
!rowspan=2| !!colspan=2|[[Chiân bó-im|Chiân]]!![[Tiong bó-im|Tiong-im]]!!colspan=2|[[Āu bó-im|Āu-im]]
!rowspan=5| !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|[[Im-chat chú-im]]
|-align=center
!Oral!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ-im]]!!Kháu!!Kháu!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ]]
|-align=center
![[Ha̍p bó-im|Ha̍p-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|i}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;i||&lt;big&gt;'''[ĩ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;iⁿ||
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|u}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;u||&lt;big&gt;'''[ũ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;uⁿ
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[m̩]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;m
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[ŋ̍]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;ng
|-align=center
![[Pòaⁿ-khui bó-im|Pòaⁿ-khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|e}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;e||&lt;big&gt;'''[ẽ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;eⁿ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ə}}, {{IPAblink|o}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o ㄜㄛ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ɔ}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o͘||&lt;big&gt;'''[ɔ̃]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;oⁿ
|-align=center
![[Khui bó-im|Khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|a}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;a||&lt;big&gt;'''[ã]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;aⁿ|| || ||
|}
&lt;!--
The vowel {{angle bracket|o}} is akin to a schwa; in contrast, {{angle bracket|[[o͘]]}} (with dot) is more open. In addition, there are several [[diphthong]]s and [[triphthong]]s (for example, {{angle bracket|iau}}). The consonants {{angle bracket|m}} and {{angle bracket|ng}} can function as a syllabic nucleus and are therefore included here as vowels. The vowels may be either plain or nasal: {{angle bracket|a}} is non-nasal, and {{angle bracket|aⁿ}} is the same vowel with concurrent nasal articulation. This is similar to [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and many other languages.

There are two pronunciations of vowel {{angle bracket|o}}. In the south (e.g., [[Tainan]] and [[Kaohsiung]]) it is {{IPA|[ə]}}; in the north (e.g., [[Taipei]]) it is {{IPA|[o]}}. Due to development of transportation and communication, both pronunciations are common and acceptable throughout the island.
--&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
=== Su-chì ===
* {{cite book|ref=harv|title=Southern Min Hokkien as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders|first= Picus Sizhi |last=Ding|year=2016|publisher=Springer Singapore|isbn=978-981-287-594-5|language=Eng-gí}}

=== Chù-kha ===
{{reflist}}

== Liân-kiat ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20041014104924/www.holopedia.net/wiki.phtml?title=H%C5%8D-l%C3%B3-o%C4%93 ''Holopedia.net'' ê kū-pán-pún]

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Bân-lâm-gí]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>if0nfwcsplwgjhtqhqppl7wqh0ewxph</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678843</id>
      <parentid>1678842</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T20:05:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Tâi-gí}}
[[File:Home usage of Taiwanese by district in Taiwan gradient map (2010).svg|thumb|2010 nî Tâi-pêⁿ Kim-má chiàu hêng-chèng-kuh chò kài-sòaⁿ kì-lio̍k ê tī chhù-lāi ū kóng Hô-ló-oē--ê jîn-khâu pí-lē, 50% í-hā m̄ tio̍k-sek (著色), pún chu-liāu sī pau-koat chhù-lāi kóng chē chióng ōe ê chêng-hêng (pí-lūn kóng Hō-ló-ōe kiam Hôa-gí--ê), bô piáu-hiān kâng chi̍t-ê siū chhái-hóng-chiá pún-sin kóng ta̍k chióng giân-gí ê pí-lē.]]

'''Tâi-oân-oē''', he̍k-chiá kiò '''Tâi-gí''' (-gú) ia̍h '''Tâi-oân-gí''' (-gú), sī chú-iàu tī [[Tâi-oân]] liû-thong ê chi̍t khoán [[giân-gí]], sǹg sī [[Hō-ló-ōe]] chi̍t chiòng, mā sǹg sī [[Bân-lâm-gí]] ê hun-chi chi it, sī Tâi-oân 60% jîn-kháu thoân-thóng-siōng ê [[bú-gí]]. 

== Hō-miâ ==
Ùi Tâi-oân-ōe pún-sin ê iōng-gí, tùi pún giân-gí ê hō-miâ kî-tiong chi̍t khoán sī Hō-ló-ōe;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Taiwanese or Southern Min? On the Controversy of Ethnolinguistic Names in Taiwan|journal=台語研究|year=2015|volume=7|issue=1|author=[[Chiúⁿ Ûi-bûn]]|language=Eng-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2007&quot;/&gt; &quot;Hō-ló&quot; chit-ê khài-liām, chiàu ho͘-im ia̍h ū kóng &quot;Ho̍h-ló&quot;, khó-lêng ê lâi-goân sī Kńg-tang ê Kheh-lâng ia̍h Kńg-hú-lâng tùi Tiô-chiu téng tha-cho̍k ê chheng-ho͘, ùi Ho̍k-kiàn khah hàn lâng chai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—排除誤解，尋求共識|authors=洪惟仁|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tī ha̍k-su̍t-kài it-poaⁿ ê liáu-kái lāi-bīn, Tâi-oân-ōe sǹg Bân-lâm-gí chi̍t chióng, chóng-sī Tâi-oân-ōe ēng-chiá pún-sin tī kháu-gí siōng khah hàn ēng &quot;Bân-lâm-gí&quot; chheng-ho͘ ka-tī tng teh kóng ê giân-gí. Ùi che nn̄g khoán hō-miâ ē-té, te̍k-pia̍t chí-miâ Tâi-oân ê hun-chi, thang kóng '''Tâi-oân Hō-ló-ōe''' kap '''Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí'''. Lēng-ōa tī chi̍t kóa tiûⁿ-ha̍p, &quot;Tâi-oân-gí&quot;, &quot;Tâi-gí&quot; téng iōng-gí, hông ēng-lâi chí kok khoán [[Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]] chéng-thé.

== Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi ==
Bân-lâm-gú/Hō-ló-oē thoân-thóng siōng tiāⁿ hông kóng sī chi̍t-ê [[hong-giân]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—找回我們的名字|authors=李勤岸|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt; M̄-koh nā khó-lū tio̍h ho͘-siōng hui-lí-kái-sèng (''mutual unintelligibility''), Bân-lâm-gí sī sǹg [[Hàn-gí-cho̍k|Hàn-gí ka-cho̍k]] (''Sinitic family'') ē-té ê chi̍t khoán giân-gí. Ū ha̍k-chiá chiong Ho̍k-kiàn lâm-pō͘ kap Tâi-oân ê Bân-lâm-gí chò-hóe hō chò &quot;Hái-kiap Hok-kiàn-ōe&quot; (''Strait Hokkien''), kap [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]], [[Hái-lâm-ōe]] téng tōa hun-lūi khu-pia̍t.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 1. Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg|thumb|Kun-kù [[Âng Ûi-jîn]] ián-kiù só͘ ōe ê tē-tô͘:
{{Legend|#ff8080|Khah óa Choân-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}} 
{{Legend|#8080ff|Khah óa Chiang-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
{{Legend|#ff80ff|Choân-Chiang saⁿ-lām ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
]]

== Sêng-hun ==
Kī-taⁿ chú-liû ê Tâi-oân-ōe khiuⁿ-kháu, kí-pún sī chi̍t khoán [[Chiang-choân-lām]], ia̍h chiō sī goân lâi tī Tâi-oân hun-pia̍t liû-thong tī pō͘-hūn tē-hng ê [[Chiang-chiu-ōe]] kap [[Choân-chiu-ōe]] nn̄g khoán ōe saⁿ-lām liáu-āu sán-seng--ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣的語種分佈與區劃|author=洪惟仁|journal=人文與社會科學簡訊|year=2013|volume=14|issue=2|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tû-liáu Chiân-Choân ê lâi-goân, [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]] mā chiàm liáu chin chió-hūn ê éng-hióng, Tiô-chī-hē ê jîn-kûn tī Tâi-oân ē-tàng kóng í-keng iông ji̍p chāi-tē Hō-ló-lâng lāi-bīn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c4&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 4. Taiwan: The Haven for Southern Min?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kap Ho̍k-kiàn he̍k-chiá sī Lâm-iûⁿ téng kî-tha [[Bân-lâm-gí]] hun-chi khah bô kâng ê pō͘-hūn chi it, sī Tâi-oân-ōe khah chē lâi-chū [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] he̍k-chiá sī keng-kòe Ji̍t-pún-ōe thoân ji̍p ê [[gōa-lâi-gú]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=1930年代台灣歌仔冊內底ê日語借詞|journal=台語研究|volume=6|issue=2|year=2014|author=張玉萍}}&lt;/ref&gt; lēng-gōa ia̍h ū chió hūn [[Lâm-tó gí-hē]] ê sêng-hun, kap pō͘-hūn in-ūi [[Hô-lân]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=從近代初期季風亞洲的荷蘭語學習看臺灣荷蘭時代的殖民地語言現象與遺緒|journal=臺灣史研究|year=2013|volume=20|issue=1|author=邱馨慧|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; kap [[Tē--sī chèng-khoân|Teⁿ--sī]] kiam [[Chheng-kok]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=明鄭清領時期臺灣閩南語的形成－兼論在臺灣閩南語史分期的定位|journal=遠東學報|year=2006|volume=22|issue=2|author=黃秀仍 &amp; 曾春潮|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; thóng-tī téng te̍k-sû le̍k-sú pōe-kéng éng-hióng sán-seng ê sû-lūi kap ho͘-im. Chiàn-āu, kap [[Hôa-gí]] ê chiap-chhio̍k, Tâi-gí koh chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ siū éng-hióng sán-seng chi̍t kóa gú-im kap [[bûn-pe̍h]] soán-te̍k ê piàn-hòa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=台、華語接觸所引起的台語語音的變化趨勢|author=李淑鳳|year=2010|journal=台語研究|volume=2|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gí-im ==
=== Chú-im ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=text-align:center
|-style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
|+Thâu-im
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chhùi-kòa chú-im|Khí-gûn&lt;br&gt;chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Nńg-chhùi-kòa chú-im|Nńg-chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| [[Siaⁿ-mn̂g chú-im|Siaⁿ-mn̂g-im]]
|-
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Phīⁿ chú-im|Phīⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|
|'''{{IPAblink|m}}'''&lt;br&gt;m
|
|'''{{IPAblink|n}}'''&lt;br&gt;n
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ŋ}}'''&lt;br&gt;nng
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[That chú-im|That-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|'''{{IPAblink|p}}'''&lt;br&gt;p
|'''{{IPAblink|b}}'''&lt;br&gt;b
|'''{{IPAblink|t}}'''&lt;br&gt;t
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|k}}'''&lt;br&gt;k
|'''{{IPAblink|g}}'''&lt;br&gt;g
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;[[Iú-khì chú-im|iú-khì]]&lt;/small&gt;
|'''[pʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;ph
|
|'''[tʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;th
|
|
|
|'''[kʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;kh
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Sat-chhat chú-im|Sat-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|ts}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch,ts
|'''{{IPAblink|dz}}'''&lt;br&gt;j
|'''{{IPAblink|tɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch(i),ts(i)
|'''{{IPAblink|dʑ}}'''&lt;br&gt;j(i)
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;iú-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''[tsʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh,tsh
|
|'''[tɕʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh(i),tsh(i)
|
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Bôa-chhat chú-im|Bôa-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|s}}'''&lt;br&gt;s
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;si
|
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|h}}'''&lt;br&gt;h
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Piⁿ chu-im|Piⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|l}}'''&lt;br&gt;l
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}
{|class=wikitable
|+Bóe-im
! !![[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]!![[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[Phīⁿ-phòa|Phīⁿ-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[m]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-m||'''&lt;big&gt;[n]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-n||'''&lt;big&gt;[ŋ]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ng||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|◌̃}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ⁿ,-N
|-align=center
![[Sat chú-im|Phòa-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[p̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-p||'''&lt;big&gt;[t̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-t||'''&lt;big&gt;[k̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-k||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|ʔ}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-h
|}

# Chi̍h-téng sat-chhat chú-im and bôa-chhat-im ùi {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng ē piàn [[khí-gûn chhùi-kòa-im]], ia̍h chiō sī kóng {{IPA|/dzi/}}, {{IPA|/tsi/}}, {{IPA|/tsʰi/}}, kap {{IPA|/si/}} hông ho͘ chò {{IPA|[dʑi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕʰi]}}, kap {{IPA|[ɕi]}}.
# Chú-im {{IPA|/dz/}} ū khó-lêng hông lí-kái chò bôa-chhat-im; ia̍h chiō tōa-hūn tiûⁿ-ha̍p sī hông tòng chò {{IPA|[z]}}, tī {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng koh chò {{IPA|[ʑ]}}.
# Tī chi̍t kóa chêng-hêng, [[Iú-siaⁿ-im|Iú-siaⁿ]] phòa-im ({{IPA|/b/}} kap {{IPA|/ɡ/}}) hun-pia̍t piàn bôa-chhat-im ({{IPAblink|β}} kap {{IPAblink|ɣ}}).

=== Bó-im ===
{|class=wikitable
!rowspan=2| !!colspan=2|[[Chiân bó-im|Chiân]]!![[Tiong bó-im|Tiong-im]]!!colspan=2|[[Āu bó-im|Āu-im]]
!rowspan=5| !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|[[Im-chat chú-im]]
|-align=center
!Oral!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ-im]]!!Kháu!!Kháu!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ]]
|-align=center
![[Ha̍p bó-im|Ha̍p-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|i}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;i||&lt;big&gt;'''[ĩ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;iⁿ||
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|u}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;u||&lt;big&gt;'''[ũ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;uⁿ
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[m̩]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;m
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[ŋ̍]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;ng
|-align=center
![[Pòaⁿ-khui bó-im|Pòaⁿ-khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|e}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;e||&lt;big&gt;'''[ẽ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;eⁿ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ə}}, {{IPAblink|o}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o ㄜㄛ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ɔ}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o͘||&lt;big&gt;'''[ɔ̃]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;oⁿ
|-align=center
![[Khui bó-im|Khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|a}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;a||&lt;big&gt;'''[ã]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;aⁿ|| || ||
|}
&lt;!--
The vowel {{angle bracket|o}} is akin to a schwa; in contrast, {{angle bracket|[[o͘]]}} (with dot) is more open. In addition, there are several [[diphthong]]s and [[triphthong]]s (for example, {{angle bracket|iau}}). The consonants {{angle bracket|m}} and {{angle bracket|ng}} can function as a syllabic nucleus and are therefore included here as vowels. The vowels may be either plain or nasal: {{angle bracket|a}} is non-nasal, and {{angle bracket|aⁿ}} is the same vowel with concurrent nasal articulation. This is similar to [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and many other languages.

There are two pronunciations of vowel {{angle bracket|o}}. In the south (e.g., [[Tainan]] and [[Kaohsiung]]) it is {{IPA|[ə]}}; in the north (e.g., [[Taipei]]) it is {{IPA|[o]}}. Due to development of transportation and communication, both pronunciations are common and acceptable throughout the island.
--&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
=== Su-chì ===
* {{cite book|ref=harv|title=Southern Min Hokkien as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders|first= Picus Sizhi |last=Ding|year=2016|publisher=Springer Singapore|isbn=978-981-287-594-5|language=Eng-gí}}

=== Chù-kha ===
{{reflist}}

== Liân-kiat ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20041014104924/www.holopedia.net/wiki.phtml?title=H%C5%8D-l%C3%B3-o%C4%93 ''Holopedia.net'' ê kū-pán-pún]

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Bân-lâm-gí]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>kzh9k7khq2ptlx2fb8jbeirovqfze00</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678846</id>
      <parentid>1678843</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T20:16:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Tâi-gí}}
[[File:Home usage of Taiwanese by district in Taiwan gradient map (2010).svg|thumb|2010 nî Tâi-pêⁿ Kim-má chiàu hêng-chèng-kuh chò kài-sòaⁿ kì-lio̍k ê tī chhù-lāi ū kóng Hô-ló-oē--ê jîn-khâu pí-lē, 50% í-hā m̄ tio̍k-sek (著色), pún chu-liāu sī pau-koat chhù-lāi kóng chē chióng ōe ê chêng-hêng (pí-lūn kóng Hō-ló-ōe kiam Hôa-gí--ê), bô piáu-hiān kâng chi̍t-ê siū chhái-hóng-chiá pún-sin kóng ta̍k chióng giân-gí ê pí-lē.]]

'''Tâi-oân-oē''', he̍k-chiá kiò '''Tâi-gí''' (-gú) ia̍h '''Tâi-oân-gí''' (-gú), sī chú-iàu tī [[Tâi-oân]] liû-thong ê chi̍t khoán [[giân-gí]], sǹg sī [[Hō-ló-ōe]] chi̍t chiòng, mā sǹg sī [[Bân-lâm-gí]] ê hun-chi chi it, sī Tâi-oân 60% jîn-kháu thoân-thóng-siōng ê [[bú-gí]]. 

== Hō-miâ ==
Ùi Tâi-oân-ōe pún-sin ê iōng-gí, tùi pún giân-gí ê hō-miâ kî-tiong chi̍t khoán sī Hō-ló-ōe;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Taiwanese or Southern Min? On the Controversy of Ethnolinguistic Names in Taiwan|journal=台語研究|year=2015|volume=7|issue=1|author=[[Chiúⁿ Ûi-bûn]]|language=Eng-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2007&quot;/&gt; &quot;Hō-ló&quot; chit-ê khài-liām, chiàu ho͘-im ia̍h ū kóng &quot;Ho̍h-ló&quot;, khó-lêng ê lâi-goân sī Kńg-tang ê Kheh-lâng ia̍h Kńg-hú-lâng tùi Tiô-chiu téng tha-cho̍k ê chheng-ho͘, ùi Ho̍k-kiàn khah hàn lâng chai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—排除誤解，尋求共識|authors=洪惟仁|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tī ha̍k-su̍t-kài it-poaⁿ ê liáu-kái lāi-bīn, Tâi-oân-ōe sǹg Bân-lâm-gí chi̍t chióng, chóng-sī Tâi-oân-ōe ēng-chiá pún-sin tī kháu-gí siōng khah hàn ēng &quot;Bân-lâm-gí&quot; chheng-ho͘ ka-tī tng teh kóng ê giân-gí. Ùi che nn̄g khoán hō-miâ ē-té, te̍k-pia̍t chí-miâ Tâi-oân ê hun-chi, thang kóng '''Tâi-oân Hō-ló-ōe''' kap '''Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí'''. Lēng-ōa tī chi̍t kóa tiûⁿ-ha̍p, &quot;Tâi-oân-gí&quot;, &quot;Tâi-gí&quot; téng iōng-gí, hông ēng-lâi chí kok khoán [[Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]] chéng-thé.

== Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi ==
Bân-lâm-gú/Hō-ló-oē thoân-thóng siōng tiāⁿ hông kóng sī chi̍t-ê [[hong-giân]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—找回我們的名字|authors=李勤岸|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt; M̄-koh nā khó-lū tio̍h ho͘-siōng hui-lí-kái-sèng (''mutual unintelligibility''), Bân-lâm-gí thang sī sǹg [[Hàn-gí-cho̍k|Hàn-gí ka-cho̍k]] (''Sinitic family''; sio̍k [[Hàn-Chōng gí-hē]] chi̍t hūn) ē-té ê chi̍t khoán giân-gí. Ū ha̍k-chiá chiong Ho̍k-kiàn lâm-pō͘ kap Tâi-oân ê Bân-lâm-gí chò-hóe hō chò &quot;Hái-kiap Hok-kiàn-ōe&quot; (''Strait Hokkien''), kap [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]], [[Hái-lâm-ōe]] téng tōa hun-lūi khu-pia̍t.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 1. Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg|thumb|Kun-kù [[Âng Ûi-jîn]] ián-kiù só͘ ōe ê tē-tô͘:
{{Legend|#ff8080|Khah óa Choân-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}} 
{{Legend|#8080ff|Khah óa Chiang-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
{{Legend|#ff80ff|Choân-Chiang saⁿ-lām ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
]]

== Sêng-hun ==
Kī-taⁿ chú-liû ê Tâi-oân-ōe khiuⁿ-kháu, kí-pún sī chi̍t khoán [[Chiang-choân-lām]], ia̍h chiō sī goân lâi tī Tâi-oân hun-pia̍t liû-thong tī pō͘-hūn tē-hng ê [[Chiang-chiu-ōe]] kap [[Choân-chiu-ōe]] nn̄g khoán ōe saⁿ-lām liáu-āu sán-seng--ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣的語種分佈與區劃|author=洪惟仁|journal=人文與社會科學簡訊|year=2013|volume=14|issue=2|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tû-liáu Chiân-Choân ê lâi-goân, [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]] mā chiàm liáu chin chió-hūn ê éng-hióng, Tiô-chī-hē ê jîn-kûn tī Tâi-oân ē-tàng kóng í-keng iông ji̍p chāi-tē Hō-ló-lâng lāi-bīn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c4&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 4. Taiwan: The Haven for Southern Min?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kap Ho̍k-kiàn he̍k-chiá sī Lâm-iûⁿ téng kî-tha [[Bân-lâm-gí]] hun-chi khah bô kâng ê pō͘-hūn chi it, sī Tâi-oân-ōe khah chē lâi-chū [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] he̍k-chiá sī keng-kòe Ji̍t-pún-ōe thoân ji̍p ê [[gōa-lâi-gú]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=1930年代台灣歌仔冊內底ê日語借詞|journal=台語研究|volume=6|issue=2|year=2014|author=張玉萍}}&lt;/ref&gt; lēng-gōa ia̍h ū chió hūn [[Lâm-tó gí-hē]] ê sêng-hun, kap pō͘-hūn in-ūi [[Hô-lân]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=從近代初期季風亞洲的荷蘭語學習看臺灣荷蘭時代的殖民地語言現象與遺緒|journal=臺灣史研究|year=2013|volume=20|issue=1|author=邱馨慧|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; kap [[Tē--sī chèng-khoân|Teⁿ--sī]] kiam [[Chheng-kok]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=明鄭清領時期臺灣閩南語的形成－兼論在臺灣閩南語史分期的定位|journal=遠東學報|year=2006|volume=22|issue=2|author=黃秀仍 &amp; 曾春潮|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; thóng-tī téng te̍k-sû le̍k-sú pōe-kéng éng-hióng sán-seng ê sû-lūi kap ho͘-im. Chiàn-āu, kap [[Hôa-gí]] ê chiap-chhio̍k, Tâi-gí koh chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ siū éng-hióng sán-seng chi̍t kóa gú-im kap [[bûn-pe̍h]] soán-te̍k ê piàn-hòa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=台、華語接觸所引起的台語語音的變化趨勢|author=李淑鳳|year=2010|journal=台語研究|volume=2|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gí-im ==
=== Chú-im ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=text-align:center
|-style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
|+Thâu-im
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chhùi-kòa chú-im|Khí-gûn&lt;br&gt;chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Nńg-chhùi-kòa chú-im|Nńg-chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| [[Siaⁿ-mn̂g chú-im|Siaⁿ-mn̂g-im]]
|-
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Phīⁿ chú-im|Phīⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|
|'''{{IPAblink|m}}'''&lt;br&gt;m
|
|'''{{IPAblink|n}}'''&lt;br&gt;n
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ŋ}}'''&lt;br&gt;nng
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[That chú-im|That-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|'''{{IPAblink|p}}'''&lt;br&gt;p
|'''{{IPAblink|b}}'''&lt;br&gt;b
|'''{{IPAblink|t}}'''&lt;br&gt;t
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|k}}'''&lt;br&gt;k
|'''{{IPAblink|g}}'''&lt;br&gt;g
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;[[Iú-khì chú-im|iú-khì]]&lt;/small&gt;
|'''[pʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;ph
|
|'''[tʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;th
|
|
|
|'''[kʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;kh
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Sat-chhat chú-im|Sat-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|ts}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch,ts
|'''{{IPAblink|dz}}'''&lt;br&gt;j
|'''{{IPAblink|tɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch(i),ts(i)
|'''{{IPAblink|dʑ}}'''&lt;br&gt;j(i)
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;iú-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''[tsʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh,tsh
|
|'''[tɕʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh(i),tsh(i)
|
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Bôa-chhat chú-im|Bôa-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|s}}'''&lt;br&gt;s
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;si
|
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|h}}'''&lt;br&gt;h
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Piⁿ chu-im|Piⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|l}}'''&lt;br&gt;l
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}
{|class=wikitable
|+Bóe-im
! !![[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]!![[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[Phīⁿ-phòa|Phīⁿ-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[m]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-m||'''&lt;big&gt;[n]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-n||'''&lt;big&gt;[ŋ]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ng||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|◌̃}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ⁿ,-N
|-align=center
![[Sat chú-im|Phòa-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[p̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-p||'''&lt;big&gt;[t̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-t||'''&lt;big&gt;[k̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-k||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|ʔ}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-h
|}

# Chi̍h-téng sat-chhat chú-im and bôa-chhat-im ùi {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng ē piàn [[khí-gûn chhùi-kòa-im]], ia̍h chiō sī kóng {{IPA|/dzi/}}, {{IPA|/tsi/}}, {{IPA|/tsʰi/}}, kap {{IPA|/si/}} hông ho͘ chò {{IPA|[dʑi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕʰi]}}, kap {{IPA|[ɕi]}}.
# Chú-im {{IPA|/dz/}} ū khó-lêng hông lí-kái chò bôa-chhat-im; ia̍h chiō tōa-hūn tiûⁿ-ha̍p sī hông tòng chò {{IPA|[z]}}, tī {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng koh chò {{IPA|[ʑ]}}.
# Tī chi̍t kóa chêng-hêng, [[Iú-siaⁿ-im|Iú-siaⁿ]] phòa-im ({{IPA|/b/}} kap {{IPA|/ɡ/}}) hun-pia̍t piàn bôa-chhat-im ({{IPAblink|β}} kap {{IPAblink|ɣ}}).

=== Bó-im ===
{|class=wikitable
!rowspan=2| !!colspan=2|[[Chiân bó-im|Chiân]]!![[Tiong bó-im|Tiong-im]]!!colspan=2|[[Āu bó-im|Āu-im]]
!rowspan=5| !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|[[Im-chat chú-im]]
|-align=center
!Oral!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ-im]]!!Kháu!!Kháu!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ]]
|-align=center
![[Ha̍p bó-im|Ha̍p-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|i}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;i||&lt;big&gt;'''[ĩ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;iⁿ||
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|u}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;u||&lt;big&gt;'''[ũ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;uⁿ
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[m̩]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;m
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[ŋ̍]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;ng
|-align=center
![[Pòaⁿ-khui bó-im|Pòaⁿ-khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|e}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;e||&lt;big&gt;'''[ẽ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;eⁿ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ə}}, {{IPAblink|o}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o ㄜㄛ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ɔ}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o͘||&lt;big&gt;'''[ɔ̃]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;oⁿ
|-align=center
![[Khui bó-im|Khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|a}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;a||&lt;big&gt;'''[ã]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;aⁿ|| || ||
|}
&lt;!--
The vowel {{angle bracket|o}} is akin to a schwa; in contrast, {{angle bracket|[[o͘]]}} (with dot) is more open. In addition, there are several [[diphthong]]s and [[triphthong]]s (for example, {{angle bracket|iau}}). The consonants {{angle bracket|m}} and {{angle bracket|ng}} can function as a syllabic nucleus and are therefore included here as vowels. The vowels may be either plain or nasal: {{angle bracket|a}} is non-nasal, and {{angle bracket|aⁿ}} is the same vowel with concurrent nasal articulation. This is similar to [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and many other languages.

There are two pronunciations of vowel {{angle bracket|o}}. In the south (e.g., [[Tainan]] and [[Kaohsiung]]) it is {{IPA|[ə]}}; in the north (e.g., [[Taipei]]) it is {{IPA|[o]}}. Due to development of transportation and communication, both pronunciations are common and acceptable throughout the island.
--&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
=== Su-chì ===
* {{cite book|ref=harv|title=Southern Min Hokkien as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders|first= Picus Sizhi |last=Ding|year=2016|publisher=Springer Singapore|isbn=978-981-287-594-5|language=Eng-gí}}

=== Chù-kha ===
{{reflist}}

== Liân-kiat ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20041014104924/www.holopedia.net/wiki.phtml?title=H%C5%8D-l%C3%B3-o%C4%93 ''Holopedia.net'' ê kū-pán-pún]

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Bân-lâm-gí]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>nd2oieddr7pnw6c66rmxkkp0hbu3ddv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678847</id>
      <parentid>1678846</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T20:17:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Tâi-gí}}
[[File:Home usage of Taiwanese by district in Taiwan gradient map (2010).svg|thumb|2010 nî Tâi-pêⁿ Kim-má chiàu hêng-chèng-kuh chò kài-sòaⁿ kì-lio̍k ê tī chhù-lāi ū kóng Hô-ló-oē--ê jîn-khâu pí-lē, 50% í-hā m̄ tio̍k-sek (著色), pún chu-liāu sī pau-koat chhù-lāi kóng chē chióng ōe ê chêng-hêng (pí-lūn kóng Hō-ló-ōe kiam Hôa-gí--ê), bô piáu-hiān kâng chi̍t-ê siū chhái-hóng-chiá pún-sin kóng ta̍k chióng giân-gí ê pí-lē.]]

'''Tâi-oân-oē''', he̍k-chiá kiò '''Tâi-gí''' (-gú) ia̍h '''Tâi-oân-gí''' (-gú), sī chú-iàu tī [[Tâi-oân]] liû-thong ê chi̍t khoán [[giân-gí]], sǹg sī [[Hō-ló-ōe]] chi̍t chiòng, mā sǹg sī [[Bân-lâm-gí]] ê hun-chi chi it, sī Tâi-oân 60% jîn-kháu thoân-thóng-siōng ê [[bú-gí]]. 

== Hō-miâ ==
Ùi Tâi-oân-ōe pún-sin ê iōng-gí, tùi pún giân-gí ê hō-miâ kî-tiong chi̍t khoán sī Hō-ló-ōe;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Taiwanese or Southern Min? On the Controversy of Ethnolinguistic Names in Taiwan|journal=台語研究|year=2015|volume=7|issue=1|author=[[Chiúⁿ Ûi-bûn]]|language=Eng-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2007&quot;/&gt; &quot;Hō-ló&quot; chit-ê khài-liām, chiàu ho͘-im ia̍h ū kóng &quot;Ho̍h-ló&quot;, khó-lêng ê lâi-goân sī Kńg-tang ê Kheh-lâng ia̍h Kńg-hú-lâng tùi Tiô-chiu téng tha-cho̍k ê chheng-ho͘, ùi Ho̍k-kiàn khah hàn lâng chai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—排除誤解，尋求共識|authors=洪惟仁|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tī ha̍k-su̍t-kài it-poaⁿ ê liáu-kái lāi-bīn, Tâi-oân-ōe sǹg Bân-lâm-gí chi̍t chióng, chóng-sī Tâi-oân-ōe ēng-chiá pún-sin tī kháu-gí siōng khah hàn ēng &quot;Bân-lâm-gí&quot; chheng-ho͘ ka-tī tng teh kóng ê giân-gí. Ùi che nn̄g khoán hō-miâ ē-té, te̍k-pia̍t chí-miâ Tâi-oân ê hun-chi, thang kóng '''Tâi-oân Hō-ló-ōe''' kap '''Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí'''. Lēng-ōa tī chi̍t kóa tiûⁿ-ha̍p, &quot;Tâi-oân-gí&quot;, &quot;Tâi-gí&quot; téng iōng-gí, hông ēng-lâi chí kok khoán [[Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]] chéng-thé.

== Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi ==
Bân-lâm-gú/Hō-ló-oē thoân-thóng siōng tiāⁿ hông kóng sī chi̍t-ê [[hong-giân]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—找回我們的名字|authors=李勤岸|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt; M̄-koh nā khó-lū tio̍h ho͘-siōng hui-lí-kái-sèng (''mutual unintelligibility''), Bân-lâm-gí thang sī sǹg [[Hàn-gí-cho̍k|Hàn gí-hē]] (''Sinitic family''; sio̍k [[Hàn-Chōng gí-hē]] chi̍t hūn) ē-té ê chi̍t khoán giân-gí. Ū ha̍k-chiá chiong Ho̍k-kiàn lâm-pō͘ kap Tâi-oân ê Bân-lâm-gí chò-hóe hō chò &quot;Hái-kiap Hok-kiàn-ōe&quot; (''Strait Hokkien''), kap [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]], [[Hái-lâm-ōe]] téng tōa hun-lūi khu-pia̍t.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 1. Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg|thumb|Kun-kù [[Âng Ûi-jîn]] ián-kiù só͘ ōe ê tē-tô͘:
{{Legend|#ff8080|Khah óa Choân-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}} 
{{Legend|#8080ff|Khah óa Chiang-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
{{Legend|#ff80ff|Choân-Chiang saⁿ-lām ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
]]

== Sêng-hun ==
Kī-taⁿ chú-liû ê Tâi-oân-ōe khiuⁿ-kháu, kí-pún sī chi̍t khoán [[Chiang-choân-lām]], ia̍h chiō sī goân lâi tī Tâi-oân hun-pia̍t liû-thong tī pō͘-hūn tē-hng ê [[Chiang-chiu-ōe]] kap [[Choân-chiu-ōe]] nn̄g khoán ōe saⁿ-lām liáu-āu sán-seng--ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣的語種分佈與區劃|author=洪惟仁|journal=人文與社會科學簡訊|year=2013|volume=14|issue=2|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tû-liáu Chiân-Choân ê lâi-goân, [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]] mā chiàm liáu chin chió-hūn ê éng-hióng, Tiô-chī-hē ê jîn-kûn tī Tâi-oân ē-tàng kóng í-keng iông ji̍p chāi-tē Hō-ló-lâng lāi-bīn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c4&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 4. Taiwan: The Haven for Southern Min?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kap Ho̍k-kiàn he̍k-chiá sī Lâm-iûⁿ téng kî-tha [[Bân-lâm-gí]] hun-chi khah bô kâng ê pō͘-hūn chi it, sī Tâi-oân-ōe khah chē lâi-chū [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] he̍k-chiá sī keng-kòe Ji̍t-pún-ōe thoân ji̍p ê [[gōa-lâi-gú]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=1930年代台灣歌仔冊內底ê日語借詞|journal=台語研究|volume=6|issue=2|year=2014|author=張玉萍}}&lt;/ref&gt; lēng-gōa ia̍h ū chió hūn [[Lâm-tó gí-hē]] ê sêng-hun, kap pō͘-hūn in-ūi [[Hô-lân]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=從近代初期季風亞洲的荷蘭語學習看臺灣荷蘭時代的殖民地語言現象與遺緒|journal=臺灣史研究|year=2013|volume=20|issue=1|author=邱馨慧|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; kap [[Tē--sī chèng-khoân|Teⁿ--sī]] kiam [[Chheng-kok]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=明鄭清領時期臺灣閩南語的形成－兼論在臺灣閩南語史分期的定位|journal=遠東學報|year=2006|volume=22|issue=2|author=黃秀仍 &amp; 曾春潮|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; thóng-tī téng te̍k-sû le̍k-sú pōe-kéng éng-hióng sán-seng ê sû-lūi kap ho͘-im. Chiàn-āu, kap [[Hôa-gí]] ê chiap-chhio̍k, Tâi-gí koh chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ siū éng-hióng sán-seng chi̍t kóa gú-im kap [[bûn-pe̍h]] soán-te̍k ê piàn-hòa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=台、華語接觸所引起的台語語音的變化趨勢|author=李淑鳳|year=2010|journal=台語研究|volume=2|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gí-im ==
=== Chú-im ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=text-align:center
|-style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
|+Thâu-im
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chhùi-kòa chú-im|Khí-gûn&lt;br&gt;chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Nńg-chhùi-kòa chú-im|Nńg-chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| [[Siaⁿ-mn̂g chú-im|Siaⁿ-mn̂g-im]]
|-
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Phīⁿ chú-im|Phīⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|
|'''{{IPAblink|m}}'''&lt;br&gt;m
|
|'''{{IPAblink|n}}'''&lt;br&gt;n
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ŋ}}'''&lt;br&gt;nng
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[That chú-im|That-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|'''{{IPAblink|p}}'''&lt;br&gt;p
|'''{{IPAblink|b}}'''&lt;br&gt;b
|'''{{IPAblink|t}}'''&lt;br&gt;t
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|k}}'''&lt;br&gt;k
|'''{{IPAblink|g}}'''&lt;br&gt;g
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;[[Iú-khì chú-im|iú-khì]]&lt;/small&gt;
|'''[pʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;ph
|
|'''[tʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;th
|
|
|
|'''[kʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;kh
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Sat-chhat chú-im|Sat-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|ts}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch,ts
|'''{{IPAblink|dz}}'''&lt;br&gt;j
|'''{{IPAblink|tɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch(i),ts(i)
|'''{{IPAblink|dʑ}}'''&lt;br&gt;j(i)
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;iú-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''[tsʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh,tsh
|
|'''[tɕʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh(i),tsh(i)
|
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Bôa-chhat chú-im|Bôa-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|s}}'''&lt;br&gt;s
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;si
|
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|h}}'''&lt;br&gt;h
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Piⁿ chu-im|Piⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|l}}'''&lt;br&gt;l
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}
{|class=wikitable
|+Bóe-im
! !![[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]!![[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[Phīⁿ-phòa|Phīⁿ-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[m]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-m||'''&lt;big&gt;[n]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-n||'''&lt;big&gt;[ŋ]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ng||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|◌̃}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ⁿ,-N
|-align=center
![[Sat chú-im|Phòa-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[p̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-p||'''&lt;big&gt;[t̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-t||'''&lt;big&gt;[k̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-k||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|ʔ}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-h
|}

# Chi̍h-téng sat-chhat chú-im and bôa-chhat-im ùi {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng ē piàn [[khí-gûn chhùi-kòa-im]], ia̍h chiō sī kóng {{IPA|/dzi/}}, {{IPA|/tsi/}}, {{IPA|/tsʰi/}}, kap {{IPA|/si/}} hông ho͘ chò {{IPA|[dʑi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕʰi]}}, kap {{IPA|[ɕi]}}.
# Chú-im {{IPA|/dz/}} ū khó-lêng hông lí-kái chò bôa-chhat-im; ia̍h chiō tōa-hūn tiûⁿ-ha̍p sī hông tòng chò {{IPA|[z]}}, tī {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng koh chò {{IPA|[ʑ]}}.
# Tī chi̍t kóa chêng-hêng, [[Iú-siaⁿ-im|Iú-siaⁿ]] phòa-im ({{IPA|/b/}} kap {{IPA|/ɡ/}}) hun-pia̍t piàn bôa-chhat-im ({{IPAblink|β}} kap {{IPAblink|ɣ}}).

=== Bó-im ===
{|class=wikitable
!rowspan=2| !!colspan=2|[[Chiân bó-im|Chiân]]!![[Tiong bó-im|Tiong-im]]!!colspan=2|[[Āu bó-im|Āu-im]]
!rowspan=5| !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|[[Im-chat chú-im]]
|-align=center
!Oral!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ-im]]!!Kháu!!Kháu!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ]]
|-align=center
![[Ha̍p bó-im|Ha̍p-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|i}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;i||&lt;big&gt;'''[ĩ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;iⁿ||
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|u}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;u||&lt;big&gt;'''[ũ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;uⁿ
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[m̩]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;m
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[ŋ̍]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;ng
|-align=center
![[Pòaⁿ-khui bó-im|Pòaⁿ-khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|e}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;e||&lt;big&gt;'''[ẽ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;eⁿ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ə}}, {{IPAblink|o}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o ㄜㄛ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ɔ}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o͘||&lt;big&gt;'''[ɔ̃]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;oⁿ
|-align=center
![[Khui bó-im|Khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|a}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;a||&lt;big&gt;'''[ã]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;aⁿ|| || ||
|}
&lt;!--
The vowel {{angle bracket|o}} is akin to a schwa; in contrast, {{angle bracket|[[o͘]]}} (with dot) is more open. In addition, there are several [[diphthong]]s and [[triphthong]]s (for example, {{angle bracket|iau}}). The consonants {{angle bracket|m}} and {{angle bracket|ng}} can function as a syllabic nucleus and are therefore included here as vowels. The vowels may be either plain or nasal: {{angle bracket|a}} is non-nasal, and {{angle bracket|aⁿ}} is the same vowel with concurrent nasal articulation. This is similar to [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and many other languages.

There are two pronunciations of vowel {{angle bracket|o}}. In the south (e.g., [[Tainan]] and [[Kaohsiung]]) it is {{IPA|[ə]}}; in the north (e.g., [[Taipei]]) it is {{IPA|[o]}}. Due to development of transportation and communication, both pronunciations are common and acceptable throughout the island.
--&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
=== Su-chì ===
* {{cite book|ref=harv|title=Southern Min Hokkien as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders|first= Picus Sizhi |last=Ding|year=2016|publisher=Springer Singapore|isbn=978-981-287-594-5|language=Eng-gí}}

=== Chù-kha ===
{{reflist}}

== Liân-kiat ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20041014104924/www.holopedia.net/wiki.phtml?title=H%C5%8D-l%C3%B3-o%C4%93 ''Holopedia.net'' ê kū-pán-pún]

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Bân-lâm-gí]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>d1euodbvodvk153tzdj547tvn2981am</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678848</id>
      <parentid>1678847</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T20:17:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Tâi-gí}}
[[File:Home usage of Taiwanese by district in Taiwan gradient map (2010).svg|thumb|2010 nî Tâi-pêⁿ Kim-má chiàu hêng-chèng-kuh chò kài-sòaⁿ kì-lio̍k ê tī chhù-lāi ū kóng Hô-ló-oē--ê jîn-khâu pí-lē, 50% í-hā m̄ tio̍k-sek (著色), pún chu-liāu sī pau-koat chhù-lāi kóng chē chióng ōe ê chêng-hêng (pí-lūn kóng Hō-ló-ōe kiam Hôa-gí--ê), bô piáu-hiān kâng chi̍t-ê siū chhái-hóng-chiá pún-sin kóng ta̍k chióng giân-gí ê pí-lē.]]

'''Tâi-oân-oē''', he̍k-chiá kiò '''Tâi-gí''' (-gú) ia̍h '''Tâi-oân-gí''' (-gú), sī chú-iàu tī [[Tâi-oân]] liû-thong ê chi̍t khoán [[giân-gí]], sǹg sī [[Hō-ló-ōe]] chi̍t chiòng, mā sǹg sī [[Bân-lâm-gí]] ê hun-chi chi it, sī Tâi-oân 60% jîn-kháu thoân-thóng-siōng ê [[bú-gí]]. 

== Hō-miâ ==
Ùi Tâi-oân-ōe pún-sin ê iōng-gí, tùi pún giân-gí ê hō-miâ kî-tiong chi̍t khoán sī Hō-ló-ōe;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Taiwanese or Southern Min? On the Controversy of Ethnolinguistic Names in Taiwan|journal=台語研究|year=2015|volume=7|issue=1|author=[[Chiúⁿ Ûi-bûn]]|language=Eng-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2007&quot;/&gt; &quot;Hō-ló&quot; chit-ê khài-liām, chiàu ho͘-im ia̍h ū kóng &quot;Ho̍h-ló&quot;, khó-lêng ê lâi-goân sī Kńg-tang ê Kheh-lâng ia̍h Kńg-hú-lâng tùi Tiô-chiu téng tha-cho̍k ê chheng-ho͘, ùi Ho̍k-kiàn khah hàn lâng chai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—排除誤解，尋求共識|authors=洪惟仁|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tī ha̍k-su̍t-kài it-poaⁿ ê liáu-kái lāi-bīn, Tâi-oân-ōe sǹg Bân-lâm-gí chi̍t chióng, chóng-sī Tâi-oân-ōe ēng-chiá pún-sin tī kháu-gí siōng khah hàn ēng &quot;Bân-lâm-gí&quot; chheng-ho͘ ka-tī tng teh kóng ê giân-gí. Ùi che nn̄g khoán hō-miâ ē-té, te̍k-pia̍t chí-miâ Tâi-oân ê hun-chi, thang kóng '''Tâi-oân Hō-ló-ōe''' kap '''Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí'''. Lēng-ōa tī chi̍t kóa tiûⁿ-ha̍p, &quot;Tâi-oân-gí&quot;, &quot;Tâi-gí&quot; téng iōng-gí, hông ēng-lâi chí kok khoán [[Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]] chéng-thé.

== Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi ==
Bân-lâm-gú/Hō-ló-oē thoân-thóng siōng tiāⁿ hông kóng sī chi̍t-ê [[hong-giân]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—找回我們的名字|authors=李勤岸|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt; M̄-koh nā khó-lū tio̍h ho͘-siōng hui-lí-kái-sèng (''mutual unintelligibility''), Bân-lâm-gí thang sī sǹg [[Hàn-gí-cho̍k|Hàn gí-cho̍k]] (''Sinitic family''; sio̍k [[Hàn-Chōng gí-hē]] chi̍t hūn) ē-té ê chi̍t khoán giân-gí. Ū ha̍k-chiá chiong Ho̍k-kiàn lâm-pō͘ kap Tâi-oân ê Bân-lâm-gí chò-hóe hō chò &quot;Hái-kiap Hok-kiàn-ōe&quot; (''Strait Hokkien''), kap [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]], [[Hái-lâm-ōe]] téng tōa hun-lūi khu-pia̍t.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 1. Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg|thumb|Kun-kù [[Âng Ûi-jîn]] ián-kiù só͘ ōe ê tē-tô͘:
{{Legend|#ff8080|Khah óa Choân-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}} 
{{Legend|#8080ff|Khah óa Chiang-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
{{Legend|#ff80ff|Choân-Chiang saⁿ-lām ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
]]

== Sêng-hun ==
Kī-taⁿ chú-liû ê Tâi-oân-ōe khiuⁿ-kháu, kí-pún sī chi̍t khoán [[Chiang-choân-lām]], ia̍h chiō sī goân lâi tī Tâi-oân hun-pia̍t liû-thong tī pō͘-hūn tē-hng ê [[Chiang-chiu-ōe]] kap [[Choân-chiu-ōe]] nn̄g khoán ōe saⁿ-lām liáu-āu sán-seng--ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣的語種分佈與區劃|author=洪惟仁|journal=人文與社會科學簡訊|year=2013|volume=14|issue=2|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tû-liáu Chiân-Choân ê lâi-goân, [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]] mā chiàm liáu chin chió-hūn ê éng-hióng, Tiô-chī-hē ê jîn-kûn tī Tâi-oân ē-tàng kóng í-keng iông ji̍p chāi-tē Hō-ló-lâng lāi-bīn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c4&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 4. Taiwan: The Haven for Southern Min?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kap Ho̍k-kiàn he̍k-chiá sī Lâm-iûⁿ téng kî-tha [[Bân-lâm-gí]] hun-chi khah bô kâng ê pō͘-hūn chi it, sī Tâi-oân-ōe khah chē lâi-chū [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] he̍k-chiá sī keng-kòe Ji̍t-pún-ōe thoân ji̍p ê [[gōa-lâi-gú]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=1930年代台灣歌仔冊內底ê日語借詞|journal=台語研究|volume=6|issue=2|year=2014|author=張玉萍}}&lt;/ref&gt; lēng-gōa ia̍h ū chió hūn [[Lâm-tó gí-hē]] ê sêng-hun, kap pō͘-hūn in-ūi [[Hô-lân]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=從近代初期季風亞洲的荷蘭語學習看臺灣荷蘭時代的殖民地語言現象與遺緒|journal=臺灣史研究|year=2013|volume=20|issue=1|author=邱馨慧|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; kap [[Tē--sī chèng-khoân|Teⁿ--sī]] kiam [[Chheng-kok]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=明鄭清領時期臺灣閩南語的形成－兼論在臺灣閩南語史分期的定位|journal=遠東學報|year=2006|volume=22|issue=2|author=黃秀仍 &amp; 曾春潮|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; thóng-tī téng te̍k-sû le̍k-sú pōe-kéng éng-hióng sán-seng ê sû-lūi kap ho͘-im. Chiàn-āu, kap [[Hôa-gí]] ê chiap-chhio̍k, Tâi-gí koh chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ siū éng-hióng sán-seng chi̍t kóa gú-im kap [[bûn-pe̍h]] soán-te̍k ê piàn-hòa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=台、華語接觸所引起的台語語音的變化趨勢|author=李淑鳳|year=2010|journal=台語研究|volume=2|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gí-im ==
=== Chú-im ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=text-align:center
|-style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
|+Thâu-im
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chhùi-kòa chú-im|Khí-gûn&lt;br&gt;chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Nńg-chhùi-kòa chú-im|Nńg-chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| [[Siaⁿ-mn̂g chú-im|Siaⁿ-mn̂g-im]]
|-
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Phīⁿ chú-im|Phīⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|
|'''{{IPAblink|m}}'''&lt;br&gt;m
|
|'''{{IPAblink|n}}'''&lt;br&gt;n
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ŋ}}'''&lt;br&gt;nng
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[That chú-im|That-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|'''{{IPAblink|p}}'''&lt;br&gt;p
|'''{{IPAblink|b}}'''&lt;br&gt;b
|'''{{IPAblink|t}}'''&lt;br&gt;t
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|k}}'''&lt;br&gt;k
|'''{{IPAblink|g}}'''&lt;br&gt;g
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;[[Iú-khì chú-im|iú-khì]]&lt;/small&gt;
|'''[pʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;ph
|
|'''[tʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;th
|
|
|
|'''[kʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;kh
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Sat-chhat chú-im|Sat-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|ts}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch,ts
|'''{{IPAblink|dz}}'''&lt;br&gt;j
|'''{{IPAblink|tɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch(i),ts(i)
|'''{{IPAblink|dʑ}}'''&lt;br&gt;j(i)
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;iú-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''[tsʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh,tsh
|
|'''[tɕʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh(i),tsh(i)
|
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Bôa-chhat chú-im|Bôa-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|s}}'''&lt;br&gt;s
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;si
|
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|h}}'''&lt;br&gt;h
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Piⁿ chu-im|Piⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|l}}'''&lt;br&gt;l
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}
{|class=wikitable
|+Bóe-im
! !![[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]!![[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[Phīⁿ-phòa|Phīⁿ-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[m]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-m||'''&lt;big&gt;[n]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-n||'''&lt;big&gt;[ŋ]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ng||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|◌̃}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ⁿ,-N
|-align=center
![[Sat chú-im|Phòa-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[p̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-p||'''&lt;big&gt;[t̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-t||'''&lt;big&gt;[k̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-k||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|ʔ}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-h
|}

# Chi̍h-téng sat-chhat chú-im and bôa-chhat-im ùi {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng ē piàn [[khí-gûn chhùi-kòa-im]], ia̍h chiō sī kóng {{IPA|/dzi/}}, {{IPA|/tsi/}}, {{IPA|/tsʰi/}}, kap {{IPA|/si/}} hông ho͘ chò {{IPA|[dʑi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕʰi]}}, kap {{IPA|[ɕi]}}.
# Chú-im {{IPA|/dz/}} ū khó-lêng hông lí-kái chò bôa-chhat-im; ia̍h chiō tōa-hūn tiûⁿ-ha̍p sī hông tòng chò {{IPA|[z]}}, tī {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng koh chò {{IPA|[ʑ]}}.
# Tī chi̍t kóa chêng-hêng, [[Iú-siaⁿ-im|Iú-siaⁿ]] phòa-im ({{IPA|/b/}} kap {{IPA|/ɡ/}}) hun-pia̍t piàn bôa-chhat-im ({{IPAblink|β}} kap {{IPAblink|ɣ}}).

=== Bó-im ===
{|class=wikitable
!rowspan=2| !!colspan=2|[[Chiân bó-im|Chiân]]!![[Tiong bó-im|Tiong-im]]!!colspan=2|[[Āu bó-im|Āu-im]]
!rowspan=5| !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|[[Im-chat chú-im]]
|-align=center
!Oral!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ-im]]!!Kháu!!Kháu!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ]]
|-align=center
![[Ha̍p bó-im|Ha̍p-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|i}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;i||&lt;big&gt;'''[ĩ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;iⁿ||
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|u}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;u||&lt;big&gt;'''[ũ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;uⁿ
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[m̩]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;m
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[ŋ̍]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;ng
|-align=center
![[Pòaⁿ-khui bó-im|Pòaⁿ-khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|e}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;e||&lt;big&gt;'''[ẽ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;eⁿ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ə}}, {{IPAblink|o}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o ㄜㄛ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ɔ}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o͘||&lt;big&gt;'''[ɔ̃]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;oⁿ
|-align=center
![[Khui bó-im|Khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|a}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;a||&lt;big&gt;'''[ã]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;aⁿ|| || ||
|}
&lt;!--
The vowel {{angle bracket|o}} is akin to a schwa; in contrast, {{angle bracket|[[o͘]]}} (with dot) is more open. In addition, there are several [[diphthong]]s and [[triphthong]]s (for example, {{angle bracket|iau}}). The consonants {{angle bracket|m}} and {{angle bracket|ng}} can function as a syllabic nucleus and are therefore included here as vowels. The vowels may be either plain or nasal: {{angle bracket|a}} is non-nasal, and {{angle bracket|aⁿ}} is the same vowel with concurrent nasal articulation. This is similar to [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and many other languages.

There are two pronunciations of vowel {{angle bracket|o}}. In the south (e.g., [[Tainan]] and [[Kaohsiung]]) it is {{IPA|[ə]}}; in the north (e.g., [[Taipei]]) it is {{IPA|[o]}}. Due to development of transportation and communication, both pronunciations are common and acceptable throughout the island.
--&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
=== Su-chì ===
* {{cite book|ref=harv|title=Southern Min Hokkien as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders|first= Picus Sizhi |last=Ding|year=2016|publisher=Springer Singapore|isbn=978-981-287-594-5|language=Eng-gí}}

=== Chù-kha ===
{{reflist}}

== Liân-kiat ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20041014104924/www.holopedia.net/wiki.phtml?title=H%C5%8D-l%C3%B3-o%C4%93 ''Holopedia.net'' ê kū-pán-pún]

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Bân-lâm-gí]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>0y4xzk0fn0pap58ky5871ipfyahgclo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678850</id>
      <parentid>1678848</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T20:33:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Tâi-gí}}
[[File:Home usage of Taiwanese by district in Taiwan gradient map (2010).svg|thumb|2010 nî Tâi-pêⁿ Kim-má chiàu hêng-chèng-kuh chò kài-sòaⁿ kì-lio̍k ê tī chhù-lāi ū kóng Hô-ló-oē--ê jîn-khâu pí-lē, 50% í-hā m̄ tio̍k-sek (著色), pún chu-liāu sī pau-koat chhù-lāi kóng chē chióng ōe ê chêng-hêng (pí-lūn kóng Hō-ló-ōe kiam Hôa-gí--ê), bô piáu-hiān kâng chi̍t-ê siū chhái-hóng-chiá pún-sin kóng ta̍k chióng giân-gí ê pí-lē.]]

'''Tâi-oân-oē''', he̍k-chiá kiò '''Tâi-gí''' (-gú) ia̍h '''Tâi-oân-gí''' (-gú), sī chú-iàu tī [[Tâi-oân]] liû-thong ê chi̍t khoán [[giân-gí]], sǹg sī [[Hō-ló-ōe]] chi̍t chiòng, mā sǹg sī [[Bân-lâm-gí]] ê hun-chi chi it, sī Tâi-oân 60% jîn-kháu thoân-thóng-siōng ê [[bú-gí]]. 

== Hō-miâ ==
Ùi Tâi-oân-ōe pún-sin ê iōng-gí, tùi pún giân-gí ê hō-miâ kî-tiong chi̍t khoán sī Hō-ló-ōe;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Taiwanese or Southern Min? On the Controversy of Ethnolinguistic Names in Taiwan|journal=台語研究|year=2015|volume=7|issue=1|author=[[Chiúⁿ Ûi-bûn]]|language=Eng-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2007&quot;/&gt; &quot;Hō-ló&quot; chit-ê khài-liām, chiàu ho͘-im ia̍h ū kóng &quot;Ho̍h-ló&quot;, khó-lêng ê lâi-goân sī Kńg-tang ê Kheh-lâng ia̍h Kńg-hú-lâng tùi Tiô-chiu téng tha-cho̍k ê chheng-ho͘, ùi Ho̍k-kiàn khah hàn lâng chai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—排除誤解，尋求共識|authors=洪惟仁|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tī ha̍k-su̍t-kài it-poaⁿ ê liáu-kái lāi-bīn, Tâi-oân-ōe sǹg Bân-lâm-gí chi̍t chióng, chóng-sī Tâi-oân-ōe ēng-chiá pún-sin tī kháu-gí siōng khah hàn ēng &quot;Bân-lâm-gí&quot; chheng-ho͘ ka-tī tng teh kóng ê giân-gí. Ùi che nn̄g khoán hō-miâ ē-té, te̍k-pia̍t chí-miâ Tâi-oân ê hun-chi, thang kóng '''Tâi-oân Hō-ló-ōe''' kap '''Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí'''. Lēng-ōa tī chi̍t kóa tiûⁿ-ha̍p, &quot;Tâi-oân-gí&quot;, &quot;Tâi-gí&quot; téng iōng-gí, hông ēng-lâi chí kok khoán [[Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]] chéng-thé.

== Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi ==
Bân-lâm-gú/Hō-ló-oē thoân-thóng siōng tiāⁿ hông kóng sī chi̍t-ê [[hong-giân]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—找回我們的名字|authors=李勤岸|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt; M̄-koh nā khó-lū tio̍h ho͘-siōng hui-lí-kái-sèng (''mutual unintelligibility''), Bân-lâm-gí thang sī sǹg [[Hàn-gí-cho̍k|Hàn gí-cho̍k]] (''Sinitic family''; sio̍k [[Hàn-Chōng gí-hē]] chi̍t hūn) ē-té ê chi̍t khoán giân-gí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 1. Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg|thumb|Kun-kù [[Âng Ûi-jîn]] ián-kiù só͘ ōe ê tē-tô͘:
{{Legend|#ff8080|Khah óa Choân-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}} 
{{Legend|#8080ff|Khah óa Chiang-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
{{Legend|#ff80ff|Choân-Chiang saⁿ-lām ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
]]

== Sêng-hun ==
Kī-taⁿ chú-liû ê Tâi-oân-ōe khiuⁿ-kháu, kí-pún sī chi̍t khoán [[Chiang-choân-lām]], ia̍h chiō sī goân lâi tī Tâi-oân hun-pia̍t liû-thong tī pō͘-hūn tē-hng ê [[Chiang-chiu-ōe]] kap [[Choân-chiu-ōe]] nn̄g khoán ōe saⁿ-lām liáu-āu sán-seng--ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣的語種分佈與區劃|author=洪惟仁|journal=人文與社會科學簡訊|year=2013|volume=14|issue=2|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tû-liáu Chiân-Choân ê lâi-goân, [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]] mā chiàm liáu chin chió-hūn ê éng-hióng, Tiô-chī-hē ê jîn-kûn tī Tâi-oân ē-tàng kóng í-keng iông ji̍p chāi-tē Hō-ló-lâng lāi-bīn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c4&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 4. Taiwan: The Haven for Southern Min?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kap Ho̍k-kiàn he̍k-chiá sī Lâm-iûⁿ téng kî-tha [[Bân-lâm-gí]] hun-chi khah bô kâng ê pō͘-hūn chi it, sī Tâi-oân-ōe khah chē lâi-chū [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] he̍k-chiá sī keng-kòe Ji̍t-pún-ōe thoân ji̍p ê [[gōa-lâi-gú]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=1930年代台灣歌仔冊內底ê日語借詞|journal=台語研究|volume=6|issue=2|year=2014|author=張玉萍}}&lt;/ref&gt; lēng-gōa ia̍h ū chió hūn [[Lâm-tó gí-hē]] ê sêng-hun, kap pō͘-hūn in-ūi [[Hô-lân]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=從近代初期季風亞洲的荷蘭語學習看臺灣荷蘭時代的殖民地語言現象與遺緒|journal=臺灣史研究|year=2013|volume=20|issue=1|author=邱馨慧|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; kap [[Tē--sī chèng-khoân|Teⁿ--sī]] kiam [[Chheng-kok]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=明鄭清領時期臺灣閩南語的形成－兼論在臺灣閩南語史分期的定位|journal=遠東學報|year=2006|volume=22|issue=2|author=黃秀仍 &amp; 曾春潮|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; thóng-tī téng te̍k-sû le̍k-sú pōe-kéng éng-hióng sán-seng ê sû-lūi kap ho͘-im. Chiàn-āu, kap [[Hôa-gí]] ê chiap-chhio̍k, Tâi-gí koh chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ siū éng-hióng sán-seng chi̍t kóa gú-im kap [[bûn-pe̍h]] soán-te̍k ê piàn-hòa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=台、華語接觸所引起的台語語音的變化趨勢|author=李淑鳳|year=2010|journal=台語研究|volume=2|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gí-im ==
=== Chú-im ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=text-align:center
|-style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
|+Thâu-im
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chhùi-kòa chú-im|Khí-gûn&lt;br&gt;chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Nńg-chhùi-kòa chú-im|Nńg-chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| [[Siaⁿ-mn̂g chú-im|Siaⁿ-mn̂g-im]]
|-
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Phīⁿ chú-im|Phīⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|
|'''{{IPAblink|m}}'''&lt;br&gt;m
|
|'''{{IPAblink|n}}'''&lt;br&gt;n
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ŋ}}'''&lt;br&gt;nng
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[That chú-im|That-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|'''{{IPAblink|p}}'''&lt;br&gt;p
|'''{{IPAblink|b}}'''&lt;br&gt;b
|'''{{IPAblink|t}}'''&lt;br&gt;t
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|k}}'''&lt;br&gt;k
|'''{{IPAblink|g}}'''&lt;br&gt;g
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;[[Iú-khì chú-im|iú-khì]]&lt;/small&gt;
|'''[pʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;ph
|
|'''[tʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;th
|
|
|
|'''[kʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;kh
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Sat-chhat chú-im|Sat-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|ts}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch,ts
|'''{{IPAblink|dz}}'''&lt;br&gt;j
|'''{{IPAblink|tɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch(i),ts(i)
|'''{{IPAblink|dʑ}}'''&lt;br&gt;j(i)
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;iú-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''[tsʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh,tsh
|
|'''[tɕʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh(i),tsh(i)
|
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Bôa-chhat chú-im|Bôa-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|s}}'''&lt;br&gt;s
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;si
|
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|h}}'''&lt;br&gt;h
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Piⁿ chu-im|Piⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|l}}'''&lt;br&gt;l
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}
{|class=wikitable
|+Bóe-im
! !![[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]!![[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[Phīⁿ-phòa|Phīⁿ-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[m]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-m||'''&lt;big&gt;[n]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-n||'''&lt;big&gt;[ŋ]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ng||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|◌̃}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ⁿ,-N
|-align=center
![[Sat chú-im|Phòa-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[p̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-p||'''&lt;big&gt;[t̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-t||'''&lt;big&gt;[k̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-k||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|ʔ}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-h
|}

# Chi̍h-téng sat-chhat chú-im and bôa-chhat-im ùi {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng ē piàn [[khí-gûn chhùi-kòa-im]], ia̍h chiō sī kóng {{IPA|/dzi/}}, {{IPA|/tsi/}}, {{IPA|/tsʰi/}}, kap {{IPA|/si/}} hông ho͘ chò {{IPA|[dʑi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕʰi]}}, kap {{IPA|[ɕi]}}.
# Chú-im {{IPA|/dz/}} ū khó-lêng hông lí-kái chò bôa-chhat-im; ia̍h chiō tōa-hūn tiûⁿ-ha̍p sī hông tòng chò {{IPA|[z]}}, tī {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng koh chò {{IPA|[ʑ]}}.
# Tī chi̍t kóa chêng-hêng, [[Iú-siaⁿ-im|Iú-siaⁿ]] phòa-im ({{IPA|/b/}} kap {{IPA|/ɡ/}}) hun-pia̍t piàn bôa-chhat-im ({{IPAblink|β}} kap {{IPAblink|ɣ}}).

=== Bó-im ===
{|class=wikitable
!rowspan=2| !!colspan=2|[[Chiân bó-im|Chiân]]!![[Tiong bó-im|Tiong-im]]!!colspan=2|[[Āu bó-im|Āu-im]]
!rowspan=5| !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|[[Im-chat chú-im]]
|-align=center
!Oral!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ-im]]!!Kháu!!Kháu!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ]]
|-align=center
![[Ha̍p bó-im|Ha̍p-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|i}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;i||&lt;big&gt;'''[ĩ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;iⁿ||
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|u}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;u||&lt;big&gt;'''[ũ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;uⁿ
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[m̩]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;m
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[ŋ̍]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;ng
|-align=center
![[Pòaⁿ-khui bó-im|Pòaⁿ-khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|e}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;e||&lt;big&gt;'''[ẽ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;eⁿ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ə}}, {{IPAblink|o}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o ㄜㄛ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ɔ}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o͘||&lt;big&gt;'''[ɔ̃]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;oⁿ
|-align=center
![[Khui bó-im|Khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|a}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;a||&lt;big&gt;'''[ã]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;aⁿ|| || ||
|}
&lt;!--
The vowel {{angle bracket|o}} is akin to a schwa; in contrast, {{angle bracket|[[o͘]]}} (with dot) is more open. In addition, there are several [[diphthong]]s and [[triphthong]]s (for example, {{angle bracket|iau}}). The consonants {{angle bracket|m}} and {{angle bracket|ng}} can function as a syllabic nucleus and are therefore included here as vowels. The vowels may be either plain or nasal: {{angle bracket|a}} is non-nasal, and {{angle bracket|aⁿ}} is the same vowel with concurrent nasal articulation. This is similar to [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and many other languages.

There are two pronunciations of vowel {{angle bracket|o}}. In the south (e.g., [[Tainan]] and [[Kaohsiung]]) it is {{IPA|[ə]}}; in the north (e.g., [[Taipei]]) it is {{IPA|[o]}}. Due to development of transportation and communication, both pronunciations are common and acceptable throughout the island.
--&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
=== Su-chì ===
* {{cite book|ref=harv|title=Southern Min Hokkien as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders|first= Picus Sizhi |last=Ding|year=2016|publisher=Springer Singapore|isbn=978-981-287-594-5|language=Eng-gí}}

=== Chù-kha ===
{{reflist}}

== Liân-kiat ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20041014104924/www.holopedia.net/wiki.phtml?title=H%C5%8D-l%C3%B3-o%C4%93 ''Holopedia.net'' ê kū-pán-pún]

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Bân-lâm-gí]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>55g050uoovuiyok6bparp0ewei3e7yg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678866</id>
      <parentid>1678850</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T04:29:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Hō-miâ */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Tâi-gí}}
[[File:Home usage of Taiwanese by district in Taiwan gradient map (2010).svg|thumb|2010 nî Tâi-pêⁿ Kim-má chiàu hêng-chèng-kuh chò kài-sòaⁿ kì-lio̍k ê tī chhù-lāi ū kóng Hô-ló-oē--ê jîn-khâu pí-lē, 50% í-hā m̄ tio̍k-sek (著色), pún chu-liāu sī pau-koat chhù-lāi kóng chē chióng ōe ê chêng-hêng (pí-lūn kóng Hō-ló-ōe kiam Hôa-gí--ê), bô piáu-hiān kâng chi̍t-ê siū chhái-hóng-chiá pún-sin kóng ta̍k chióng giân-gí ê pí-lē.]]

'''Tâi-oân-oē''', he̍k-chiá kiò '''Tâi-gí''' (-gú) ia̍h '''Tâi-oân-gí''' (-gú), sī chú-iàu tī [[Tâi-oân]] liû-thong ê chi̍t khoán [[giân-gí]], sǹg sī [[Hō-ló-ōe]] chi̍t chiòng, mā sǹg sī [[Bân-lâm-gí]] ê hun-chi chi it, sī Tâi-oân 60% jîn-kháu thoân-thóng-siōng ê [[bú-gí]]. 

== Hō-miâ ==
Ùi Tâi-oân-ōe pún-sin ê iōng-gí, tùi pún giân-gí ê hō-miâ kî-tiong chi̍t khoán sī Hō-ló-ōe;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Taiwanese or Southern Min? On the Controversy of Ethnolinguistic Names in Taiwan|journal=台語研究|year=2015|volume=7|issue=1|author=[[Chiúⁿ Ûi-bûn]]|language=Eng-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2007&quot;/&gt; &quot;Hō-ló&quot; chit-ê khài-liām, chiàu ho͘-im ia̍h ū kóng &quot;Ho̍h-ló&quot;, khó-lêng ê lâi-goân sī Kńg-tang ê Kheh-lâng ia̍h Kńg-hú-lâng tùi Tiô-chiu téng tha-cho̍k ê chheng-ho͘, ùi Ho̍k-kiàn khah hán lâng chai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—排除誤解，尋求共識|authors=洪惟仁|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tī ha̍k-su̍t-kài it-poaⁿ ê liáu-kái lāi-bīn, Tâi-oân-ōe sǹg Bân-lâm-gí chi̍t chióng, chóng-sī Tâi-oân-ōe ēng-chiá pún-sin tī kháu-gí siōng khah hán teh ēng &quot;Bân-lâm-gí&quot; chheng-ho͘ ka-tī tng teh kóng ê giân-gí. Ùi che nn̄g khoán hō-miâ ē-té, te̍k-pia̍t chí-miâ Tâi-oân ê hun-chi, thang kóng '''Tâi-oân Hō-ló-ōe''' kap '''Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí'''. Lēng-ōa tī chi̍t kóa tiûⁿ-ha̍p, &quot;Tâi-oân-gí&quot;, &quot;Tâi-gí&quot; téng iōng-gí, hông ēng-lâi chí kok khoán [[Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]] chéng-thé.

== Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi ==
Bân-lâm-gú/Hō-ló-oē thoân-thóng siōng tiāⁿ hông kóng sī chi̍t-ê [[hong-giân]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—找回我們的名字|authors=李勤岸|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt; M̄-koh nā khó-lū tio̍h ho͘-siōng hui-lí-kái-sèng (''mutual unintelligibility''), Bân-lâm-gí thang sī sǹg [[Hàn-gí-cho̍k|Hàn gí-cho̍k]] (''Sinitic family''; sio̍k [[Hàn-Chōng gí-hē]] chi̍t hūn) ē-té ê chi̍t khoán giân-gí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 1. Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg|thumb|Kun-kù [[Âng Ûi-jîn]] ián-kiù só͘ ōe ê tē-tô͘:
{{Legend|#ff8080|Khah óa Choân-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}} 
{{Legend|#8080ff|Khah óa Chiang-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
{{Legend|#ff80ff|Choân-Chiang saⁿ-lām ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
]]

== Sêng-hun ==
Kī-taⁿ chú-liû ê Tâi-oân-ōe khiuⁿ-kháu, kí-pún sī chi̍t khoán [[Chiang-choân-lām]], ia̍h chiō sī goân lâi tī Tâi-oân hun-pia̍t liû-thong tī pō͘-hūn tē-hng ê [[Chiang-chiu-ōe]] kap [[Choân-chiu-ōe]] nn̄g khoán ōe saⁿ-lām liáu-āu sán-seng--ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣的語種分佈與區劃|author=洪惟仁|journal=人文與社會科學簡訊|year=2013|volume=14|issue=2|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tû-liáu Chiân-Choân ê lâi-goân, [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]] mā chiàm liáu chin chió-hūn ê éng-hióng, Tiô-chī-hē ê jîn-kûn tī Tâi-oân ē-tàng kóng í-keng iông ji̍p chāi-tē Hō-ló-lâng lāi-bīn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c4&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 4. Taiwan: The Haven for Southern Min?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kap Ho̍k-kiàn he̍k-chiá sī Lâm-iûⁿ téng kî-tha [[Bân-lâm-gí]] hun-chi khah bô kâng ê pō͘-hūn chi it, sī Tâi-oân-ōe khah chē lâi-chū [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] he̍k-chiá sī keng-kòe Ji̍t-pún-ōe thoân ji̍p ê [[gōa-lâi-gú]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=1930年代台灣歌仔冊內底ê日語借詞|journal=台語研究|volume=6|issue=2|year=2014|author=張玉萍}}&lt;/ref&gt; lēng-gōa ia̍h ū chió hūn [[Lâm-tó gí-hē]] ê sêng-hun, kap pō͘-hūn in-ūi [[Hô-lân]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=從近代初期季風亞洲的荷蘭語學習看臺灣荷蘭時代的殖民地語言現象與遺緒|journal=臺灣史研究|year=2013|volume=20|issue=1|author=邱馨慧|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; kap [[Tē--sī chèng-khoân|Teⁿ--sī]] kiam [[Chheng-kok]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=明鄭清領時期臺灣閩南語的形成－兼論在臺灣閩南語史分期的定位|journal=遠東學報|year=2006|volume=22|issue=2|author=黃秀仍 &amp; 曾春潮|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; thóng-tī téng te̍k-sû le̍k-sú pōe-kéng éng-hióng sán-seng ê sû-lūi kap ho͘-im. Chiàn-āu, kap [[Hôa-gí]] ê chiap-chhio̍k, Tâi-gí koh chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ siū éng-hióng sán-seng chi̍t kóa gú-im kap [[bûn-pe̍h]] soán-te̍k ê piàn-hòa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=台、華語接觸所引起的台語語音的變化趨勢|author=李淑鳳|year=2010|journal=台語研究|volume=2|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gí-im ==
=== Chú-im ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=text-align:center
|-style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
|+Thâu-im
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chhùi-kòa chú-im|Khí-gûn&lt;br&gt;chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Nńg-chhùi-kòa chú-im|Nńg-chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| [[Siaⁿ-mn̂g chú-im|Siaⁿ-mn̂g-im]]
|-
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Phīⁿ chú-im|Phīⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|
|'''{{IPAblink|m}}'''&lt;br&gt;m
|
|'''{{IPAblink|n}}'''&lt;br&gt;n
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ŋ}}'''&lt;br&gt;nng
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[That chú-im|That-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|'''{{IPAblink|p}}'''&lt;br&gt;p
|'''{{IPAblink|b}}'''&lt;br&gt;b
|'''{{IPAblink|t}}'''&lt;br&gt;t
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|k}}'''&lt;br&gt;k
|'''{{IPAblink|g}}'''&lt;br&gt;g
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;[[Iú-khì chú-im|iú-khì]]&lt;/small&gt;
|'''[pʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;ph
|
|'''[tʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;th
|
|
|
|'''[kʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;kh
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Sat-chhat chú-im|Sat-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|ts}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch,ts
|'''{{IPAblink|dz}}'''&lt;br&gt;j
|'''{{IPAblink|tɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch(i),ts(i)
|'''{{IPAblink|dʑ}}'''&lt;br&gt;j(i)
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;iú-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''[tsʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh,tsh
|
|'''[tɕʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh(i),tsh(i)
|
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Bôa-chhat chú-im|Bôa-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|s}}'''&lt;br&gt;s
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;si
|
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|h}}'''&lt;br&gt;h
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Piⁿ chu-im|Piⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|l}}'''&lt;br&gt;l
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}
{|class=wikitable
|+Bóe-im
! !![[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]!![[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[Phīⁿ-phòa|Phīⁿ-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[m]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-m||'''&lt;big&gt;[n]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-n||'''&lt;big&gt;[ŋ]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ng||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|◌̃}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ⁿ,-N
|-align=center
![[Sat chú-im|Phòa-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[p̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-p||'''&lt;big&gt;[t̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-t||'''&lt;big&gt;[k̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-k||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|ʔ}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-h
|}

# Chi̍h-téng sat-chhat chú-im and bôa-chhat-im ùi {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng ē piàn [[khí-gûn chhùi-kòa-im]], ia̍h chiō sī kóng {{IPA|/dzi/}}, {{IPA|/tsi/}}, {{IPA|/tsʰi/}}, kap {{IPA|/si/}} hông ho͘ chò {{IPA|[dʑi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕʰi]}}, kap {{IPA|[ɕi]}}.
# Chú-im {{IPA|/dz/}} ū khó-lêng hông lí-kái chò bôa-chhat-im; ia̍h chiō tōa-hūn tiûⁿ-ha̍p sī hông tòng chò {{IPA|[z]}}, tī {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng koh chò {{IPA|[ʑ]}}.
# Tī chi̍t kóa chêng-hêng, [[Iú-siaⁿ-im|Iú-siaⁿ]] phòa-im ({{IPA|/b/}} kap {{IPA|/ɡ/}}) hun-pia̍t piàn bôa-chhat-im ({{IPAblink|β}} kap {{IPAblink|ɣ}}).

=== Bó-im ===
{|class=wikitable
!rowspan=2| !!colspan=2|[[Chiân bó-im|Chiân]]!![[Tiong bó-im|Tiong-im]]!!colspan=2|[[Āu bó-im|Āu-im]]
!rowspan=5| !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|[[Im-chat chú-im]]
|-align=center
!Oral!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ-im]]!!Kháu!!Kháu!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ]]
|-align=center
![[Ha̍p bó-im|Ha̍p-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|i}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;i||&lt;big&gt;'''[ĩ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;iⁿ||
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|u}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;u||&lt;big&gt;'''[ũ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;uⁿ
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[m̩]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;m
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[ŋ̍]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;ng
|-align=center
![[Pòaⁿ-khui bó-im|Pòaⁿ-khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|e}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;e||&lt;big&gt;'''[ẽ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;eⁿ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ə}}, {{IPAblink|o}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o ㄜㄛ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ɔ}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o͘||&lt;big&gt;'''[ɔ̃]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;oⁿ
|-align=center
![[Khui bó-im|Khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|a}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;a||&lt;big&gt;'''[ã]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;aⁿ|| || ||
|}
&lt;!--
The vowel {{angle bracket|o}} is akin to a schwa; in contrast, {{angle bracket|[[o͘]]}} (with dot) is more open. In addition, there are several [[diphthong]]s and [[triphthong]]s (for example, {{angle bracket|iau}}). The consonants {{angle bracket|m}} and {{angle bracket|ng}} can function as a syllabic nucleus and are therefore included here as vowels. The vowels may be either plain or nasal: {{angle bracket|a}} is non-nasal, and {{angle bracket|aⁿ}} is the same vowel with concurrent nasal articulation. This is similar to [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and many other languages.

There are two pronunciations of vowel {{angle bracket|o}}. In the south (e.g., [[Tainan]] and [[Kaohsiung]]) it is {{IPA|[ə]}}; in the north (e.g., [[Taipei]]) it is {{IPA|[o]}}. Due to development of transportation and communication, both pronunciations are common and acceptable throughout the island.
--&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
=== Su-chì ===
* {{cite book|ref=harv|title=Southern Min Hokkien as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders|first= Picus Sizhi |last=Ding|year=2016|publisher=Springer Singapore|isbn=978-981-287-594-5|language=Eng-gí}}

=== Chù-kha ===
{{reflist}}

== Liân-kiat ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20041014104924/www.holopedia.net/wiki.phtml?title=H%C5%8D-l%C3%B3-o%C4%93 ''Holopedia.net'' ê kū-pán-pún]

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Bân-lâm-gí]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>0gtey3dm4jkkeeitk6t3kczxkbxrchs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678867</id>
      <parentid>1678866</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T04:32:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Hō-miâ */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Tâi-gí}}
[[File:Home usage of Taiwanese by district in Taiwan gradient map (2010).svg|thumb|2010 nî Tâi-pêⁿ Kim-má chiàu hêng-chèng-kuh chò kài-sòaⁿ kì-lio̍k ê tī chhù-lāi ū kóng Hô-ló-oē--ê jîn-khâu pí-lē, 50% í-hā m̄ tio̍k-sek (著色), pún chu-liāu sī pau-koat chhù-lāi kóng chē chióng ōe ê chêng-hêng (pí-lūn kóng Hō-ló-ōe kiam Hôa-gí--ê), bô piáu-hiān kâng chi̍t-ê siū chhái-hóng-chiá pún-sin kóng ta̍k chióng giân-gí ê pí-lē.]]

'''Tâi-oân-oē''', he̍k-chiá kiò '''Tâi-gí''' (-gú) ia̍h '''Tâi-oân-gí''' (-gú), sī chú-iàu tī [[Tâi-oân]] liû-thong ê chi̍t khoán [[giân-gí]], sǹg sī [[Hō-ló-ōe]] chi̍t chiòng, mā sǹg sī [[Bân-lâm-gí]] ê hun-chi chi it, sī Tâi-oân 60% jîn-kháu thoân-thóng-siōng ê [[bú-gí]]. 

== Hō-miâ ==
Ùi Tâi-oân-ōe pún-sin ê iōng-gí, tùi pún giân-gí ê hō-miâ kî-tiong chi̍t khoán sī '''Hō-ló-ōe''';&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Taiwanese or Southern Min? On the Controversy of Ethnolinguistic Names in Taiwan|journal=台語研究|year=2015|volume=7|issue=1|author=[[Chiúⁿ Ûi-bûn]]|language=Eng-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2007&quot;/&gt; &quot;Hō-ló&quot; chit-ê khài-liām, chiàu ho͘-im ia̍h ū kóng &quot;Ho̍h-ló&quot;, khó-lêng ê lâi-goân sī Kńg-tang ê Kheh-lâng ia̍h Kńg-hú-lâng tùi Tiô-chiu téng tha-cho̍k ê chheng-ho͘, ùi Ho̍k-kiàn khah hán lâng chai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—排除誤解，尋求共識|authors=洪惟仁|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tī ha̍k-su̍t-kài it-poaⁿ ê liáu-kái lāi-bīn, Tâi-oân-ōe sǹg Bân-lâm-gí chi̍t chióng, chóng-sī Tâi-oân-ōe ēng-chiá pún-sin tī kháu-gí siōng khah hán teh ēng &quot;Bân-lâm-gí&quot; chheng-ho͘ ka-tī tng teh kóng ê giân-gí. Ùi chit khoán hō-miâ, nā te̍k-pia̍t chí-miâ Tâi-oân ê hun-chi, thang kóng '''Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí'''. Lēng-ōa tī chi̍t kóa tiûⁿ-ha̍p, &quot;Tâi-oân-gí&quot;, &quot;Tâi-gí&quot; téng iōng-gí, hông ēng-lâi chí kok khoán [[Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]] chéng-thé.

== Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi ==
Bân-lâm-gú/Hō-ló-oē thoân-thóng siōng tiāⁿ hông kóng sī chi̍t-ê [[hong-giân]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—找回我們的名字|authors=李勤岸|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt; M̄-koh nā khó-lū tio̍h ho͘-siōng hui-lí-kái-sèng (''mutual unintelligibility''), Bân-lâm-gí thang sī sǹg [[Hàn-gí-cho̍k|Hàn gí-cho̍k]] (''Sinitic family''; sio̍k [[Hàn-Chōng gí-hē]] chi̍t hūn) ē-té ê chi̍t khoán giân-gí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 1. Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg|thumb|Kun-kù [[Âng Ûi-jîn]] ián-kiù só͘ ōe ê tē-tô͘:
{{Legend|#ff8080|Khah óa Choân-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}} 
{{Legend|#8080ff|Khah óa Chiang-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
{{Legend|#ff80ff|Choân-Chiang saⁿ-lām ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
]]

== Sêng-hun ==
Kī-taⁿ chú-liû ê Tâi-oân-ōe khiuⁿ-kháu, kí-pún sī chi̍t khoán [[Chiang-choân-lām]], ia̍h chiō sī goân lâi tī Tâi-oân hun-pia̍t liû-thong tī pō͘-hūn tē-hng ê [[Chiang-chiu-ōe]] kap [[Choân-chiu-ōe]] nn̄g khoán ōe saⁿ-lām liáu-āu sán-seng--ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣的語種分佈與區劃|author=洪惟仁|journal=人文與社會科學簡訊|year=2013|volume=14|issue=2|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tû-liáu Chiân-Choân ê lâi-goân, [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]] mā chiàm liáu chin chió-hūn ê éng-hióng, Tiô-chī-hē ê jîn-kûn tī Tâi-oân ē-tàng kóng í-keng iông ji̍p chāi-tē Hō-ló-lâng lāi-bīn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c4&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 4. Taiwan: The Haven for Southern Min?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kap Ho̍k-kiàn he̍k-chiá sī Lâm-iûⁿ téng kî-tha [[Bân-lâm-gí]] hun-chi khah bô kâng ê pō͘-hūn chi it, sī Tâi-oân-ōe khah chē lâi-chū [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] he̍k-chiá sī keng-kòe Ji̍t-pún-ōe thoân ji̍p ê [[gōa-lâi-gú]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=1930年代台灣歌仔冊內底ê日語借詞|journal=台語研究|volume=6|issue=2|year=2014|author=張玉萍}}&lt;/ref&gt; lēng-gōa ia̍h ū chió hūn [[Lâm-tó gí-hē]] ê sêng-hun, kap pō͘-hūn in-ūi [[Hô-lân]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=從近代初期季風亞洲的荷蘭語學習看臺灣荷蘭時代的殖民地語言現象與遺緒|journal=臺灣史研究|year=2013|volume=20|issue=1|author=邱馨慧|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; kap [[Tē--sī chèng-khoân|Teⁿ--sī]] kiam [[Chheng-kok]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=明鄭清領時期臺灣閩南語的形成－兼論在臺灣閩南語史分期的定位|journal=遠東學報|year=2006|volume=22|issue=2|author=黃秀仍 &amp; 曾春潮|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; thóng-tī téng te̍k-sû le̍k-sú pōe-kéng éng-hióng sán-seng ê sû-lūi kap ho͘-im. Chiàn-āu, kap [[Hôa-gí]] ê chiap-chhio̍k, Tâi-gí koh chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ siū éng-hióng sán-seng chi̍t kóa gú-im kap [[bûn-pe̍h]] soán-te̍k ê piàn-hòa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=台、華語接觸所引起的台語語音的變化趨勢|author=李淑鳳|year=2010|journal=台語研究|volume=2|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gí-im ==
=== Chú-im ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=text-align:center
|-style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
|+Thâu-im
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chhùi-kòa chú-im|Khí-gûn&lt;br&gt;chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Nńg-chhùi-kòa chú-im|Nńg-chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| [[Siaⁿ-mn̂g chú-im|Siaⁿ-mn̂g-im]]
|-
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Phīⁿ chú-im|Phīⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|
|'''{{IPAblink|m}}'''&lt;br&gt;m
|
|'''{{IPAblink|n}}'''&lt;br&gt;n
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ŋ}}'''&lt;br&gt;nng
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[That chú-im|That-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|'''{{IPAblink|p}}'''&lt;br&gt;p
|'''{{IPAblink|b}}'''&lt;br&gt;b
|'''{{IPAblink|t}}'''&lt;br&gt;t
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|k}}'''&lt;br&gt;k
|'''{{IPAblink|g}}'''&lt;br&gt;g
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;[[Iú-khì chú-im|iú-khì]]&lt;/small&gt;
|'''[pʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;ph
|
|'''[tʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;th
|
|
|
|'''[kʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;kh
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Sat-chhat chú-im|Sat-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|ts}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch,ts
|'''{{IPAblink|dz}}'''&lt;br&gt;j
|'''{{IPAblink|tɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch(i),ts(i)
|'''{{IPAblink|dʑ}}'''&lt;br&gt;j(i)
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;iú-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''[tsʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh,tsh
|
|'''[tɕʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh(i),tsh(i)
|
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Bôa-chhat chú-im|Bôa-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|s}}'''&lt;br&gt;s
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;si
|
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|h}}'''&lt;br&gt;h
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Piⁿ chu-im|Piⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|l}}'''&lt;br&gt;l
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}
{|class=wikitable
|+Bóe-im
! !![[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]!![[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[Phīⁿ-phòa|Phīⁿ-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[m]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-m||'''&lt;big&gt;[n]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-n||'''&lt;big&gt;[ŋ]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ng||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|◌̃}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ⁿ,-N
|-align=center
![[Sat chú-im|Phòa-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[p̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-p||'''&lt;big&gt;[t̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-t||'''&lt;big&gt;[k̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-k||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|ʔ}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-h
|}

# Chi̍h-téng sat-chhat chú-im and bôa-chhat-im ùi {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng ē piàn [[khí-gûn chhùi-kòa-im]], ia̍h chiō sī kóng {{IPA|/dzi/}}, {{IPA|/tsi/}}, {{IPA|/tsʰi/}}, kap {{IPA|/si/}} hông ho͘ chò {{IPA|[dʑi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕʰi]}}, kap {{IPA|[ɕi]}}.
# Chú-im {{IPA|/dz/}} ū khó-lêng hông lí-kái chò bôa-chhat-im; ia̍h chiō tōa-hūn tiûⁿ-ha̍p sī hông tòng chò {{IPA|[z]}}, tī {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng koh chò {{IPA|[ʑ]}}.
# Tī chi̍t kóa chêng-hêng, [[Iú-siaⁿ-im|Iú-siaⁿ]] phòa-im ({{IPA|/b/}} kap {{IPA|/ɡ/}}) hun-pia̍t piàn bôa-chhat-im ({{IPAblink|β}} kap {{IPAblink|ɣ}}).

=== Bó-im ===
{|class=wikitable
!rowspan=2| !!colspan=2|[[Chiân bó-im|Chiân]]!![[Tiong bó-im|Tiong-im]]!!colspan=2|[[Āu bó-im|Āu-im]]
!rowspan=5| !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|[[Im-chat chú-im]]
|-align=center
!Oral!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ-im]]!!Kháu!!Kháu!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ]]
|-align=center
![[Ha̍p bó-im|Ha̍p-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|i}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;i||&lt;big&gt;'''[ĩ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;iⁿ||
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|u}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;u||&lt;big&gt;'''[ũ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;uⁿ
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[m̩]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;m
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[ŋ̍]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;ng
|-align=center
![[Pòaⁿ-khui bó-im|Pòaⁿ-khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|e}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;e||&lt;big&gt;'''[ẽ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;eⁿ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ə}}, {{IPAblink|o}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o ㄜㄛ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ɔ}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o͘||&lt;big&gt;'''[ɔ̃]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;oⁿ
|-align=center
![[Khui bó-im|Khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|a}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;a||&lt;big&gt;'''[ã]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;aⁿ|| || ||
|}
&lt;!--
The vowel {{angle bracket|o}} is akin to a schwa; in contrast, {{angle bracket|[[o͘]]}} (with dot) is more open. In addition, there are several [[diphthong]]s and [[triphthong]]s (for example, {{angle bracket|iau}}). The consonants {{angle bracket|m}} and {{angle bracket|ng}} can function as a syllabic nucleus and are therefore included here as vowels. The vowels may be either plain or nasal: {{angle bracket|a}} is non-nasal, and {{angle bracket|aⁿ}} is the same vowel with concurrent nasal articulation. This is similar to [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and many other languages.

There are two pronunciations of vowel {{angle bracket|o}}. In the south (e.g., [[Tainan]] and [[Kaohsiung]]) it is {{IPA|[ə]}}; in the north (e.g., [[Taipei]]) it is {{IPA|[o]}}. Due to development of transportation and communication, both pronunciations are common and acceptable throughout the island.
--&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
=== Su-chì ===
* {{cite book|ref=harv|title=Southern Min Hokkien as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders|first= Picus Sizhi |last=Ding|year=2016|publisher=Springer Singapore|isbn=978-981-287-594-5|language=Eng-gí}}

=== Chù-kha ===
{{reflist}}

== Liân-kiat ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20041014104924/www.holopedia.net/wiki.phtml?title=H%C5%8D-l%C3%B3-o%C4%93 ''Holopedia.net'' ê kū-pán-pún]

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Bân-lâm-gí]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>6qc8xdu9htxv8josu7vl3ipe4ky5cg5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678872</id>
      <parentid>1678867</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T05:28:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sêng-hun */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{redirect|Tâi-gí}}
[[File:Home usage of Taiwanese by district in Taiwan gradient map (2010).svg|thumb|2010 nî Tâi-pêⁿ Kim-má chiàu hêng-chèng-kuh chò kài-sòaⁿ kì-lio̍k ê tī chhù-lāi ū kóng Hô-ló-oē--ê jîn-khâu pí-lē, 50% í-hā m̄ tio̍k-sek (著色), pún chu-liāu sī pau-koat chhù-lāi kóng chē chióng ōe ê chêng-hêng (pí-lūn kóng Hō-ló-ōe kiam Hôa-gí--ê), bô piáu-hiān kâng chi̍t-ê siū chhái-hóng-chiá pún-sin kóng ta̍k chióng giân-gí ê pí-lē.]]

'''Tâi-oân-oē''', he̍k-chiá kiò '''Tâi-gí''' (-gú) ia̍h '''Tâi-oân-gí''' (-gú), sī chú-iàu tī [[Tâi-oân]] liû-thong ê chi̍t khoán [[giân-gí]], sǹg sī [[Hō-ló-ōe]] chi̍t chiòng, mā sǹg sī [[Bân-lâm-gí]] ê hun-chi chi it, sī Tâi-oân 60% jîn-kháu thoân-thóng-siōng ê [[bú-gí]]. 

== Hō-miâ ==
Ùi Tâi-oân-ōe pún-sin ê iōng-gí, tùi pún giân-gí ê hō-miâ kî-tiong chi̍t khoán sī '''Hō-ló-ōe''';&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Taiwanese or Southern Min? On the Controversy of Ethnolinguistic Names in Taiwan|journal=台語研究|year=2015|volume=7|issue=1|author=[[Chiúⁿ Ûi-bûn]]|language=Eng-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2007&quot;/&gt; &quot;Hō-ló&quot; chit-ê khài-liām, chiàu ho͘-im ia̍h ū kóng &quot;Ho̍h-ló&quot;, khó-lêng ê lâi-goân sī Kńg-tang ê Kheh-lâng ia̍h Kńg-hú-lâng tùi Tiô-chiu téng tha-cho̍k ê chheng-ho͘, ùi Ho̍k-kiàn khah hán lâng chai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—排除誤解，尋求共識|authors=洪惟仁|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tī ha̍k-su̍t-kài it-poaⁿ ê liáu-kái lāi-bīn, Tâi-oân-ōe sǹg Bân-lâm-gí chi̍t chióng, chóng-sī Tâi-oân-ōe ēng-chiá pún-sin tī kháu-gí siōng khah hán teh ēng &quot;Bân-lâm-gí&quot; chheng-ho͘ ka-tī tng teh kóng ê giân-gí. Ùi chit khoán hō-miâ, nā te̍k-pia̍t chí-miâ Tâi-oân ê hun-chi, thang kóng '''Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí'''. Lēng-ōa tī chi̍t kóa tiûⁿ-ha̍p, &quot;Tâi-oân-gí&quot;, &quot;Tâi-gí&quot; téng iōng-gí, hông ēng-lâi chí kok khoán [[Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]] chéng-thé.

== Giân-gí-ha̍k hun-lūi ==
Bân-lâm-gú/Hō-ló-oē thoân-thóng siōng tiāⁿ hông kóng sī chi̍t-ê [[hong-giân]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Li2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=沒有名字的語言？「台灣話」、「閩南話」還是Ho̍h-ló話？—找回我們的名字|authors=李勤岸|journal=台灣文學館通訊|issue=15|date=2007 nî 5 goe̍h}}&lt;/ref&gt; M̄-koh nā khó-lū tio̍h ho͘-siōng hui-lí-kái-sèng (''mutual unintelligibility''), Bân-lâm-gí thang sī sǹg [[Hàn-gí-cho̍k|Hàn gí-cho̍k]] (''Sinitic family''; sio̍k [[Hàn-Chōng gí-hē]] chi̍t hūn) ē-té ê chi̍t khoán giân-gí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 1. Introduction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg|thumb|Kun-kù [[Âng Ûi-jîn]] ián-kiù só͘ ōe ê tē-tô͘:
{{Legend|#ff8080|Khah óa Choân-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}} 
{{Legend|#8080ff|Khah óa Chiang-chiu-ōe ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
{{Legend|#ff80ff|Choân-Chiang saⁿ-lām ê khiuⁿ-kháu}}
]]

== Sêng-hun ==
Kī-taⁿ chú-liû ê Tâi-oân-ōe khiuⁿ-kháu, kí-pún sī chi̍t khoán [[Chiang-choân-lām]], ia̍h chiō sī goân lâi tī Tâi-oân hun-pia̍t liû-thong tī pō͘-hūn tē-hng ê [[Chiang-chiu-ōe]] kap [[Choân-chiu-ōe]] nn̄g khoán ōe saⁿ-lām liáu-āu sán-seng--ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣的語種分佈與區劃|author=洪惟仁|journal=人文與社會科學簡訊|year=2013|volume=14|issue=2|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tû-liáu Chiân-Choân ê lâi-goân, [[Tiô-chiu-ōe]] mā chiàm liáu chin chió-hūn ê éng-hióng, Tiô-chī-hē ê jîn-kûn tī Tâi-oân ē-tàng kóng í-keng iông ji̍p chāi-tē Hō-ló-lâng lāi-bīn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ding2016c4&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Ding|2016|loc=Chapter 4. Taiwan: The Haven for Southern Min?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kap Ho̍k-kiàn he̍k-chiá sī Lâm-iûⁿ téng kî-tha [[Bân-lâm-gí]] hun-chi khah bô kâng ê pō͘-hūn chi it, sī Tâi-oân-ōe khah chē lâi-chū [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] he̍k-chiá sī keng-kòe Ji̍t-pún-ōe thoân ji̍p ê [[gōa-lâi-gú]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=1930年代台灣歌仔冊內底ê日語借詞|journal=台語研究|volume=6|issue=2|year=2014|author=張玉萍}}&lt;/ref&gt; lēng-gōa ia̍h ū chió hūn [[Lâm-tó gí-hē]] ê sêng-hun, kap pō͘-hūn in-ūi [[Hô-lân]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=從近代初期季風亞洲的荷蘭語學習看臺灣荷蘭時代的殖民地語言現象與遺緒|journal=臺灣史研究|year=2013|volume=20|issue=1|author=邱馨慧|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; kap [[Tēⁿ--sī chèng-khoân|Tēⁿ--sī]] kiam [[Chheng-kok]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=明鄭清領時期臺灣閩南語的形成－兼論在臺灣閩南語史分期的定位|journal=遠東學報|year=2006|volume=22|issue=2|author=黃秀仍 &amp; 曾春潮|language=Hôa-gí}}&lt;/ref&gt; thóng-tī téng te̍k-sû le̍k-sú pōe-kéng éng-hióng sán-seng ê sû-lūi kap ho͘-im. Chiàn-āu, kap [[Hôa-gí]] ê chiap-chhio̍k, Tâi-gí koh chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ siū éng-hióng sán-seng chi̍t kóa gú-im kap [[bûn-pe̍h]] soán-te̍k ê piàn-hòa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=台、華語接觸所引起的台語語音的變化趨勢|author=李淑鳳|year=2010|journal=台語研究|volume=2|issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gí-im ==
=== Chú-im ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=text-align:center
|-style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
|+Thâu-im
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Khí-gûn chhùi-kòa chú-im|Khí-gûn&lt;br&gt;chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2| [[Nńg-chhùi-kòa chú-im|Nńg-chhùi-kòa-im]]
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| [[Siaⁿ-mn̂g chú-im|Siaⁿ-mn̂g-im]]
|-
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
![[Iú-seng chú-im|Iú-seng]]
![[Bû-seng chú-im|Bû-seng]]
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Phīⁿ chú-im|Phīⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|
|'''{{IPAblink|m}}'''&lt;br&gt;m
|
|'''{{IPAblink|n}}'''&lt;br&gt;n
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ŋ}}'''&lt;br&gt;nng
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[That chú-im|That-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|'''{{IPAblink|p}}'''&lt;br&gt;p
|'''{{IPAblink|b}}'''&lt;br&gt;b
|'''{{IPAblink|t}}'''&lt;br&gt;t
|
|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|k}}'''&lt;br&gt;k
|'''{{IPAblink|g}}'''&lt;br&gt;g
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;[[Iú-khì chú-im|iú-khì]]&lt;/small&gt;
|'''[pʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;ph
|
|'''[tʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;th
|
|
|
|'''[kʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;kh
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Sat-chhat chú-im|Sat-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
! &lt;small&gt;bû-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|ts}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch,ts
|'''{{IPAblink|dz}}'''&lt;br&gt;j
|'''{{IPAblink|tɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;ch(i),ts(i)
|'''{{IPAblink|dʑ}}'''&lt;br&gt;j(i)
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
! &lt;small&gt;iú-khì&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''[tsʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh,tsh
|
|'''[tɕʰ]'''&lt;br&gt;chh(i),tsh(i)
|
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Bôa-chhat chú-im|Bôa-chhat-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|s}}'''&lt;br&gt;s
|
|'''{{IPAblink|ɕ}}'''&lt;br&gt;si
|
|colspan=2|
|'''{{IPAblink|h}}'''&lt;br&gt;h
|-
!colspan=2| &lt;small&gt;[[Piⁿ chu-im|Piⁿ-im]]&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|
|
|'''{{IPAblink|l}}'''&lt;br&gt;l
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|colspan=2|
|}
{|class=wikitable
|+Bóe-im
! !![[Siang-tûn chú-im|Siang-tûn-im]]!![[Khí-gûn chú-im|Khí-gûn-im]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]!![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[Phīⁿ-phòa|Phīⁿ-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[m]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-m||'''&lt;big&gt;[n]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-n||'''&lt;big&gt;[ŋ]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ng||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|◌̃}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-ⁿ,-N
|-align=center
![[Sat chú-im|Phòa-im]]
|'''&lt;big&gt;[p̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-p||'''&lt;big&gt;[t̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-t||'''&lt;big&gt;[k̚]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-k||'''&lt;big&gt;{{IPAblink|ʔ}}&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;-h
|}

# Chi̍h-téng sat-chhat chú-im and bôa-chhat-im ùi {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng ē piàn [[khí-gûn chhùi-kòa-im]], ia̍h chiō sī kóng {{IPA|/dzi/}}, {{IPA|/tsi/}}, {{IPA|/tsʰi/}}, kap {{IPA|/si/}} hông ho͘ chò {{IPA|[dʑi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕi]}}, {{IPA|[tɕʰi]}}, kap {{IPA|[ɕi]}}.
# Chú-im {{IPA|/dz/}} ū khó-lêng hông lí-kái chò bôa-chhat-im; ia̍h chiō tōa-hūn tiûⁿ-ha̍p sī hông tòng chò {{IPA|[z]}}, tī {{IPA|/i/}} thâu-chêng koh chò {{IPA|[ʑ]}}.
# Tī chi̍t kóa chêng-hêng, [[Iú-siaⁿ-im|Iú-siaⁿ]] phòa-im ({{IPA|/b/}} kap {{IPA|/ɡ/}}) hun-pia̍t piàn bôa-chhat-im ({{IPAblink|β}} kap {{IPAblink|ɣ}}).

=== Bó-im ===
{|class=wikitable
!rowspan=2| !!colspan=2|[[Chiân bó-im|Chiân]]!![[Tiong bó-im|Tiong-im]]!!colspan=2|[[Āu bó-im|Āu-im]]
!rowspan=5| !!colspan=2 rowspan=2|[[Im-chat chú-im]]
|-align=center
!Oral!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ-im]]!!Kháu!!Kháu!![[Phīⁿ bó-im|Phīⁿ]]
|-align=center
![[Ha̍p bó-im|Ha̍p-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|i}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;i||&lt;big&gt;'''[ĩ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;iⁿ||
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|u}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;u||&lt;big&gt;'''[ũ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;uⁿ
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[m̩]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;m
|rowspan=3|&lt;big&gt;'''[ŋ̍]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;ng
|-align=center
![[Pòaⁿ-khui bó-im|Pòaⁿ-khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|e}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;e||&lt;big&gt;'''[ẽ]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;eⁿ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ə}}, {{IPAblink|o}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o ㄜㄛ
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|ɔ}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;o͘||&lt;big&gt;'''[ɔ̃]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;oⁿ
|-align=center
![[Khui bó-im|Khui-im]]
|&lt;big&gt;'''{{IPAblink|a}}'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;a||&lt;big&gt;'''[ã]'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;aⁿ|| || ||
|}
&lt;!--
The vowel {{angle bracket|o}} is akin to a schwa; in contrast, {{angle bracket|[[o͘]]}} (with dot) is more open. In addition, there are several [[diphthong]]s and [[triphthong]]s (for example, {{angle bracket|iau}}). The consonants {{angle bracket|m}} and {{angle bracket|ng}} can function as a syllabic nucleus and are therefore included here as vowels. The vowels may be either plain or nasal: {{angle bracket|a}} is non-nasal, and {{angle bracket|aⁿ}} is the same vowel with concurrent nasal articulation. This is similar to [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and many other languages.

There are two pronunciations of vowel {{angle bracket|o}}. In the south (e.g., [[Tainan]] and [[Kaohsiung]]) it is {{IPA|[ə]}}; in the north (e.g., [[Taipei]]) it is {{IPA|[o]}}. Due to development of transportation and communication, both pronunciations are common and acceptable throughout the island.
--&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
=== Su-chì ===
* {{cite book|ref=harv|title=Southern Min Hokkien as a Migrating Language: A Comparative Study of Language Shift and Maintenance Across National Borders|first= Picus Sizhi |last=Ding|year=2016|publisher=Springer Singapore|isbn=978-981-287-594-5|language=Eng-gí}}

=== Chù-kha ===
{{reflist}}

== Liân-kiat ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20041014104924/www.holopedia.net/wiki.phtml?title=H%C5%8D-l%C3%B3-o%C4%93 ''Holopedia.net'' ê kū-pán-pún]

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Bân-lâm-gí]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê giân-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>7ze2wdzwlm998ltjsaceuhjutqnx4rj</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sú-bêng</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1986</id>
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[[Image:Su Bing.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Ia̍p Phok-bûn (葉博文) só· phian ê ''Hong-iá teng-hé-á: Sú-bêng'' (荒野孤燈：史明) chit-pún chheh. Chheh bīn-téng sī Sú-bêng khah siàu-liân ê sî-chūn hip ê siòng.]]

'''Sú-bêng''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 史明, [[Eng-gí]]: Bing Su, [[1918 nî]] [[11 goe̍h 9 ji̍t]] - ), pún-miâ '''Si Tiâu-hui''' (施朝暉), sī [[Tâi-oân To̍k-li̍p Ūn-tōng ê chó-phài|chó-phài]] [[Tâi-oân to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng]] ê tiōng-iàu jîn-bu̍t. I sī [[To̍k-li̍p Tâi-oân Hoē]] ê chhòng-sí-chiá kap ''[[Tâi-oân-lâng 400 Nî Sú]]''(台灣人四百年史) chit-pún chheh ê chok-chiá.

== Chá-kî ê seng-oa̍h==
Sú-bêng chhut-sì tī [[Tâi-pak-chhī]] [[Sū-lîm]], laū-pē sī [[Hong-goân]]-lâng Lîm Chè-chhoan (林濟川). Lîm Chè-chhoan liû-ha̍k [[Ji̍p-pún]] ê sî bat chham-ú [[Tâi-oân Bûn-hoà Hia̍p-hoē]] ê oa̍h-tāng, mā choè-koè ''[[Tâi-oân Chheng-liân]]'' ê pian-chi̍p. Laū-bú chhut-sì tī Sū-lîm ê tōa-chhù-té (hó-gia̍h lâng-tau). Sú-bêng 5-ê hiaⁿ-tī tang-tiong kan-na i chi̍t-ê lâng toè laū-bó ê sèⁿ-sī. Sú-bêng tha̍k [[Tâi-pak Tē-it Tiong-ha̍k-hāu|Tâi-pak It-tiong]] ê sî tio̍h khai-sí piáu-hiān chhut thó-iah Ji̍p-pún ê chêng-sû. 1937 nî i kaù Ji̍p-pún ê [[Waseda Tāi-ha̍k]] (早稻田大學) tha̍k [[chèng-tī]]-ha̍k. Tī Ji̍t-pún tha̍k-chheh kî-kan, i tha̍k-kòe chin-chōe iú-koan [[siā-hōe chú-gī]] kah [[bû-chèng-hú-chú-gī]] ê chok-phín. I te̍k-pia̍t kah-ì tha̍k [[Ma-lia̍t-chú-gī|Marx-chú-gī]], che kā i chhim-chhim ê khip-ín--tio̍h. Tāi-ha̍k chhut-gia̍p (pit-gia̍p) liáu-āu, i phāu-chhî tio̍h sûn-chin ê siā-hōe chú-gī lí-liām kah kian-koat hóan-tùi [[tè-kok-chú-gī]] ê ì-chí, tī 1942 nî ê sî-chūn lâi-kàu [[Tiong-kok Tāi-lio̍k]], chi-ōan [[Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng]] ê [[khòng-Ji̍t chiàn-cheng]]. 1947 nî, i chhōa-thâu cho·-sêng 1-ki iok-lio̍k 300-lâng chó-iū ê &quot;Tâi-ôan tūi&quot;. Chit-pái ê Tāi-lio̍k keng-giām, hō· Sú-bêng thâu-1-pái sán-seng [[Tâi-to̍k]] chit-ê siūⁿ-hoat. 

[[Image:Su Bing Infant.jpg|left|thumb|250px|[[1918 nî]], kok sī [[âng-eⁿ-á]] ê Sú-bêng kah i ê lāu-pē lāu-bú tàu-tīn hip ê siòng.]]
Sú-bêng khai-sí tùi Tiong-kok kám-kak sit-bōng, sī in-ūi Tiong-kok ê kek-bēng. Hit-ê sî-chūn, i bêng-hián kám-siū tio̍h &quot;Tiong-kiōng chin to̍k-chhâi&quot;, &quot;Tiong-kiōng thó·-tē kái-kek, m̄-nā siu thó·-tē, mā thâi-sí tē-chú, tē-chú sí kah chiâⁿ chhi-chhám&quot;. Che í-gōa, tī Tiong-kok ê khòng-Ji̍t chiàn-cheng tang-tiong, Sú-bêng chhin-ba̍k khòaⁿ-tio̍h Tiong-kok-lâng chân-kok ê &quot;Hàn-jîn [[chéng-cho̍k-chú-gī]]&quot;, Tâi-ôan-lâng (peng-á) tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ hōng phài-óng chiàn-cheng ê siōng chiân-sòaⁿ, hi-seng siōng-kài chōe, Tiong-kiōng thiau-kang iōng &quot;hun-hòa chèng-chhek&quot; lâi tùi-thāi Tâi-ôan-lâng, hông-káu sio-kā, sái-lōng [[Hō-ló]]-lâng kah [[Kheh-ka|Kheh-lâng]] oan-ke sio-phah. Chū án-ne, Sú-bêng kā-tiāⁿ ji̍t-āu &quot;Tâi-ôan-lâng m̄-thang kah Tiong-kok-lâng kiâⁿ chò-hóe&quot;. 

1949 nî, tī Tiong-kiōng teh-beh sèng-lī chìn-chêng, Sú Bêng chin bô kán-tan chiah tô-lī Tāi-lio̍k, tò-tńg-khì lī-pia̍t chiong-kīn 10-nî sî-kan ê Tâi-ôan. 1952 nî, Sú Bêng cho·-chit 1-phâng lâng, tī Tâi-pak chhī-gōa chún-pī beh chhì-sat [[Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k]], bô-gî-gō· tāi-chì thê-chêng piak-khang, ko·-put-jî-chiong, Sú Bêng khòaⁿ-phòa kóaⁿ-kín tô-bông khì Ji̍t-pún.

==Ji̍t-pún liû-liōng-kì==
Sú-bêng tô-bông kàu Ji̍t-pún liáu-āu, ūi seng-o̍ah só· pek, bat tiàm [[Ikebukuro]] (池袋) khui kòe 1-keng miâ hō·-chò &quot;Sin-tin-bī&quot; (新珍味) ê liāu-lí-tiàm, chò--ê sī sió-pún seng-lí, múi-kang bōe [[chúi-kiáu]], [[siau-māi]] (燒賣) kah [[ló·-mī]] (卤麵) tō·-3-tǹg. 

Tú kàu Ji̍t-pún ê sî-chūn, Sú-bêng bat khì kau-phôe tio̍h [[Tâi-ôan Chheng-liân-siā]] ê [[Ông Io̍k-tek]] sian-siⁿ, i kóng Ông Io̍k-tek sī chi̍t-ê chiâⁿ ū châi-chêng ê lâng. Put-jī-kò, in-ūi kok-lâng ê koan-liām kah tui-kiû ê bo̍k-piau bô-siâng, bô-lōa-kú liáu-āu to̍h sûi-lâng-kiâⁿ ah. [[1967 nî]] 4--go̍eh, Sú-bêng tiàm [[Tang-kiaⁿ]] chhòng-li̍p [[Tâi-ôan To̍k-li̍p Liân-ha̍p-hōe]], chham-ka ê thôan-thé pau-koah: &quot;Tâi-ôan Bîn-chú To̍k-li̍p-tóng&quot;, &quot;Tâi-ôan Chū-iû To̍k-li̍p-tóng&quot;, &quot;Tâi-ôan Kiōng-hô-tóng&quot;, &quot;Tâi-ôan To̍k-li̍p Chiàn-sòaⁿ&quot; kah &quot;Tâi-ôan Kong-hōe&quot;. Koh kòe bô-lōa-kú, in-ūi bô-hoat-tō· hia̍p-tiāu Tâi-ôan Chheng-liân To̍k-li̍p Liân-bêng kah Tâi-ôan To̍k-li̍p Chóng-tông-bêng chit-2-ê cho·-chit lâi ka-ji̍p, Liân-ha̍p-hōe chôaⁿ soan-kò kái-sàn. 

Tâi-ôan To̍k-li̍p Liân-ha̍p-hōe kái-sàn liáu-āu, Sú-bêng iū-koh tio̍h-chhiú tiû-pī kah cho·-kiàn &quot;To̍k-li̍p Tâi-ôan-hōe&quot; (khah phian-hiàng chó-phài sè-le̍k), sêng-ôan iok-lio̍k 70 ê lâng. Chit-ê cho·-chit chú-tiuⁿ &quot;chú chiàn-tiûⁿ tī (Tâi-ôan) tó lāi&quot;, in chiâⁿ kut-la̍t teh chò iú-koan Tâi-ôan-tó-lāi ê tē-hā kang-chok kah [[kûn-chiòng oa̍h-tōng]]. In chham-ú chin chōe Tâi-to̍k ê àn-kiāⁿ, pí-lūn kóng: [[1967 nî]] ê [[Gân Ín-mô·]] (顏尹謨) àn, [[1974 nî]] ê [[Tīⁿ Phêng]] (鄭評) àn, [[1983 nî]] ê [[Lô· Siu-it]] (盧修一) àn kah [[1991 nî]] ê [[Tân Chèng-jiân]] (陳正然) àn téng-téng. Siâng-sî, chit-ê cho·-chit koh chhut-pán ''To̍k-li̍p Tâi-ôan'' chit-hūn cha̍p-chì, tī pò-thâu bêng-khak ê chù-bêng &quot;Tâi-ôan jîn-bîn kái-hòng kek-bēng tīn-sòaⁿ ki-koan chì&quot;.

==''[[Tâi-oân-lâng 400 Nî Sú]]''==
Tî-liáu chèng-tī oa̍h-tāng, Sú-bêng mā iōng chin-chē sî-kan teh siu-chi̍p Tâi-oân le̍k-sú ê chu-liāu. I chêng-aū hoa-hùi 10 nî ê sî-kan, iōng Ji̍t-gí siá ''[[Tâi-oân-lâng 400 nî sú]]'' (Tang-kiaⁿ 音羽書房 1962 nî) chit-pún chheh. Chit-pún chheh ē-sài kóng sī tē-it pún khiā tī Tâi-oân-lâng li̍p-tiûⁿ lâi siá ê Tâi-oân thong-sú. [[1980 nî]] chit-pún chheh ê [[Hôa-gí]] pán chhut-pán ([[Ka-chiu, San Jose]]: 蓬島文化公司 1980 nî). 1986 nî chhut-pán [[Eng-gí]] kán-hoà pán (''Taiwan's 400 Year History: The Origins and Continuing Development of the Taiwanese Society and People''.  Washington, DC:  Taiwanese Cultural Grassroots Association). Sú-bêng siōng tiōng-iàu ê le̍k-sú-koan sī kiông-tiāu ài àn Tâi-oân [[lô-khó· tāi-chiòng]] ê li̍p-tiûⁿ lâi khoàⁿ Tâi-oân siā-hoē kok kai-toā ê hêng-sêng kap hoat-tián. Mā ē-sái kóng, sui-jiân Sú-bêng pâi-tek Tiong-kok [[kiōng-sán-chú-gī]], m̄-koh i m̄-bat hòng-khì [[Marx-chú-gī]] ê sìn-gióng.

Ūi-tio̍h beh siá chit-pún chheh, i tī Ji̍t-pún Kok-hoē Tô·-sū-koán kap Tang-kiaⁿ ê Hibiya (日比谷) Tô·-sū-koán chaú-chhoē kap Tâi-oân iú-koan ê le̍k-sú chu-liāu. Tī chit-pún chheh ê thâu-sū, i án-nē piáu-sī: 

:''Lán Tâi-oân-lâng tùi ka-kī ê siā-hoē hoat-tián-sú chin chheⁿ-so·, ē-sài kóng oân-choân bô liáu-kái...  In-ùi khiàm-chió tùi Tâi-oân le̍k-sú hoat-tián ê liáu-kái, só·-í pō·-hūn Tâi-oân-lâng (te̍k-pia̍t sī [[tì-sek hūn-chú]]) in sim-tiong ê [[pún-thó· ì-sek]], pit-jiân sī hiah-nī-á nńg-chiáⁿ, he̍k-chiá kóng chûn-chāi giâm-tiōng ê khoat-hām.  Chit-khoán ê khoat-tiám chò·-sêng Tâi-oân kàu-taⁿ iu-gôan bô-hoat-tō pái-thoat 400-gōa-nî ê goā-lâi si̍t-bîn thóng-tī.''

Sú-bêng kā 228-sū-kiāⁿ khòaⁿ-chò Tâi-ôan-lâng tui-kiû to̍k-li̍p ê piáu-hiān hong-sek. Sú-bêng chiong Tâi-ôan ê le̍k-sú kah tn̂g-kî hō· lâng [[si̍t-bîn thóng-tī]] khòaⁿ-chò kāng sèng-chit ê chi̍t-chân tāi-chì, i jīn-ûi he sī Tâi-ôan-lâng ūi-siáⁿ-mi̍h beh cheng-chhú to̍k-li̍p ê tiōng-iàu gôan-in. Chit-pún ''Tâi-ôan-lâng 400 nî sú'' ê chheh, chêng 1980 nî thong-kòe tē-hā kóan-tō ín-ji̍p Tâi-ôan liáu-āu, soah lâi kiò-chhéⁿ tio̍h bōe-chió pún-tó siàu-liân-lâng ê [[Tâi-ôan ì-sek]], iû-kî tùi 228 í-āu chhut-sì ê lâng lâi kóng, chit-pún chheh tùi in ê pang-chān ûn-á sǹg-kóng put-chí-á tōa.

==Hôe Tâi==
[[File:Su Beng at Xinzhuang 2007.jpg|thumb|Sú Bêng tī 2007 nî--ê Bîn-chìn-tóng pān--ê oa̍t-tāng]]
Tâi-ôan [[bîn-chú-hòa]] liáu-āu, hō· lâng khòaⁿ-chò sī &quot;chòe-āu 1-ê [[o·-miâ-toaⁿ]]&quot; ê Sú-bêng, chóng-sǹg tī [[1993 nî]] chài-chhù hôe-kàu kò·-hiong Tâi-ôan. Liáu-āu, i cho·-chit sêng-li̍p [[Tâi-pak Ài-hiong-hōe]], [[Ko-hiông Ài-hiong-hōe]] chit-khóan ê ki-chân cho·-chit. Che í-gōa, Sú-bêng iu-gôan kè-sio̍k teh thui-sak [[To̍k-li̍p Tâi-oân Hōe]] ê chèng-tī lí-liām kah khòng-cheng lō·-sòaⁿ.

Sú-bêng tī 2005 nî 3 ge̍h, Tiong-kok phiàn-bīn thong-koè ''[[Hoán-hun-lia̍t Hoat]]'' āu, kap Tâi-tāi--ê ha̍k-seng tī Tâi-tāi hāu-mn̂g chēng-chē khòng-gī. Í-āu kah chi-chhî-chiá tī [[Thô-hn̂g Ki-tiûⁿ]] hit-tah-á hun-pia̍t chó͘-tóng khóng-gī [[Kang Béng-khun]] (江丙坤) tùi Tiong-kok tńg kap [[Liân Chiàn]] khì tùi-hoāⁿ.

2007 nî 12 goe̍h 16 ji̍t, i tài-pēⁿ khì [[Tâi-oân Thoân-kiat Liân-bêng]] [[Li̍p-hoat Úi-oân|Li̍p-úi]] chham-soán-jîn [[Lîm Chì-ka]] (林志嘉) kèng-soán chóng-pō͘ sêng-li̍p-hoē.

2009 nî 4 goe̍h 22 ji̍t, chhoā Tâi-oân To̍k-li̍p Soan-thoân Chhia-tūi kap Kong-tâu Hō͘ Tâi-oân Liân-bêng [[Chhoà Teng-kùi]] (蔡丁貴) pān--ê &quot;Bē sóng, chhut-lâi kiâⁿ&quot; oa̍t-tāng, chū [[Hêng-chhun]] kiâⁿ kàu [[Tâi-pak]], soah koh chham-ka 517 Toā Iû-hêng.

2014 nî 3 ge̍h [[Thài-iông-hoe Ha̍k-ūn]] chiàm [[Li̍p-hoat-īⁿ]] āu, Sú-bêng mā chham-ka koh ián-káng.

== Tù-chok ==
* 史明 (1962). 台灣人四百年史 [http://www.cotaiwan.info/SBTATI/SBTATI_SBpublish_200TW400J.nsf/WebChap?OpenView Ji̍t-bûn sòaⁿ-téng pán].
* Su Bing, ''Taiwan's 400 Year History: The Origins and Continuing Development of the Taiwanese Society and People'' (Washington, D.C.: Taiwanese Cultural Grassroots Association, 1986)

[[Category:Tâi-to̍k ūn-tōng chham-ú-chiá]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân ha̍k-chiá]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân chok-ka]]</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Featured ariticle}}
[[Image:Su Bing.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Ia̍p Phok-bûn (葉博文) só· phian ê ''Hong-iá teng-hé-á: Sú-bêng'' (荒野孤燈：史明) chit-pún chheh. Chheh bīn-téng sī Sú-bêng khah siàu-liân ê sî-chūn hip ê siòng.]]

'''Sú-bêng''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 史明, [[Eng-gí]]: Bing Su, [[1918 nî]] [[11 goe̍h 9 ji̍t]] - ), pún-miâ '''Si Tiâu-hui''' (施朝暉), sī [[Tâi-oân To̍k-li̍p Ūn-tōng ê chó-phài|chó-phài]] [[Tâi-oân to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng]] ê tiōng-iàu jîn-bu̍t. I sī [[To̍k-li̍p Tâi-oân Hoē]] ê chhòng-sí-chiá kap ''[[Tâi-oân-lâng 400 Nî Sú]]''(台灣人四百年史) chit-pún chheh ê chok-chiá.

== Chá-kî ê seng-oa̍h==
Sú-bêng chhut-sì tī [[Tâi-pak-chhī]] [[Sū-lîm]], laū-pē sī [[Hong-goân]]-lâng Lîm Chè-chhoan (林濟川). Lîm Chè-chhoan liû-ha̍k [[Ji̍p-pún]] ê sî bat chham-ú [[Tâi-oân Bûn-hoà Hia̍p-hoē]] ê oa̍h-tāng, mā choè-koè ''[[Tâi-oân Chheng-liân]]'' ê pian-chi̍p. Laū-bú chhut-sì tī Sū-lîm ê tōa-chhù-té (hó-gia̍h lâng-tau). Sú-bêng 5-ê hiaⁿ-tī tang-tiong kan-na i chi̍t-ê lâng toè laū-bó ê sèⁿ-sī. Sú-bêng tha̍k [[Tâi-pak Tē-it Tiong-ha̍k-hāu|Tâi-pak It-tiong]] ê sî tio̍h khai-sí piáu-hiān chhut thó-iah Ji̍p-pún ê chêng-sû. 1937 nî i kaù Ji̍p-pún ê [[Waseda Tāi-ha̍k]] (早稻田大學) tha̍k [[chèng-tī]]-ha̍k. Tī Ji̍t-pún tha̍k-chheh kî-kan, i tha̍k-kòe chin-chōe iú-koan [[siā-hōe chú-gī]] kah [[bû-chèng-hú-chú-gī]] ê chok-phín. I te̍k-pia̍t kah-ì tha̍k [[Ma-lia̍t-chú-gī|Marx-chú-gī]], che kā i chhim-chhim ê khip-ín--tio̍h. Tāi-ha̍k chhut-gia̍p (pit-gia̍p) liáu-āu, i phāu-chhî tio̍h sûn-chin ê siā-hōe chú-gī lí-liām kah kian-koat hóan-tùi [[tè-kok-chú-gī]] ê ì-chí, tī 1942 nî ê sî-chūn lâi-kàu [[Tiong-kok Tāi-lio̍k]], chi-ōan [[Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng]] ê [[khòng-Ji̍t chiàn-cheng]]. 1947 nî, i chhōa-thâu cho·-sêng 1-ki iok-lio̍k 300-lâng chó-iū ê &quot;Tâi-ôan tūi&quot;. Chit-pái ê Tāi-lio̍k keng-giām, hō· Sú-bêng thâu-1-pái sán-seng [[Tâi-to̍k]] chit-ê siūⁿ-hoat. 

[[Image:Su Bing Infant.jpg|left|thumb|250px|[[1918 nî]], kok sī [[âng-eⁿ-á]] ê Sú-bêng kah i ê lāu-pē lāu-bú tàu-tīn hip ê siòng.]]
Sú-bêng khai-sí tùi Tiong-kok kám-kak sit-bōng, sī in-ūi Tiong-kok ê kek-bēng. Hit-ê sî-chūn, i bêng-hián kám-siū tio̍h &quot;Tiong-kiōng chin to̍k-chhâi&quot;, &quot;Tiong-kiōng thó·-tē kái-kek, m̄-nā siu thó·-tē, mā thâi-sí tē-chú, tē-chú sí kah chiâⁿ chhi-chhám&quot;. Che í-gōa, tī Tiong-kok ê khòng-Ji̍t chiàn-cheng tang-tiong, Sú-bêng chhin-ba̍k khòaⁿ-tio̍h Tiong-kok-lâng chân-kok ê &quot;Hàn-jîn [[chéng-cho̍k-chú-gī]]&quot;, Tâi-ôan-lâng (peng-á) tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ hōng phài-óng chiàn-cheng ê siōng chiân-sòaⁿ, hi-seng siōng-kài chōe, Tiong-kiōng thiau-kang iōng &quot;hun-hòa chèng-chhek&quot; lâi tùi-thāi Tâi-ôan-lâng, hông-káu sio-kā, sái-lōng [[Hō-ló]]-lâng kah [[Kheh-ka|Kheh-lâng]] oan-ke sio-phah. Chū án-ne, Sú-bêng kā-tiāⁿ ji̍t-āu &quot;Tâi-ôan-lâng m̄-thang kah Tiong-kok-lâng kiâⁿ chò-hóe&quot;. 

1949 nî, tī Tiong-kiōng teh-beh sèng-lī chìn-chêng, Sú Bêng chin bô kán-tan chiah tô-lī Tāi-lio̍k, tò-tńg-khì lī-pia̍t chiong-kīn 10-nî sî-kan ê Tâi-ôan. 1952 nî, Sú Bêng cho·-chit 1-phâng lâng, tī Tâi-pak chhī-gōa chún-pī beh chhì-sat [[Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k]], bô-gî-gō· tāi-chì thê-chêng piak-khang, ko·-put-jî-chiong, Sú Bêng khòaⁿ-phòa kóaⁿ-kín tô-bông khì Ji̍t-pún.

==Ji̍t-pún liû-liōng-kì==
Sú-bêng tô-bông kàu Ji̍t-pún liáu-āu, ūi seng-o̍ah só· pek, bat tiàm [[Ikebukuro]] (池袋) khui kòe 1-keng miâ hō·-chò &quot;Sin-tin-bī&quot; (新珍味) ê liāu-lí-tiàm, chò--ê sī sió-pún seng-lí, múi-kang bōe [[chúi-kiáu]], [[siau-māi]] (燒賣) kah [[ló·-mī]] (卤麵) tō·-3-tǹg. 

Tú kàu Ji̍t-pún ê sî-chūn, Sú-bêng bat khì kau-phôe tio̍h [[Tâi-ôan Chheng-liân-siā]] ê [[Ông Io̍k-tek]] sian-siⁿ, i kóng Ông Io̍k-tek sī chi̍t-ê chiâⁿ ū châi-chêng ê lâng. Put-jī-kò, in-ūi kok-lâng ê koan-liām kah tui-kiû ê bo̍k-piau bô-siâng, bô-lōa-kú liáu-āu to̍h sûi-lâng-kiâⁿ ah. [[1967 nî]] 4--go̍eh, Sú-bêng tiàm [[Tang-kiaⁿ]] chhòng-li̍p [[Tâi-ôan To̍k-li̍p Liân-ha̍p-hōe]], chham-ka ê thôan-thé pau-koah: &quot;Tâi-ôan Bîn-chú To̍k-li̍p-tóng&quot;, &quot;Tâi-ôan Chū-iû To̍k-li̍p-tóng&quot;, &quot;Tâi-ôan Kiōng-hô-tóng&quot;, &quot;Tâi-ôan To̍k-li̍p Chiàn-sòaⁿ&quot; kah &quot;Tâi-ôan Kong-hōe&quot;. Koh kòe bô-lōa-kú, in-ūi bô-hoat-tō· hia̍p-tiāu Tâi-ôan Chheng-liân To̍k-li̍p Liân-bêng kah Tâi-ôan To̍k-li̍p Chóng-tông-bêng chit-2-ê cho·-chit lâi ka-ji̍p, Liân-ha̍p-hōe chôaⁿ soan-kò kái-sàn. 

Tâi-ôan To̍k-li̍p Liân-ha̍p-hōe kái-sàn liáu-āu, Sú-bêng iū-koh tio̍h-chhiú tiû-pī kah cho·-kiàn &quot;To̍k-li̍p Tâi-ôan-hōe&quot; (khah phian-hiàng chó-phài sè-le̍k), sêng-ôan iok-lio̍k 70 ê lâng. Chit-ê cho·-chit chú-tiuⁿ &quot;chú chiàn-tiûⁿ tī (Tâi-ôan) tó lāi&quot;, in chiâⁿ kut-la̍t teh chò iú-koan Tâi-ôan-tó-lāi ê tē-hā kang-chok kah [[kûn-chiòng oa̍h-tōng]]. In chham-ú chin chōe Tâi-to̍k ê àn-kiāⁿ, pí-lūn kóng: [[1967 nî]] ê [[Gân Ín-mô·]] (顏尹謨) àn, [[1974 nî]] ê [[Tīⁿ Phêng]] (鄭評) àn, [[1983 nî]] ê [[Lô· Siu-it]] (盧修一) àn kah [[1991 nî]] ê [[Tân Chèng-jiân]] (陳正然) àn téng-téng. Siâng-sî, chit-ê cho·-chit koh chhut-pán ''To̍k-li̍p Tâi-ôan'' chit-hūn cha̍p-chì, tī pò-thâu bêng-khak ê chù-bêng &quot;Tâi-ôan jîn-bîn kái-hòng kek-bēng tīn-sòaⁿ ki-koan chì&quot;.

==''[[Tâi-oân-lâng 400 Nî Sú]]''==
Tî-liáu chèng-tī oa̍h-tāng, Sú-bêng mā iōng chin-chē sî-kan teh siu-chi̍p Tâi-oân le̍k-sú ê chu-liāu. I chêng-aū hoa-hùi 10 nî ê sî-kan, iōng Ji̍t-gí siá ''[[Tâi-oân-lâng 400 nî sú]]'' (Tang-kiaⁿ 音羽書房 1962 nî) chit-pún chheh. Chit-pún chheh ē-sài kóng sī tē-it pún khiā tī Tâi-oân-lâng li̍p-tiûⁿ lâi siá ê Tâi-oân thong-sú. [[1980 nî]] chit-pún chheh ê [[Hôa-gí]] pán chhut-pán ([[Ka-chiu, San Jose]]: 蓬島文化公司 1980 nî). 1986 nî chhut-pán [[Eng-gí]] kán-hoà pán (''Taiwan's 400 Year History: The Origins and Continuing Development of the Taiwanese Society and People''.  Washington, DC:  Taiwanese Cultural Grassroots Association). Sú-bêng siōng tiōng-iàu ê le̍k-sú-koan sī kiông-tiāu ài àn Tâi-oân [[lô-khó· tāi-chiòng]] ê li̍p-tiûⁿ lâi khoàⁿ Tâi-oân siā-hoē kok kai-toā ê hêng-sêng kap hoat-tián. Mā ē-sái kóng, sui-jiân Sú-bêng pâi-tek Tiong-kok [[kiōng-sán-chú-gī]], m̄-koh i m̄-bat hòng-khì [[Marx-chú-gī]] ê sìn-gióng.

Ūi-tio̍h beh siá chit-pún chheh, i tī Ji̍t-pún Kok-hoē Tô·-sū-koán kap Tang-kiaⁿ ê Hibiya (日比谷) Tô·-sū-koán chaú-chhoē kap Tâi-oân iú-koan ê le̍k-sú chu-liāu. Tī chit-pún chheh ê thâu-sū, i án-nē piáu-sī: 

:''Lán Tâi-oân-lâng tùi ka-kī ê siā-hoē hoat-tián-sú chin chheⁿ-so·, ē-sài kóng oân-choân bô liáu-kái...  In-ùi khiàm-chió tùi Tâi-oân le̍k-sú hoat-tián ê liáu-kái, só·-í pō·-hūn Tâi-oân-lâng (te̍k-pia̍t sī [[tì-sek hūn-chú]]) in sim-tiong ê [[pún-thó· ì-sek]], pit-jiân sī hiah-nī-á nńg-chiáⁿ, he̍k-chiá kóng chûn-chāi giâm-tiōng ê khoat-hām.  Chit-khoán ê khoat-tiám chò·-sêng Tâi-oân kàu-taⁿ iu-gôan bô-hoat-tō pái-thoat 400-gōa-nî ê goā-lâi si̍t-bîn thóng-tī.''

Sú-bêng kā 228-sū-kiāⁿ khòaⁿ-chò Tâi-ôan-lâng tui-kiû to̍k-li̍p ê piáu-hiān hong-sek. Sú-bêng chiong Tâi-ôan ê le̍k-sú kah tn̂g-kî hō· lâng [[si̍t-bîn thóng-tī]] khòaⁿ-chò kāng sèng-chit ê chi̍t-chân tāi-chì, i jīn-ûi he sī Tâi-ôan-lâng ūi-siáⁿ-mi̍h beh cheng-chhú to̍k-li̍p ê tiōng-iàu gôan-in. Chit-pún ''Tâi-ôan-lâng 400 nî sú'' ê chheh, chêng 1980 nî thong-kòe tē-hā kóan-tō ín-ji̍p Tâi-ôan liáu-āu, soah lâi kiò-chhéⁿ tio̍h bōe-chió pún-tó siàu-liân-lâng ê [[Tâi-ôan ì-sek]], iû-kî tùi 228 í-āu chhut-sì ê lâng lâi kóng, chit-pún chheh tùi in ê pang-chān ûn-á sǹg-kóng put-chí-á tōa.

==Hôe Tâi==
[[File:Su Beng at Xinzhuang 2007.jpg|thumb|Sú Bêng tī 2007 nî--ê Bîn-chìn-tóng pān--ê oa̍t-tāng]]
Tâi-ôan [[bîn-chú-hòa]] liáu-āu, hō· lâng khòaⁿ-chò sī &quot;chòe-āu 1-ê [[o·-miâ-toaⁿ]]&quot; ê Sú-bêng, chóng-sǹg tī [[1993 nî]] chài-chhù hôe-kàu kò·-hiong Tâi-ôan. Liáu-āu, i cho·-chit sêng-li̍p [[Tâi-pak Ài-hiong-hōe]], [[Ko-hiông Ài-hiong-hōe]] chit-khóan ê ki-chân cho·-chit. Che í-gōa, Sú-bêng iu-gôan kè-sio̍k teh thui-sak [[To̍k-li̍p Tâi-oân Hōe]] ê chèng-tī lí-liām kah khòng-cheng lō·-sòaⁿ.

Sú-bêng tī 2005 nî 3 ge̍h, Tiong-kok phiàn-bīn thong-koè ''[[Hoán-hun-lia̍t Hoat]]'' āu, kap Tâi-tāi--ê ha̍k-seng tī Tâi-tāi hāu-mn̂g chēng-chē khòng-gī. Í-āu kah chi-chhî-chiá tī [[Thô-hn̂g Ki-tiûⁿ]] hit-tah-á hun-pia̍t chó͘-tóng khóng-gī [[Kang Béng-khun]] (江丙坤) tùi Tiong-kok tńg kap [[Liân Chiàn]] khì tùi-hoāⁿ.

2007 nî 12 goe̍h 16 ji̍t, i tài-pēⁿ khì [[Tâi-oân Thoân-kiat Liân-bêng]] [[Li̍p-hoat Úi-oân|Li̍p-úi]] chham-soán-jîn [[Lîm Chì-ka]] (林志嘉) kèng-soán chóng-pō͘ sêng-li̍p-hoē.

2009 nî 4 goe̍h 22 ji̍t, chhoā Tâi-oân To̍k-li̍p Soan-thoân Chhia-tūi kap Kong-tâu Hō͘ Tâi-oân Liân-bêng [[Chhoà Teng-kùi]] (蔡丁貴) pān--ê &quot;Bē sóng, chhut-lâi kiâⁿ&quot; oa̍t-tāng, chū [[Hêng-chhun]] kiâⁿ kàu [[Tâi-pak]], soah koh chham-ka 517 Toā Iû-hêng.

2014 nî 3 ge̍h [[Thài-iông-hoe Ha̍k-ūn]] chiàm [[Li̍p-hoat-īⁿ]] āu, Sú-bêng mā chham-ka koh ián-káng.

== Tù-chok ==
* 史明 (1962). 台灣人四百年史 [http://www.cotaiwan.info/SBTATI/SBTATI_SBpublish_200TW400J.nsf/WebChap?OpenView Ji̍t-bûn sòaⁿ-téng pán].
* Su Bing, ''Taiwan's 400 Year History: The Origins and Continuing Development of the Taiwanese Society and People'' (Washington, D.C.: Taiwanese Cultural Grassroots Association, 1986)

[[Category:Tâi-to̍k ūn-tōng chham-ú-chiá]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân ha̍k-chiá]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân chok-ka]]</text>
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[[Image:Su Bing.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Ia̍p Phok-bûn (葉博文) só· phian ê ''Hong-iá teng-hé-á: Sú-bêng'' (荒野孤燈：史明) chit-pún chheh. Chheh bīn-téng sī Sú-bêng khah siàu-liân ê sî-chūn hip ê siòng.]]

'''Sú-bêng''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 史明, [[Eng-gí]]: Bing Su, [[1918 nî]] [[11 goe̍h 9 ji̍t]] - ), pún-miâ '''Si Tiâu-hui''' (施朝暉), sī [[Tâi-oân To̍k-li̍p Ūn-tōng ê chó-phài|chó-phài]] [[Tâi-oân to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng]] ê tiōng-iàu jîn-bu̍t. I sī [[To̍k-li̍p Tâi-oân Hoē]] ê chhòng-sí-chiá kap ''[[Tâi-oân-lâng 400 Nî Sú]]''(台灣人四百年史) chit-pún chheh ê chok-chiá.

== Chá-kî ê seng-oa̍h==
Sú-bêng chhut-sì tī [[Tâi-pak-chhī]] [[Sū-lîm]], laū-pē sī [[Hong-goân]]-lâng Lîm Chè-chhoan (林濟川). Lîm Chè-chhoan liû-ha̍k [[Ji̍p-pún]] ê sî bat chham-ú [[Tâi-oân Bûn-hoà Hia̍p-hoē]] ê oa̍h-tāng, mā choè-koè ''[[Tâi-oân Chheng-liân]]'' ê pian-chi̍p. Laū-bú chhut-sì tī Sū-lîm ê tōa-chhù-té (hó-gia̍h lâng-tau). Sú-bêng 5-ê hiaⁿ-tī tang-tiong kan-na i chi̍t-ê lâng toè laū-bó ê sèⁿ-sī. Sú-bêng tha̍k [[Tâi-pak Tē-it Tiong-ha̍k-hāu|Tâi-pak It-tiong]] ê sî tio̍h khai-sí piáu-hiān chhut thó-iah Ji̍p-pún ê chêng-sû. 1937 nî i kaù Ji̍p-pún ê [[Waseda Tāi-ha̍k]] (早稻田大學) tha̍k [[chèng-tī]]-ha̍k. Tī Ji̍t-pún tha̍k-chheh kî-kan, i tha̍k-kòe chin-chōe iú-koan [[siā-hōe chú-gī]] kah [[bû-chèng-hú-chú-gī]] ê chok-phín. I te̍k-pia̍t kah-ì tha̍k [[Ma-lia̍t-chú-gī|Marx-chú-gī]], che kā i chhim-chhim ê khip-ín--tio̍h. Tāi-ha̍k chhut-gia̍p (pit-gia̍p) liáu-āu, i phāu-chhî tio̍h sûn-chin ê siā-hōe chú-gī lí-liām kah kian-koat hóan-tùi [[tè-kok-chú-gī]] ê ì-chí, tī 1942 nî ê sî-chūn lâi-kàu [[Tiong-kok Tāi-lio̍k]], chi-ōan [[Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng]] ê [[khòng-Ji̍t chiàn-cheng]]. 1947 nî, i chhōa-thâu cho·-sêng 1-ki iok-lio̍k 300-lâng chó-iū ê &quot;Tâi-ôan tūi&quot;. Chit-pái ê Tāi-lio̍k keng-giām, hō· Sú-bêng thâu-1-pái sán-seng [[Tâi-to̍k]] chit-ê siūⁿ-hoat. 

[[Image:Su Bing Infant.jpg|left|thumb|250px|[[1918 nî]], kok sī [[âng-eⁿ-á]] ê Sú-bêng kah i ê lāu-pē lāu-bú tàu-tīn hip ê siòng.]]
Sú-bêng khai-sí tùi Tiong-kok kám-kak sit-bōng, sī in-ūi Tiong-kok ê kek-bēng. Hit-ê sî-chūn, i bêng-hián kám-siū tio̍h &quot;Tiong-kiōng chin to̍k-chhâi&quot;, &quot;Tiong-kiōng thó·-tē kái-kek, m̄-nā siu thó·-tē, mā thâi-sí tē-chú, tē-chú sí kah chiâⁿ chhi-chhám&quot;. Che í-gōa, tī Tiong-kok ê khòng-Ji̍t chiàn-cheng tang-tiong, Sú-bêng chhin-ba̍k khòaⁿ-tio̍h Tiong-kok-lâng chân-kok ê &quot;Hàn-jîn [[chéng-cho̍k-chú-gī]]&quot;, Tâi-ôan-lâng (peng-á) tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ hōng phài-óng chiàn-cheng ê siōng chiân-sòaⁿ, hi-seng siōng-kài chōe, Tiong-kiōng thiau-kang iōng &quot;hun-hòa chèng-chhek&quot; lâi tùi-thāi Tâi-ôan-lâng, hông-káu sio-kā, sái-lōng [[Hō-ló]]-lâng kah [[Kheh-ka|Kheh-lâng]] oan-ke sio-phah. Chū án-ne, Sú-bêng kā-tiāⁿ ji̍t-āu &quot;Tâi-ôan-lâng m̄-thang kah Tiong-kok-lâng kiâⁿ chò-hóe&quot;. 

1949 nî, tī Tiong-kiōng teh-beh sèng-lī chìn-chêng, Sú Bêng chin bô kán-tan chiah tô-lī Tāi-lio̍k, tò-tńg-khì lī-pia̍t chiong-kīn 10-nî sî-kan ê Tâi-ôan. 1952 nî, Sú Bêng cho·-chit 1-phâng lâng, tī Tâi-pak chhī-gōa chún-pī beh chhì-sat [[Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k]], bô-gî-gō· tāi-chì thê-chêng piak-khang, ko·-put-jî-chiong, Sú Bêng khòaⁿ-phòa kóaⁿ-kín tô-bông khì Ji̍t-pún.

==Ji̍t-pún liû-liōng-kì==
Sú-bêng tô-bông kàu Ji̍t-pún liáu-āu, ūi seng-o̍ah só· pek, bat tiàm [[Ikebukuro]] (池袋) khui kòe 1-keng miâ hō·-chò &quot;Sin-tin-bī&quot; (新珍味) ê liāu-lí-tiàm, chò--ê sī sió-pún seng-lí, múi-kang bōe [[chúi-kiáu]], [[siau-māi]] (燒賣) kah [[ló·-mī]] (卤麵) tō·-3-tǹg. 

Tú kàu Ji̍t-pún ê sî-chūn, Sú-bêng bat khì kau-phôe tio̍h [[Tâi-ôan Chheng-liân-siā]] ê [[Ông Io̍k-tek]] sian-siⁿ, i kóng Ông Io̍k-tek sī chi̍t-ê chiâⁿ ū châi-chêng ê lâng. Put-jī-kò, in-ūi kok-lâng ê koan-liām kah tui-kiû ê bo̍k-piau bô-siâng, bô-lōa-kú liáu-āu to̍h sûi-lâng-kiâⁿ ah. [[1967 nî]] 4--go̍eh, Sú-bêng tiàm [[Tang-kiaⁿ]] chhòng-li̍p [[Tâi-ôan To̍k-li̍p Liân-ha̍p-hōe]], chham-ka ê thôan-thé pau-koah: &quot;Tâi-ôan Bîn-chú To̍k-li̍p-tóng&quot;, &quot;Tâi-ôan Chū-iû To̍k-li̍p-tóng&quot;, &quot;Tâi-ôan Kiōng-hô-tóng&quot;, &quot;Tâi-ôan To̍k-li̍p Chiàn-sòaⁿ&quot; kah &quot;Tâi-ôan Kong-hōe&quot;. Koh kòe bô-lōa-kú, in-ūi bô-hoat-tō· hia̍p-tiāu Tâi-ôan Chheng-liân To̍k-li̍p Liân-bêng kah Tâi-ôan To̍k-li̍p Chóng-tông-bêng chit-2-ê cho·-chit lâi ka-ji̍p, Liân-ha̍p-hōe chôaⁿ soan-kò kái-sàn. 

Tâi-ôan To̍k-li̍p Liân-ha̍p-hōe kái-sàn liáu-āu, Sú-bêng iū-koh tio̍h-chhiú tiû-pī kah cho·-kiàn &quot;To̍k-li̍p Tâi-ôan-hōe&quot; (khah phian-hiàng chó-phài sè-le̍k), sêng-ôan iok-lio̍k 70 ê lâng. Chit-ê cho·-chit chú-tiuⁿ &quot;chú chiàn-tiûⁿ tī (Tâi-ôan) tó lāi&quot;, in chiâⁿ kut-la̍t teh chò iú-koan Tâi-ôan-tó-lāi ê tē-hā kang-chok kah [[kûn-chiòng oa̍h-tōng]]. In chham-ú chin chōe Tâi-to̍k ê àn-kiāⁿ, pí-lūn kóng: [[1967 nî]] ê [[Gân Ín-mô·]] (顏尹謨) àn, [[1974 nî]] ê [[Tīⁿ Phêng]] (鄭評) àn, [[1983 nî]] ê [[Lô· Siu-it]] (盧修一) àn kah [[1991 nî]] ê [[Tân Chèng-jiân]] (陳正然) àn téng-téng. Siâng-sî, chit-ê cho·-chit koh chhut-pán ''To̍k-li̍p Tâi-ôan'' chit-hūn cha̍p-chì, tī pò-thâu bêng-khak ê chù-bêng &quot;Tâi-ôan jîn-bîn kái-hòng kek-bēng tīn-sòaⁿ ki-koan chì&quot;.

==''[[Tâi-oân-lâng 400 Nî Sú]]''==
Tî-liáu chèng-tī oa̍h-tāng, Sú-bêng mā iōng chin-chē sî-kan teh siu-chi̍p Tâi-oân le̍k-sú ê chu-liāu. I chêng-aū hoa-hùi 10 nî ê sî-kan, iōng Ji̍t-gí siá ''[[Tâi-oân-lâng 400 nî sú]]'' (Tang-kiaⁿ 音羽書房 1962 nî) chit-pún chheh. Chit-pún chheh ē-sài kóng sī tē-it pún khiā tī Tâi-oân-lâng li̍p-tiûⁿ lâi siá ê Tâi-oân thong-sú. [[1980 nî]] chit-pún chheh ê [[Hôa-gí]] pán chhut-pán ([[Ka-chiu, San Jose]]: 蓬島文化公司 1980 nî). 1986 nî chhut-pán [[Eng-gí]] kán-hoà pán (''Taiwan's 400 Year History: The Origins and Continuing Development of the Taiwanese Society and People''.  Washington, DC:  Taiwanese Cultural Grassroots Association). Sú-bêng siōng tiōng-iàu ê le̍k-sú-koan sī kiông-tiāu ài àn Tâi-oân [[lô-khó· tāi-chiòng]] ê li̍p-tiûⁿ lâi khoàⁿ Tâi-oân siā-hoē kok kai-toā ê hêng-sêng kap hoat-tián. Mā ē-sái kóng, sui-jiân Sú-bêng pâi-tek Tiong-kok [[kiōng-sán-chú-gī]], m̄-koh i m̄-bat hòng-khì [[Marx-chú-gī]] ê sìn-gióng.

Ūi-tio̍h beh siá chit-pún chheh, i tī Ji̍t-pún Kok-hoē Tô·-sū-koán kap Tang-kiaⁿ ê Hibiya (日比谷) Tô·-sū-koán chaú-chhoē kap Tâi-oân iú-koan ê le̍k-sú chu-liāu. Tī chit-pún chheh ê thâu-sū, i án-nē piáu-sī: 

:''Lán Tâi-oân-lâng tùi ka-kī ê siā-hoē hoat-tián-sú chin chheⁿ-so·, ē-sài kóng oân-choân bô liáu-kái...  In-ùi khiàm-chió tùi Tâi-oân le̍k-sú hoat-tián ê liáu-kái, só·-í pō·-hūn Tâi-oân-lâng (te̍k-pia̍t sī [[tì-sek hūn-chú]]) in sim-tiong ê [[pún-thó· ì-sek]], pit-jiân sī hiah-nī-á nńg-chiáⁿ, he̍k-chiá kóng chûn-chāi giâm-tiōng ê khoat-hām.  Chit-khoán ê khoat-tiám chò·-sêng Tâi-oân kàu-taⁿ iu-gôan bô-hoat-tō pái-thoat 400-gōa-nî ê goā-lâi si̍t-bîn thóng-tī.''

Sú-bêng kā 228-sū-kiāⁿ khòaⁿ-chò Tâi-ôan-lâng tui-kiû to̍k-li̍p ê piáu-hiān hong-sek. Sú-bêng chiong Tâi-ôan ê le̍k-sú kah tn̂g-kî hō· lâng [[si̍t-bîn thóng-tī]] khòaⁿ-chò kāng sèng-chit ê chi̍t-chân tāi-chì, i jīn-ûi he sī Tâi-ôan-lâng ūi-siáⁿ-mi̍h beh cheng-chhú to̍k-li̍p ê tiōng-iàu gôan-in. Chit-pún ''Tâi-ôan-lâng 400 nî sú'' ê chheh, chêng 1980 nî thong-kòe tē-hā kóan-tō ín-ji̍p Tâi-ôan liáu-āu, soah lâi kiò-chhéⁿ tio̍h bōe-chió pún-tó siàu-liân-lâng ê [[Tâi-ôan ì-sek]], iû-kî tùi 228 í-āu chhut-sì ê lâng lâi kóng, chit-pún chheh tùi in ê pang-chān ûn-á sǹg-kóng put-chí-á tōa.

==Hôe Tâi==
[[File:Su Beng at Xinzhuang 2007.jpg|thumb|Sú Bêng tī 2007 nî--ê Bîn-chìn-tóng pān--ê oa̍t-tāng]]
Tâi-ôan [[bîn-chú-hòa]] liáu-āu, hō· lâng khòaⁿ-chò sī &quot;chòe-āu 1-ê [[o·-miâ-toaⁿ]]&quot; ê Sú-bêng, chóng-sǹg tī [[1993 nî]] chài-chhù hôe-kàu kò·-hiong Tâi-ôan. Liáu-āu, i cho·-chit sêng-li̍p [[Tâi-pak Ài-hiong-hōe]], [[Ko-hiông Ài-hiong-hōe]] chit-khóan ê ki-chân cho·-chit. Che í-gōa, Sú-bêng iu-gôan kè-sio̍k teh thui-sak [[To̍k-li̍p Tâi-oân Hōe]] ê chèng-tī lí-liām kah khòng-cheng lō·-sòaⁿ.

Sú-bêng tī 2005 nî 3 ge̍h, Tiong-kok phiàn-bīn thong-koè ''[[Hoán-hun-lia̍t Hoat]]'' āu, kap Tâi-tāi--ê ha̍k-seng tī Tâi-tāi hāu-mn̂g chēng-chē khòng-gī. Í-āu kah chi-chhî-chiá tī [[Thô-hn̂g Ki-tiûⁿ]] hit-tah-á hun-pia̍t chó͘-tóng khóng-gī [[Kang Béng-khun]] (江丙坤) tùi Tiong-kok tńg kap [[Liân Chiàn]] khì tùi-hoāⁿ.

2007 nî 12 goe̍h 16 ji̍t, i tài-pēⁿ khì [[Tâi-oân Thoân-kiat Liân-bêng]] [[Li̍p-hoat Úi-oân|Li̍p-úi]] chham-soán-jîn [[Lîm Chì-ka]] (林志嘉) kèng-soán chóng-pō͘ sêng-li̍p-hoē.

2009 nî 4 goe̍h 22 ji̍t, chhoā Tâi-oân To̍k-li̍p Soan-thoân Chhia-tūi kap Kong-tâu Hō͘ Tâi-oân Liân-bêng [[Chhoà Teng-kùi]] (蔡丁貴) pān--ê &quot;Bē sóng, chhut-lâi kiâⁿ&quot; oa̍t-tāng, chū [[Hêng-chhun]] kiâⁿ kàu [[Tâi-pak]], soah koh chham-ka 517 Toā Iû-hêng.

2014 nî 3 ge̍h [[Thài-iông-hoe Ha̍k-ūn]] chiàm [[Li̍p-hoat-īⁿ]] āu, Sú-bêng mā chham-ka koh ián-káng.

== Tù-chok ==
* 史明 (1962). 台灣人四百年史 [http://www.cotaiwan.info/SBTATI/SBTATI_SBpublish_200TW400J.nsf/WebChap?OpenView Ji̍t-bûn sòaⁿ-téng pán].
* Su Bing, ''Taiwan's 400 Year History: The Origins and Continuing Development of the Taiwanese Society and People'' (Washington, D.C.: Taiwanese Cultural Grassroots Association, 1986)

[[Category:Tâi-to̍k ūn-tōng chham-ú-chiá]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân ha̍k-chiá]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân chok-ka]]</text>
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[[Image:Su Bing.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Ia̍p Phok-bûn (葉博文) só· phian ê ''Hong-iá teng-hé-á: Sú-bêng'' (荒野孤燈：史明) chit-pún chheh. Chheh bīn-téng sī Sú-bêng khah siàu-liân ê sî-chūn hip ê siòng.]]

'''Sú-bêng''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: 史明, [[Eng-gí]]: Bing Su, [[1918 nî]] [[11 goe̍h 9 ji̍t]] - ), pún-miâ '''Si Tiâu-hui''' (施朝暉), sī [[Tâi-oân To̍k-li̍p Ūn-tōng ê chó-phài|chó-phài]] [[Tâi-oân to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng]] ê tiōng-iàu jîn-bu̍t. I sī [[To̍k-li̍p Tâi-oân Hoē]] ê chhòng-sí-chiá kap ''[[Tâi-oân-lâng 400 Nî Sú]]''(台灣人四百年史) chit-pún chheh ê chok-chiá.

== Chá-kî ê seng-oa̍h==
Sú-bêng chhut-sì tī [[Tâi-pak-chhī]] [[Sū-lîm]], laū-pē sī [[Hong-goân]]-lâng Lîm Chè-chhoan (林濟川). Lîm Chè-chhoan liû-ha̍k [[Ji̍p-pún]] ê sî bat chham-ú [[Tâi-oân Bûn-hoà Hia̍p-hoē]] ê oa̍h-tāng, mā choè-koè ''[[Tâi-oân Chheng-liân]]'' ê pian-chi̍p. Laū-bú chhut-sì tī Sū-lîm ê tōa-chhù-té (hó-gia̍h lâng-tau). Sú-bêng 5-ê hiaⁿ-tī tang-tiong kan-na i chi̍t-ê lâng toè laū-bó ê sèⁿ-sī. Sú-bêng tha̍k [[Tâi-pak Tē-it Tiong-ha̍k-hāu|Tâi-pak It-tiong]] ê sî tio̍h khai-sí piáu-hiān chhut thó-iah Ji̍p-pún ê chêng-sû. 1937 nî i kaù Ji̍p-pún ê [[Waseda Tāi-ha̍k]] (早稻田大學) tha̍k [[chèng-tī]]-ha̍k. Tī Ji̍t-pún tha̍k-chheh kî-kan, i tha̍k-kòe chin-chōe iú-koan [[siā-hōe chú-gī]] kah [[bû-chèng-hú-chú-gī]] ê chok-phín. I te̍k-pia̍t kah-ì tha̍k [[Ma-lia̍t-chú-gī|Marx-chú-gī]], che kā i chhim-chhim ê khip-ín--tio̍h. Tāi-ha̍k chhut-gia̍p (pit-gia̍p) liáu-āu, i phāu-chhî tio̍h sûn-chin ê siā-hōe chú-gī lí-liām kah kian-koat hóan-tùi [[tè-kok-chú-gī]] ê ì-chí, tī 1942 nî ê sî-chūn lâi-kàu [[Tiong-kok Tāi-lio̍k]], chi-ōan [[Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng]] ê [[khòng-Ji̍t chiàn-cheng]]. 1947 nî, i chhōa-thâu cho·-sêng 1-ki iok-lio̍k 300-lâng chó-iū ê &quot;Tâi-ôan tūi&quot;. Chit-pái ê Tāi-lio̍k keng-giām, hō· Sú-bêng thâu-1-pái sán-seng [[Tâi-to̍k]] chit-ê siūⁿ-hoat. 

[[Image:Su Bing Infant.jpg|left|thumb|250px|[[1918 nî]], kok sī [[âng-eⁿ-á]] ê Sú-bêng kah i ê lāu-pē lāu-bú tàu-tīn hip ê siòng.]]
Sú-bêng khai-sí tùi Tiong-kok kám-kak sit-bōng, sī in-ūi Tiong-kok ê kek-bēng. Hit-ê sî-chūn, i bêng-hián kám-siū tio̍h &quot;Tiong-kiōng chin to̍k-chhâi&quot;, &quot;Tiong-kiōng thó·-tē kái-kek, m̄-nā siu thó·-tē, mā thâi-sí tē-chú, tē-chú sí kah chiâⁿ chhi-chhám&quot;. Che í-gōa, tī Tiong-kok ê khòng-Ji̍t chiàn-cheng tang-tiong, Sú-bêng chhin-ba̍k khòaⁿ-tio̍h Tiong-kok-lâng chân-kok ê &quot;Hàn-jîn [[chéng-cho̍k-chú-gī]]&quot;, Tâi-ôan-lâng (peng-á) tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ hōng phài-óng chiàn-cheng ê siōng chiân-sòaⁿ, hi-seng siōng-kài chōe, Tiong-kiōng thiau-kang iōng &quot;hun-hòa chèng-chhek&quot; lâi tùi-thāi Tâi-ôan-lâng, hông-káu sio-kā, sái-lōng [[Hō-ló]]-lâng kah [[Kheh-ka|Kheh-lâng]] oan-ke sio-phah. Chū án-ne, Sú-bêng kā-tiāⁿ ji̍t-āu &quot;Tâi-ôan-lâng m̄-thang kah Tiong-kok-lâng kiâⁿ chò-hóe&quot;. 

1949 nî, tī Tiong-kiōng teh-beh sèng-lī chìn-chêng, Sú Bêng chin bô kán-tan chiah tô-lī Tāi-lio̍k, tò-tńg-khì lī-pia̍t chiong-kīn 10-nî sî-kan ê Tâi-ôan. 1952 nî, Sú Bêng cho·-chit 1-phâng lâng, tī Tâi-pak chhī-gōa chún-pī beh chhì-sat [[Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k]], bô-gî-gō· tāi-chì thê-chêng piak-khang, ko·-put-jî-chiong, Sú Bêng khòaⁿ-phòa kóaⁿ-kín tô-bông khì Ji̍t-pún.

==Ji̍t-pún liû-liōng-kì==
Sú-bêng tô-bông kàu Ji̍t-pún liáu-āu, ūi seng-o̍ah só· pek, bat tiàm [[Ikebukuro]] (池袋) khui kòe 1-keng miâ hō·-chò &quot;Sin-tin-bī&quot; (新珍味) ê liāu-lí-tiàm, chò--ê sī sió-pún seng-lí, múi-kang bōe [[chúi-kiáu]], [[siau-māi]] (燒賣) kah [[ló·-mī]] (卤麵) tō·-3-tǹg. 

Tú kàu Ji̍t-pún ê sî-chūn, Sú-bêng bat khì kau-phôe tio̍h [[Tâi-ôan Chheng-liân-siā]] ê [[Ông Io̍k-tek]] sian-siⁿ, i kóng Ông Io̍k-tek sī chi̍t-ê chiâⁿ ū châi-chêng ê lâng. Put-jī-kò, in-ūi kok-lâng ê koan-liām kah tui-kiû ê bo̍k-piau bô-siâng, bô-lōa-kú liáu-āu to̍h sûi-lâng-kiâⁿ ah. [[1967 nî]] 4--go̍eh, Sú-bêng tiàm [[Tang-kiaⁿ]] chhòng-li̍p [[Tâi-ôan To̍k-li̍p Liân-ha̍p-hōe]], chham-ka ê thôan-thé pau-koah: &quot;Tâi-ôan Bîn-chú To̍k-li̍p-tóng&quot;, &quot;Tâi-ôan Chū-iû To̍k-li̍p-tóng&quot;, &quot;Tâi-ôan Kiōng-hô-tóng&quot;, &quot;Tâi-ôan To̍k-li̍p Chiàn-sòaⁿ&quot; kah &quot;Tâi-ôan Kong-hōe&quot;. Koh kòe bô-lōa-kú, in-ūi bô-hoat-tō· hia̍p-tiāu Tâi-ôan Chheng-liân To̍k-li̍p Liân-bêng kah Tâi-ôan To̍k-li̍p Chóng-tông-bêng chit-2-ê cho·-chit lâi ka-ji̍p, Liân-ha̍p-hōe chôaⁿ soan-kò kái-sàn. 

Tâi-ôan To̍k-li̍p Liân-ha̍p-hōe kái-sàn liáu-āu, Sú-bêng iū-koh tio̍h-chhiú tiû-pī kah cho·-kiàn &quot;To̍k-li̍p Tâi-ôan-hōe&quot; (khah phian-hiàng chó-phài sè-le̍k), sêng-ôan iok-lio̍k 70 ê lâng. Chit-ê cho·-chit chú-tiuⁿ &quot;chú chiàn-tiûⁿ tī (Tâi-ôan) tó lāi&quot;, in chiâⁿ kut-la̍t teh chò iú-koan Tâi-ôan-tó-lāi ê tē-hā kang-chok kah [[kûn-chiòng oa̍h-tōng]]. In chham-ú chin chōe Tâi-to̍k ê àn-kiāⁿ, pí-lūn kóng: [[1967 nî]] ê [[Gân Ín-mô·]] (顏尹謨) àn, [[1974 nî]] ê [[Tīⁿ Phêng]] (鄭評) àn, [[1983 nî]] ê [[Lô· Siu-it]] (盧修一) àn kah [[1991 nî]] ê [[Tân Chèng-jiân]] (陳正然) àn téng-téng. Siâng-sî, chit-ê cho·-chit koh chhut-pán ''To̍k-li̍p Tâi-ôan'' chit-hūn cha̍p-chì, tī pò-thâu bêng-khak ê chù-bêng &quot;Tâi-ôan jîn-bîn kái-hòng kek-bēng tīn-sòaⁿ ki-koan chì&quot;.

==''[[Tâi-oân-lâng 400 Nî Sú]]''==
Tî-liáu chèng-tī oa̍h-tāng, Sú-bêng mā iōng chin-chē sî-kan teh siu-chi̍p Tâi-oân le̍k-sú ê chu-liāu. I chêng-aū hoa-hùi 10 nî ê sî-kan, iōng Ji̍t-gí siá ''[[Tâi-oân-lâng 400 nî sú]]'' (Tang-kiaⁿ 音羽書房 1962 nî) chit-pún chheh. Chit-pún chheh ē-sài kóng sī tē-it pún khiā tī Tâi-oân-lâng li̍p-tiûⁿ lâi siá ê Tâi-oân thong-sú. [[1980 nî]] chit-pún chheh ê [[Hôa-gí]] pán chhut-pán ([[Ka-chiu, San Jose]]: 蓬島文化公司 1980 nî). 1986 nî chhut-pán [[Eng-gí]] kán-hoà pán (''Taiwan's 400 Year History: The Origins and Continuing Development of the Taiwanese Society and People''.  Washington, DC:  Taiwanese Cultural Grassroots Association). Sú-bêng siōng tiōng-iàu ê le̍k-sú-koan sī kiông-tiāu ài àn Tâi-oân [[lô-khó· tāi-chiòng]] ê li̍p-tiûⁿ lâi khoàⁿ Tâi-oân siā-hoē kok kai-toā ê hêng-sêng kap hoat-tián. Mā ē-sái kóng, sui-jiân Sú-bêng pâi-tek Tiong-kok [[kiōng-sán-chú-gī]], m̄-koh i m̄-bat hòng-khì [[Marx-chú-gī]] ê sìn-gióng.

Ūi-tio̍h beh siá chit-pún chheh, i tī Ji̍t-pún Kok-hoē Tô·-sū-koán kap Tang-kiaⁿ ê Hibiya (日比谷) Tô·-sū-koán chaú-chhoē kap Tâi-oân iú-koan ê le̍k-sú chu-liāu. Tī chit-pún chheh ê thâu-sū, i án-nē piáu-sī: 

:''Lán Tâi-oân-lâng tùi ka-kī ê siā-hoē hoat-tián-sú chin chheⁿ-so·, ē-sài kóng oân-choân bô liáu-kái...  In-ùi khiàm-chió tùi Tâi-oân le̍k-sú hoat-tián ê liáu-kái, só·-í pō·-hūn Tâi-oân-lâng (te̍k-pia̍t sī [[tì-sek hūn-chú]]) in sim-tiong ê [[pún-thó· ì-sek]], pit-jiân sī hiah-nī-á nńg-chiáⁿ, he̍k-chiá kóng chûn-chāi giâm-tiōng ê khoat-hām.  Chit-khoán ê khoat-tiám chò·-sêng Tâi-oân kàu-taⁿ iu-gôan bô-hoat-tō pái-thoat 400-gōa-nî ê goā-lâi si̍t-bîn thóng-tī.''

Sú-bêng kā 228-sū-kiāⁿ khòaⁿ-chò Tâi-ôan-lâng tui-kiû to̍k-li̍p ê piáu-hiān hong-sek. Sú-bêng chiong Tâi-ôan ê le̍k-sú kah tn̂g-kî hō· lâng [[si̍t-bîn thóng-tī]] khòaⁿ-chò kāng sèng-chit ê chi̍t-chân tāi-chì, i jīn-ûi he sī Tâi-ôan-lâng ūi-siáⁿ-mi̍h beh cheng-chhú to̍k-li̍p ê tiōng-iàu gôan-in. Chit-pún ''Tâi-ôan-lâng 400 nî sú'' ê chheh, chêng 1980 nî thong-kòe tē-hā kóan-tō ín-ji̍p Tâi-ôan liáu-āu, soah lâi kiò-chhéⁿ tio̍h bōe-chió pún-tó siàu-liân-lâng ê [[Tâi-ôan ì-sek]], iû-kî tùi 228 í-āu chhut-sì ê lâng lâi kóng, chit-pún chheh tùi in ê pang-chān ûn-á sǹg-kóng put-chí-á tōa.

==Hôe Tâi==
[[File:Su Beng at Xinzhuang 2007.jpg|thumb|Sú Bêng tī 2007 nî--ê Bîn-chìn-tóng pān--ê oa̍t-tāng]]
Tâi-ôan [[bîn-chú-hòa]] liáu-āu, hō· lâng khòaⁿ-chò sī &quot;chòe-āu 1-ê [[o·-miâ-toaⁿ]]&quot; ê Sú-bêng, chóng-sǹg tī [[1993 nî]] chài-chhù hôe-kàu kò·-hiong Tâi-ôan. Liáu-āu, i cho·-chit sêng-li̍p [[Tâi-pak Ài-hiong-hōe]], [[Ko-hiông Ài-hiong-hōe]] chit-khóan ê ki-chân cho·-chit. Che í-gōa, Sú-bêng iu-gôan kè-sio̍k teh thui-sak [[To̍k-li̍p Tâi-oân Hōe]] ê chèng-tī lí-liām kah khòng-cheng lō·-sòaⁿ.

Sú-bêng tī 2005 nî 3 ge̍h, Tiong-kok phiàn-bīn thong-koè ''[[Hoán-hun-lia̍t Hoat]]'' āu, kap Tâi-tāi--ê ha̍k-seng tī Tâi-tāi hāu-mn̂g chēng-chē khòng-gī. Í-āu kah chi-chhî-chiá tī [[Thô-hn̂g Ki-tiûⁿ]] hit-tah-á hun-pia̍t chó͘-tóng khóng-gī [[Kang Béng-khun]] (江丙坤) tùi Tiong-kok tńg kap [[Liân Chiàn]] khì tùi-hoāⁿ.

2007 nî 12 goe̍h 16 ji̍t, i tài-pēⁿ khì [[Tâi-oân Thoân-kiat Liân-bêng]] [[Li̍p-hoat Úi-oân|Li̍p-úi]] chham-soán-jîn [[Lîm Chì-ka]] (林志嘉) kèng-soán chóng-pō͘ sêng-li̍p-hoē.

2009 nî 4 goe̍h 22 ji̍t, chhoā Tâi-oân To̍k-li̍p Soan-thoân Chhia-tūi kap Kong-tâu Hō͘ Tâi-oân Liân-bêng [[Chhoà Teng-kùi]] (蔡丁貴) pān--ê &quot;Bē sóng, chhut-lâi kiâⁿ&quot; oa̍t-tāng, chū [[Hêng-chhun]] kiâⁿ kàu [[Tâi-pak]], soah koh chham-ka 517 Toā Iû-hêng.

2014 nî 3 ge̍h [[Thài-iông-hoe Ha̍k-ūn]] chiàm [[Li̍p-hoat-īⁿ]] āu, Sú-bêng mā chham-ka koh ián-káng.

== Tù-chok ==
* 史明 (1962). 台灣人四百年史 [http://www.cotaiwan.info/SBTATI/SBTATI_SBpublish_200TW400J.nsf/WebChap?OpenView Ji̍t-bûn sòaⁿ-téng pán].
* Su Bing, ''Taiwan's 400 Year History: The Origins and Continuing Development of the Taiwanese Society and People'' (Washington, D.C.: Taiwanese Cultural Grassroots Association, 1986)

[[Category:Tâi-to̍k ūn-tōng chham-ú-chiá]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân ha̍k-chiá]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân chok-ka]]</text>
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Siông-sè chhiáⁿ chham-khó [[Wikipedia:Khu-pia̍t]]

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Siông-sè chhiáⁿ chham-khó [[Wikipedia:Khu-pia̍t]]

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{{Taxobox
| name = Pat-kòa
| image = Cococrb2.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = [[Só͘-lô-bûn Kûn-tó]] ê pat-kòa
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| subphylum = [[Crustacea]]
| classis = [[Malacostraca]]
| ordo = [[Decapoda]]
| infraordo = [[Anomura]]
| familia = [[Coenobitidae]]
| genus = '''''Birgus'''''
| species = '''''B. latro'''''
| binomial = ''Birgus latro''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1767
| range_map = CoconutCrab distribution map.svg
| range_map_caption = Pat-kòa seng-oa̍h tī chúi-sek hoān-ûi lāi ê hái-kîⁿ; âng tiám sī chú-iàu chhe-tē, n̂g-sek sī chhù-iàu--ê.
}}

'''Pat-kòa''' ([[ha̍k-miâ]]: ''Birgus latro'') sī siāng tōa chiah ê [[lio̍k-tē]] [[chiat-chiok-tōng-bu̍t]].  Kang--ê ē-tàng hoat-io̍k kàu 1 kong-chhioh tn̂g (tùi thâu kàu bóe), 17 kong-kin tāng.  Pat-kòa ki-pún-siōng sī 1 khoán [[kià-seⁿ-á]].  I ū-hoat-tō· iōng i chho·-ióng ê &quot;khîⁿ-á&quot; chiong [[iâ-chí]] khak kòng phòa, thang chia̍h lāi-bīn ê iâ-iû.

Pat-kòa tī chi̍t-kóa-á [[gí-giân]] hō-chò &quot;thó·-húi-hē&quot; a̍h-sī &quot;iâ-á-chha̍t&quot; ([[Tek-gí]]: ''Palmendieb''), in-ūi ū sî-chūn ē tùi lâng chhù--lìn sa cháu kim-tang-tang ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ.

== Bu̍t-chéng ==
[[Image:CoconutCrabDictionnaireDHistoireNaturelle1849.jpg|thumb|left|Pat-kòa kha-chiah-phiaⁿ-bīn ([[1849 nî]] ê ang-á)]]
''Birgus latro'' sī choân sè-kài siāng-kài tōa-chia̍h ê lio̍k-tē-hē.  Kang--ê thong-siông pí bó--ê khah tōa-chiah.  Bûn-hiàn kì-chài ê tōa-sè bô it-tēng:  kin-kù tōa pō·-hūn ê chu-liāu, siāng tāng kàu 4 [[kg]], tn̂g 40 [[cm]], kha nā chhun tn̂g ē-tàng kàu 1 [[m]] tn̂g.  Ū pò-kò soan-chheng ū 17 kg tāng, 1 m tn̂g ê pat-kòa.  Ū lâng jīn-ûi lio̍k-tē chiat-chiok-lūi lí-lūn-siōng bô khó-lêng pí che koh khah tōa.  (Chúi-lāi ê chiat-chiok-lūi in-ūi ū chúi tàu phô·, iáu ū khó-lêng khah tōa.)

Pat-kòa ê sin-khu chhin-chhiūⁿ kî-thaⁿ ê [[cha̍p-chiok-lūi]], pun thâu-chêng pō·-ūi (hō-chò [[thâu-heng-khám]], ''cephalothorax'') kap [[pak-tó·]] pō·-ūi.  Chit-ê sin-khu tàu 10 ki [[kha]].  Siāng thâu-chêng hit-tùi kha ū chho·-ióng ê tōa-ki khîⁿ-á, che si̍t-giām chèng-bêng ū gia̍h 29 kg tāng ê hoat-tō·.  Khah āu-piah ū 3-tùi kha ū khah sè-ki ê chiáu-thâu, tû-liáu iōng lâi tiàm tē-bīn pê í-gōa, iū-koh ē-tàng pang in peh--khí-lih chhiū-á-téng (6 m koân m̄ sī būn-tê).  Siāng bóe-liu hit tùi kha ke chin iù, it-poaⁿ kiu tī sin-khu lāi-té, î-it ê kong-lêng sī chheng in-ê  [[chhoán-khùi]] khì-koan.  Pat-kòa pêng-kin ē-tàng oa̍h 30 chì 60 tang kú (siông-sè jōa kú, bûn-hiàn bô 1-ê tēng-lūn).

Sui-bóng ''Birgus latro'' sio̍k-î kià-seⁿ-á ê 1 lūi, kan-taⁿ iù-hē ē tàu khak-á pó-hō· in nńg-nńg ê pak-tó·.  Khah sêng-se̍k--ê ū-sî ē the̍h phòa iâ-chí-khak lâi tàu.  Chóng--sī sêng-se̍k ê pat-kòa bô teh khàm khak; in pak-tó· pō·-ūi ê khak ke-thiⁿ ''chitin'' kap chio̍h-hún ê sêng-hūn lâi ka-kiông bú-chong.  Koh, in ē kā bóe chhun tò-oa̍t lâi pó-hō· ē-pêng.  Bú-chong--kòe ê pak-tó·-pêng oân-ná ū kiám-chió chúi-hun liû-sit ê lō·-iōng.  Î-it ê khoat-tiám tō-sī pak-tó·-pêng su-iàu tēng-kî thǹg khak, thang koh-chài seⁿ sin--ê chhut--lâi.  Oāⁿ khak tio̍h khai 30 kang ê sî-kan.  Tng chit-ê sî-kî sī pat-kòa siāng chhùi-jio̍k ê sî-chūn, tì-sú in it-poaⁿ ē cháu khì bih.

== Chia̍h==

Pat-kòa chú-iàu chia̍h kok-chióng kóe-chí, pau-koah iâ-chí kap [[bû-hoa-kó]].  Chóng--sī chí-iàu sī iú-ki--ê lóng ē-chia̍h-tit, chhin-chhiūⁿ hio̍h-á, [[ku]] nn̄g, tōng-bu̍t ê sí-thé kap khak-á (ē-tàng pó· [[Ca (goân-sò͘)|Ca]]).  Oa̍h--ê, siuⁿ sô ê tōng-bu̍t oân-ná sī in ê tùi-siōng.  Pat-kòa ē hō·-siong thau-the̍h chia̍h-mi̍h.

Pat-kòa ē peh chhiū chia̍h kóe-chí, nà-liâng, a̍h-sī siám-phiah te̍k-jîn.  In khui iâ-chí ê kang-hu tī tōng-bu̍t-kài ē-sái kóng chin te̍k-sû.  Ū kú-kú 1 tōaⁿ sî-kan ū lâng giâu-gî pat-kòa ū châi-tiāu ngiáu khui iâ-chí.  An-chhah tī si̍t-giām-sek lāi ê pat-kòa hō· in chē-chē iâ-chí mā sī iau-iau--sí.  Put-jî-kò tī 1980 nî-tāi Holger Rumpf sêng-kong tī iá-gōa koan-chhat tio̍h in khui iâ-chí.  In ū te̍k-pia̍t ê ki-su̍t.  Ká-sú iâ-chí ê gōa-phôe iáu tī--teh, in ē seng iōng chiáu-thâu kā pak tiāu (tiāⁿ-tio̍h tùi iâ-chí ê 3-ê [[puh-gê-khang]] lo̍h-chhiú).  Pat-kòa iōng khîⁿ-á ti̍t-ti̍t kòng hit 3 ê khang, kàu phòa chiah siu-soah.  Liáu-āu in oa̍t 180-tō·, kái iōng pa̍t-kha khah sè-ki ê khîⁿ-á chiong lāi-bīn ê pe̍h bah ó·--chhut-lâi.  Khah tōa-chiah ê pat-kòa ū-hoat-tō· kā iâ-chí thiah chò kúi-nā-tè, khah hong-piān chia̍h.

== Tòa ==

Sêng-se̍k ê pat-kòa tòa tī lio̍k-tē, it-poaⁿ kéng oá hái ê tē-tiám; lī hái 6 km hn̄g mā ū khó-lêng.  In bih tī [[soa]]-á a̍h-sī sang [[thô·]] lāi ê khang; chio̍h-thâu phāng mā ē-tòa-tit.  Ta̍k-chiah pat-kòa ka-kī ó· 1 khut ka-kī tòa.  Ji̍t--sî ko·-1-ê bih tòa hia, che tû-liáu ē-tàng pó-hō· ka-kī, mā ū kiám-chió chúi-hun liû-sit ê lō·-iōng.  In kā 1-ki kha khòe tī khut-chhùi hit tah, án-ne kā &quot;chhù&quot; hong tiâu leh, thang î-chhî 1-ê sip-sip ê khoân-kéng.  Che pang-chān in chhoán-khùi.  Pat-kòa sò·-liōng chē ê só·-chāi khòaⁿ-ē-tio̍h ū pat-kòa ji̍t--sī cháu--chhut-lâi-ê.  Che kiám-chhái sī chhōe-chia̍h kēng-cheng só· ín-khí ê hêng-ûi.  Kiàn-nā lo̍h-[[hō·]]-thiⁿ a̍h-sī [[sip-tō·]] koân, in oân-ná khéng chhut-lâi.

== Pó-io̍k tē-ūi ==
[[IUCN Âng-miâ-toaⁿ]] jīn-ûi bo̍k-chêng bô-kàu chu-liāu phoàⁿ-toān pat-kòa ê seng-thài chōng-hóng.  It-poaⁿ jīn-ûi pat-kòa tī chi̍t-kóa-á tó-siōng put-chí-á phó·-phiàn, ah tī kî-thaⁿ só·-chāi tō ke chin hi-hán.  Hái-hōaⁿ khai-hoat kè-e̍k sok-pa̍k in i-lāi seng-chûn ê thian-jiân khoân-kéng kap tē-pôaⁿ.  Jîn-kháu chē--ê só·-chāi kiám-chhái tùi pat-kòa khah put-lī.  Kòe-tō· lia̍h oân-ná chō-chiâⁿ sò·-liōng kiám-chió--khì.  Pō·-hūn tē-hng ū hoat-kui pó-hō· pat-kòa, khó-pí kóng kìm lia̍h sè-chiah--ê a̍h-sī kìm-chí lâng tī hoân-si̍t-kî-kan lo̍h-chhiú.

Pat-kòa-kiáⁿ te̍k-pia̍t siū lâng ín--ji̍p-lâi ê [[bah-sit tōng-bu̍t]] gûi-hāi, chhin-chhiūⁿ kóng [[niáu-chhí]], [[ti-á]], [[káu-hiā]].  Sêng-se̍k ê pat-kòa tû-liáu lâng í-gōa, bô kî-thaⁿ ê thian-te̍k.  In ê [[sī-le̍k]] bái, tio̍h khò cheng-chhek thô·-kha tín-tāng lâi chat te̍k-jîn ê tōng-chēng.

== Seⁿ-thòaⁿ ==

[[5 goe̍h]] kàu [[9 goe̍h]] (te̍k-pia̍t sī 7~8 goe̍h) sī pat-kòa ê kau-phòe kî.  Múi 1 pái ê sî-kan té-té--ah, m̄-koh tōng-chok chin chia̍p, thong-siông tiàm ta-sò ê soa-á-téng chò.  Kang--ê, bó--ê seng sio-tak chi̍t--khùn-ah, liáu-āu kang--ê kā bó--ê chhia péng-pêng, khai-sí chìn-hêng, chiân-āu tāi-iok 15 hun-cheng kú.  Bó--ê sûi pàng-nn̄g, pēng-chhiáⁿ kā hiah-ê [[siū-cheng]]--kòe ê nn̄g kô· tòa pak-tó·-téng, sûi-sin chah tiâu-tiâu iok-lio̍k kúi-nā-kó·-goe̍h.  Kàu-kah [[10 goe̍h]], [[11 goe̍h]] hit-chūn, pat-kòa-bó kui-tīn tán chúi khí-tiòng chiah kā nn̄g kui-thoaⁿ pàng ji̍p-khì hái-chúi lāi-bīn.

Sin iù-hē hō-chò ''zoea''.  In tī hái-chúi-lāi phû 28 kang; chit-tōaⁿ sî-kan chē-chē khì hō· pa̍t-khoán seng-bu̍t chia̍h--khì.  Chûn-oa̍h--lo̍h-lâi-ê tiàm hái-té kap hái-kîⁿ oa̍h-tōng 28 kang.  In chioh khang hái-lê khak-á lâi pó-hō· sin-khu.  Hām kî-thaⁿ ê kià-seⁿ-á sio-siâng, kiàn-nā tōa--khí-lâi tio̍h chhōe sin khak lâi tàu.  28 kang kòe-liáu, in tō éng-kiú lī-khui hái, mā sit-khì tī chúi-lāi chhoán-khùi ê châi-tiāu.  Nā-chún chhōe bô tú-tú ē ha̍h ê lê-khak, ū-sî-chūn ē chioh phòa-khang ê iâ-chí khak lâi tāi-thè.  Sêng-se̍k ê pat-kòa tō lóng oân-choân bô koh-chài phāiⁿ khak.  Tùi nn̄g puh--chhut-lâi liáu-āu 4 chì 8 tang chiah sǹg sêng-se̍k, chiah ū thang kau-phòe, seⁿ-thòaⁿ.  Tùi [[kah-khak-lūi]] lâi kóng sǹg sī put-chí-á tn̂g ê sî-kan.

== Hun-pò͘==
[[File:CoconutCrab distribution map.svg|thumb|300px|Hun-pò͘ tô͘; pat-kòa seng-oa̍h tī chúi-sek hoān-ûi lāi ê hái-kîⁿ; âng tiám sī chú-iàu chhe-tē, n̂g-sek sī chhù-iàu--ê.]]

Pat-kòa tī [[Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ]] kap sai [[Thài-pêng-iûⁿ]] ū-tè-chhōe.  [[Sèng-tàn-tó]] (tī Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ) ū choân sè-kài siāng tōa tīn, pó-chûn liáu siāng chiâu-chn̂g ê pat-kòa tīn.  Kî-thaⁿ chú-iàu ê tē-tiám pau-koah [[Cook Kûn-tó]] (te̍k-pia̍t sī [[Pukapuka]], [[Suwarrow]], [[Mangaia]], [[Takutea]], [[Mauke]], [[Atiu]] kap [[Palmerston]] khah sè ê tó), [[Sesel|Sesel-tó]] (te̍k-pia̍t sī [[Aldabra]], [[Glorieuse]], [[Astove]], [[Assumption]], kap [[Cosmoledo]]).

In-ūi sêng-se̍k ê pat-kòa bô siû-chúi ê châi-tiāu, si̍t-bîn hiah-ê tó-sū ê pat-kòa tiāⁿ-tio̍h sī iáu ū-hoat-tō· siû ê sè-chiah iù-hē (''larvae'').  Chóng--sī, in-ūi chi̍t-kóa-á tó-sū hn̄g-kīn si̍t-chāi chha thài chē, ū gián-kiù-chiá jīn-ûi iù-hē 28 kang ê sèⁿ-miā-kî bô-kàu gia̍h, ah in èng-kai ū tit-tio̍h kî-thaⁿ hong-sek ê pang-chān, khó-pí kóng tiàm tī phû-chhâ téng-koân sūn hái-chúi ê sè phiau-lōng kàu-ūi.

Pat-kòa ê tē-lí hun-pò· ū chi̍t-kóa-á bêng-hián ê phāng.  Khó-pí kóng [[Ìn-nî]] [[Borneo]] hù-kīn a̍h-sī [[Papua Sin Guinea]].  Chiah-ê tó lī pat-kòa khiā-khí ê tē-tiám pēng-bô kóng kài hn̄g, jī-chhiáⁿ koh ū sek-tong ê chûn-oa̍h khoân-kéng, khiok-sī tó-siōng oân-choân bô pat-kòa.  Che sī in-ūi tong-tē ê pat-kòa tīn í-keng hō· lâng chia̍h kah bô chhun, tn̄g-chéng khì ah.

== Gōa-pō· liân-kiat ==
*[http://www.527.idv.tw/twzid_2/a_42.htm Le̍k-tó pat-kòa kán-kài]

[[Category:Kah-khak-lūi]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2017-06-11T14:14:12Z</timestamp>
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        <id>16876</id>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Good ariticle}}

{{Taxobox
| name = Pat-kòa
| image = Cococrb2.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = [[Só͘-lô-bûn Kûn-tó]] ê pat-kòa
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| subphylum = [[Crustacea]]
| classis = [[Malacostraca]]
| ordo = [[Decapoda]]
| infraordo = [[Anomura]]
| familia = [[Coenobitidae]]
| genus = '''''Birgus'''''
| species = '''''B. latro'''''
| binomial = ''Birgus latro''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1767
| range_map = CoconutCrab distribution map.svg
| range_map_caption = Pat-kòa seng-oa̍h tī chúi-sek hoān-ûi lāi ê hái-kîⁿ; âng tiám sī chú-iàu chhe-tē, n̂g-sek sī chhù-iàu--ê.
}}

'''Pat-kòa''' ([[ha̍k-miâ]]: ''Birgus latro'') sī siāng tōa chiah ê [[lio̍k-tē]] [[chiat-chiok-tōng-bu̍t]].  Kang--ê ē-tàng hoat-io̍k kàu 1 kong-chhioh tn̂g (tùi thâu kàu bóe), 17 kong-kin tāng.  Pat-kòa ki-pún-siōng sī 1 khoán [[kià-seⁿ-á]].  I ū-hoat-tō· iōng i chho·-ióng ê &quot;khîⁿ-á&quot; chiong [[iâ-chí]] khak kòng phòa, thang chia̍h lāi-bīn ê iâ-iû.

Pat-kòa tī chi̍t-kóa-á [[gí-giân]] hō-chò &quot;thó·-húi-hē&quot; a̍h-sī &quot;iâ-á-chha̍t&quot; ([[Tek-gí]]: ''Palmendieb''), in-ūi ū sî-chūn ē tùi lâng chhù--lìn sa cháu kim-tang-tang ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ.

== Bu̍t-chéng ==
[[Image:CoconutCrabDictionnaireDHistoireNaturelle1849.jpg|thumb|left|Pat-kòa kha-chiah-phiaⁿ-bīn ([[1849 nî]] ê ang-á)]]
''Birgus latro'' sī choân sè-kài siāng-kài tōa-chia̍h ê lio̍k-tē-hē.  Kang--ê thong-siông pí bó--ê khah tōa-chiah.  Bûn-hiàn kì-chài ê tōa-sè bô it-tēng:  kin-kù tōa pō·-hūn ê chu-liāu, siāng tāng kàu 4 [[kg]], tn̂g 40 [[cm]], kha nā chhun tn̂g ē-tàng kàu 1 [[m]] tn̂g.  Ū pò-kò soan-chheng ū 17 kg tāng, 1 m tn̂g ê pat-kòa.  Ū lâng jīn-ûi lio̍k-tē chiat-chiok-lūi lí-lūn-siōng bô khó-lêng pí che koh khah tōa.  (Chúi-lāi ê chiat-chiok-lūi in-ūi ū chúi tàu phô·, iáu ū khó-lêng khah tōa.)

Pat-kòa ê sin-khu chhin-chhiūⁿ kî-thaⁿ ê [[cha̍p-chiok-lūi]], pun thâu-chêng pō·-ūi (hō-chò [[thâu-heng-khám]], ''cephalothorax'') kap [[pak-tó·]] pō·-ūi.  Chit-ê sin-khu tàu 10 ki [[kha]].  Siāng thâu-chêng hit-tùi kha ū chho·-ióng ê tōa-ki khîⁿ-á, che si̍t-giām chèng-bêng ū gia̍h 29 kg tāng ê hoat-tō·.  Khah āu-piah ū 3-tùi kha ū khah sè-ki ê chiáu-thâu, tû-liáu iōng lâi tiàm tē-bīn pê í-gōa, iū-koh ē-tàng pang in peh--khí-lih chhiū-á-téng (6 m koân m̄ sī būn-tê).  Siāng bóe-liu hit tùi kha ke chin iù, it-poaⁿ kiu tī sin-khu lāi-té, î-it ê kong-lêng sī chheng in-ê  [[chhoán-khùi]] khì-koan.  Pat-kòa pêng-kin ē-tàng oa̍h 30 chì 60 tang kú (siông-sè jōa kú, bûn-hiàn bô 1-ê tēng-lūn).

Sui-bóng ''Birgus latro'' sio̍k-î kià-seⁿ-á ê 1 lūi, kan-taⁿ iù-hē ē tàu khak-á pó-hō· in nńg-nńg ê pak-tó·.  Khah sêng-se̍k--ê ū-sî ē the̍h phòa iâ-chí-khak lâi tàu.  Chóng--sī sêng-se̍k ê pat-kòa bô teh khàm khak; in pak-tó· pō·-ūi ê khak ke-thiⁿ ''chitin'' kap chio̍h-hún ê sêng-hūn lâi ka-kiông bú-chong.  Koh, in ē kā bóe chhun tò-oa̍t lâi pó-hō· ē-pêng.  Bú-chong--kòe ê pak-tó·-pêng oân-ná ū kiám-chió chúi-hun liû-sit ê lō·-iōng.  Î-it ê khoat-tiám tō-sī pak-tó·-pêng su-iàu tēng-kî thǹg khak, thang koh-chài seⁿ sin--ê chhut--lâi.  Oāⁿ khak tio̍h khai 30 kang ê sî-kan.  Tng chit-ê sî-kî sī pat-kòa siāng chhùi-jio̍k ê sî-chūn, tì-sú in it-poaⁿ ē cháu khì bih.

== Chia̍h==

Pat-kòa chú-iàu chia̍h kok-chióng kóe-chí, pau-koah iâ-chí kap [[bû-hoa-kó]].  Chóng--sī chí-iàu sī iú-ki--ê lóng ē-chia̍h-tit, chhin-chhiūⁿ hio̍h-á, [[ku]] nn̄g, tōng-bu̍t ê sí-thé kap khak-á (ē-tàng pó· [[Ca (goân-sò͘)|Ca]]).  Oa̍h--ê, siuⁿ sô ê tōng-bu̍t oân-ná sī in ê tùi-siōng.  Pat-kòa ē hō·-siong thau-the̍h chia̍h-mi̍h.

Pat-kòa ē peh chhiū chia̍h kóe-chí, nà-liâng, a̍h-sī siám-phiah te̍k-jîn.  In khui iâ-chí ê kang-hu tī tōng-bu̍t-kài ē-sái kóng chin te̍k-sû.  Ū kú-kú 1 tōaⁿ sî-kan ū lâng giâu-gî pat-kòa ū châi-tiāu ngiáu khui iâ-chí.  An-chhah tī si̍t-giām-sek lāi ê pat-kòa hō· in chē-chē iâ-chí mā sī iau-iau--sí.  Put-jî-kò tī 1980 nî-tāi Holger Rumpf sêng-kong tī iá-gōa koan-chhat tio̍h in khui iâ-chí.  In ū te̍k-pia̍t ê ki-su̍t.  Ká-sú iâ-chí ê gōa-phôe iáu tī--teh, in ē seng iōng chiáu-thâu kā pak tiāu (tiāⁿ-tio̍h tùi iâ-chí ê 3-ê [[puh-gê-khang]] lo̍h-chhiú).  Pat-kòa iōng khîⁿ-á ti̍t-ti̍t kòng hit 3 ê khang, kàu phòa chiah siu-soah.  Liáu-āu in oa̍t 180-tō·, kái iōng pa̍t-kha khah sè-ki ê khîⁿ-á chiong lāi-bīn ê pe̍h bah ó·--chhut-lâi.  Khah tōa-chiah ê pat-kòa ū-hoat-tō· kā iâ-chí thiah chò kúi-nā-tè, khah hong-piān chia̍h.

== Tòa ==

Sêng-se̍k ê pat-kòa tòa tī lio̍k-tē, it-poaⁿ kéng oá hái ê tē-tiám; lī hái 6 km hn̄g mā ū khó-lêng.  In bih tī [[soa]]-á a̍h-sī sang [[thô·]] lāi ê khang; chio̍h-thâu phāng mā ē-tòa-tit.  Ta̍k-chiah pat-kòa ka-kī ó· 1 khut ka-kī tòa.  Ji̍t--sî ko·-1-ê bih tòa hia, che tû-liáu ē-tàng pó-hō· ka-kī, mā ū kiám-chió chúi-hun liû-sit ê lō·-iōng.  In kā 1-ki kha khòe tī khut-chhùi hit tah, án-ne kā &quot;chhù&quot; hong tiâu leh, thang î-chhî 1-ê sip-sip ê khoân-kéng.  Che pang-chān in chhoán-khùi.  Pat-kòa sò·-liōng chē ê só·-chāi khòaⁿ-ē-tio̍h ū pat-kòa ji̍t--sī cháu--chhut-lâi-ê.  Che kiám-chhái sī chhōe-chia̍h kēng-cheng só· ín-khí ê hêng-ûi.  Kiàn-nā lo̍h-[[hō·]]-thiⁿ a̍h-sī [[sip-tō·]] koân, in oân-ná khéng chhut-lâi.

== Pó-io̍k tē-ūi ==
[[IUCN Âng-miâ-toaⁿ]] jīn-ûi bo̍k-chêng bô-kàu chu-liāu phoàⁿ-toān pat-kòa ê seng-thài chōng-hóng.  It-poaⁿ jīn-ûi pat-kòa tī chi̍t-kóa-á tó-siōng put-chí-á phó·-phiàn, ah tī kî-thaⁿ só·-chāi tō ke chin hi-hán.  Hái-hōaⁿ khai-hoat kè-e̍k sok-pa̍k in i-lāi seng-chûn ê thian-jiân khoân-kéng kap tē-pôaⁿ.  Jîn-kháu chē--ê só·-chāi kiám-chhái tùi pat-kòa khah put-lī.  Kòe-tō· lia̍h oân-ná chō-chiâⁿ sò·-liōng kiám-chió--khì.  Pō·-hūn tē-hng ū hoat-kui pó-hō· pat-kòa, khó-pí kóng kìm lia̍h sè-chiah--ê a̍h-sī kìm-chí lâng tī hoân-si̍t-kî-kan lo̍h-chhiú.

Pat-kòa-kiáⁿ te̍k-pia̍t siū lâng ín--ji̍p-lâi ê [[bah-sit tōng-bu̍t]] gûi-hāi, chhin-chhiūⁿ kóng [[niáu-chhí]], [[ti-á]], [[káu-hiā]].  Sêng-se̍k ê pat-kòa tû-liáu lâng í-gōa, bô kî-thaⁿ ê thian-te̍k.  In ê [[sī-le̍k]] bái, tio̍h khò cheng-chhek thô·-kha tín-tāng lâi chat te̍k-jîn ê tōng-chēng.

== Seⁿ-thòaⁿ ==

[[5 goe̍h]] kàu [[9 goe̍h]] (te̍k-pia̍t sī 7~8 goe̍h) sī pat-kòa ê kau-phòe kî.  Múi 1 pái ê sî-kan té-té--ah, m̄-koh tōng-chok chin chia̍p, thong-siông tiàm ta-sò ê soa-á-téng chò.  Kang--ê, bó--ê seng sio-tak chi̍t--khùn-ah, liáu-āu kang--ê kā bó--ê chhia péng-pêng, khai-sí chìn-hêng, chiân-āu tāi-iok 15 hun-cheng kú.  Bó--ê sûi pàng-nn̄g, pēng-chhiáⁿ kā hiah-ê [[siū-cheng]]--kòe ê nn̄g kô· tòa pak-tó·-téng, sûi-sin chah tiâu-tiâu iok-lio̍k kúi-nā-kó·-goe̍h.  Kàu-kah [[10 goe̍h]], [[11 goe̍h]] hit-chūn, pat-kòa-bó kui-tīn tán chúi khí-tiòng chiah kā nn̄g kui-thoaⁿ pàng ji̍p-khì hái-chúi lāi-bīn.

Sin iù-hē hō-chò ''zoea''.  In tī hái-chúi-lāi phû 28 kang; chit-tōaⁿ sî-kan chē-chē khì hō· pa̍t-khoán seng-bu̍t chia̍h--khì.  Chûn-oa̍h--lo̍h-lâi-ê tiàm hái-té kap hái-kîⁿ oa̍h-tōng 28 kang.  In chioh khang hái-lê khak-á lâi pó-hō· sin-khu.  Hām kî-thaⁿ ê kià-seⁿ-á sio-siâng, kiàn-nā tōa--khí-lâi tio̍h chhōe sin khak lâi tàu.  28 kang kòe-liáu, in tō éng-kiú lī-khui hái, mā sit-khì tī chúi-lāi chhoán-khùi ê châi-tiāu.  Nā-chún chhōe bô tú-tú ē ha̍h ê lê-khak, ū-sî-chūn ē chioh phòa-khang ê iâ-chí khak lâi tāi-thè.  Sêng-se̍k ê pat-kòa tō lóng oân-choân bô koh-chài phāiⁿ khak.  Tùi nn̄g puh--chhut-lâi liáu-āu 4 chì 8 tang chiah sǹg sêng-se̍k, chiah ū thang kau-phòe, seⁿ-thòaⁿ.  Tùi [[kah-khak-lūi]] lâi kóng sǹg sī put-chí-á tn̂g ê sî-kan.

== Hun-pò͘==
[[File:CoconutCrab distribution map.svg|thumb|300px|Hun-pò͘ tô͘; pat-kòa seng-oa̍h tī chúi-sek hoān-ûi lāi ê hái-kîⁿ; âng tiám sī chú-iàu chhe-tē, n̂g-sek sī chhù-iàu--ê.]]

Pat-kòa tī [[Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ]] kap sai [[Thài-pêng-iûⁿ]] ū-tè-chhōe.  [[Sèng-tàn-tó]] (tī Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ) ū choân sè-kài siāng tōa tīn, pó-chûn liáu siāng chiâu-chn̂g ê pat-kòa tīn.  Kî-thaⁿ chú-iàu ê tē-tiám pau-koah [[Cook Kûn-tó]] (te̍k-pia̍t sī [[Pukapuka]], [[Suwarrow]], [[Mangaia]], [[Takutea]], [[Mauke]], [[Atiu]] kap [[Palmerston]] khah sè ê tó), [[Sesel|Sesel-tó]] (te̍k-pia̍t sī [[Aldabra]], [[Glorieuse]], [[Astove]], [[Assumption]], kap [[Cosmoledo]]).

In-ūi sêng-se̍k ê pat-kòa bô siû-chúi ê châi-tiāu, si̍t-bîn hiah-ê tó-sū ê pat-kòa tiāⁿ-tio̍h sī iáu ū-hoat-tō· siû ê sè-chiah iù-hē (''larvae'').  Chóng--sī, in-ūi chi̍t-kóa-á tó-sū hn̄g-kīn si̍t-chāi chha thài chē, ū gián-kiù-chiá jīn-ûi iù-hē 28 kang ê sèⁿ-miā-kî bô-kàu gia̍h, ah in èng-kai ū tit-tio̍h kî-thaⁿ hong-sek ê pang-chān, khó-pí kóng tiàm tī phû-chhâ téng-koân sūn hái-chúi ê sè phiau-lōng kàu-ūi.

Pat-kòa ê tē-lí hun-pò· ū chi̍t-kóa-á bêng-hián ê phāng.  Khó-pí kóng [[Ìn-nî]] [[Borneo]] hù-kīn a̍h-sī [[Papua Sin Guinea]].  Chiah-ê tó lī pat-kòa khiā-khí ê tē-tiám pēng-bô kóng kài hn̄g, jī-chhiáⁿ koh ū sek-tong ê chûn-oa̍h khoân-kéng, khiok-sī tó-siōng oân-choân bô pat-kòa.  Che sī in-ūi tong-tē ê pat-kòa tīn í-keng hō· lâng chia̍h kah bô chhun, tn̄g-chéng khì ah.

== Gōa-pō· liân-kiat ==
*[http://www.527.idv.tw/twzid_2/a_42.htm Le̍k-tó pat-kòa kán-kài]

[[Category:Kah-khak-lūi]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678807</id>
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      <timestamp>2017-06-11T14:15:16Z</timestamp>
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        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Good article}}

{{Taxobox
| name = Pat-kòa
| image = Cococrb2.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = [[Só͘-lô-bûn Kûn-tó]] ê pat-kòa
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| subphylum = [[Crustacea]]
| classis = [[Malacostraca]]
| ordo = [[Decapoda]]
| infraordo = [[Anomura]]
| familia = [[Coenobitidae]]
| genus = '''''Birgus'''''
| species = '''''B. latro'''''
| binomial = ''Birgus latro''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1767
| range_map = CoconutCrab distribution map.svg
| range_map_caption = Pat-kòa seng-oa̍h tī chúi-sek hoān-ûi lāi ê hái-kîⁿ; âng tiám sī chú-iàu chhe-tē, n̂g-sek sī chhù-iàu--ê.
}}

'''Pat-kòa''' ([[ha̍k-miâ]]: ''Birgus latro'') sī siāng tōa chiah ê [[lio̍k-tē]] [[chiat-chiok-tōng-bu̍t]].  Kang--ê ē-tàng hoat-io̍k kàu 1 kong-chhioh tn̂g (tùi thâu kàu bóe), 17 kong-kin tāng.  Pat-kòa ki-pún-siōng sī 1 khoán [[kià-seⁿ-á]].  I ū-hoat-tō· iōng i chho·-ióng ê &quot;khîⁿ-á&quot; chiong [[iâ-chí]] khak kòng phòa, thang chia̍h lāi-bīn ê iâ-iû.

Pat-kòa tī chi̍t-kóa-á [[gí-giân]] hō-chò &quot;thó·-húi-hē&quot; a̍h-sī &quot;iâ-á-chha̍t&quot; ([[Tek-gí]]: ''Palmendieb''), in-ūi ū sî-chūn ē tùi lâng chhù--lìn sa cháu kim-tang-tang ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ.

== Bu̍t-chéng ==
[[Image:CoconutCrabDictionnaireDHistoireNaturelle1849.jpg|thumb|left|Pat-kòa kha-chiah-phiaⁿ-bīn ([[1849 nî]] ê ang-á)]]
''Birgus latro'' sī choân sè-kài siāng-kài tōa-chia̍h ê lio̍k-tē-hē.  Kang--ê thong-siông pí bó--ê khah tōa-chiah.  Bûn-hiàn kì-chài ê tōa-sè bô it-tēng:  kin-kù tōa pō·-hūn ê chu-liāu, siāng tāng kàu 4 [[kg]], tn̂g 40 [[cm]], kha nā chhun tn̂g ē-tàng kàu 1 [[m]] tn̂g.  Ū pò-kò soan-chheng ū 17 kg tāng, 1 m tn̂g ê pat-kòa.  Ū lâng jīn-ûi lio̍k-tē chiat-chiok-lūi lí-lūn-siōng bô khó-lêng pí che koh khah tōa.  (Chúi-lāi ê chiat-chiok-lūi in-ūi ū chúi tàu phô·, iáu ū khó-lêng khah tōa.)

Pat-kòa ê sin-khu chhin-chhiūⁿ kî-thaⁿ ê [[cha̍p-chiok-lūi]], pun thâu-chêng pō·-ūi (hō-chò [[thâu-heng-khám]], ''cephalothorax'') kap [[pak-tó·]] pō·-ūi.  Chit-ê sin-khu tàu 10 ki [[kha]].  Siāng thâu-chêng hit-tùi kha ū chho·-ióng ê tōa-ki khîⁿ-á, che si̍t-giām chèng-bêng ū gia̍h 29 kg tāng ê hoat-tō·.  Khah āu-piah ū 3-tùi kha ū khah sè-ki ê chiáu-thâu, tû-liáu iōng lâi tiàm tē-bīn pê í-gōa, iū-koh ē-tàng pang in peh--khí-lih chhiū-á-téng (6 m koân m̄ sī būn-tê).  Siāng bóe-liu hit tùi kha ke chin iù, it-poaⁿ kiu tī sin-khu lāi-té, î-it ê kong-lêng sī chheng in-ê  [[chhoán-khùi]] khì-koan.  Pat-kòa pêng-kin ē-tàng oa̍h 30 chì 60 tang kú (siông-sè jōa kú, bûn-hiàn bô 1-ê tēng-lūn).

Sui-bóng ''Birgus latro'' sio̍k-î kià-seⁿ-á ê 1 lūi, kan-taⁿ iù-hē ē tàu khak-á pó-hō· in nńg-nńg ê pak-tó·.  Khah sêng-se̍k--ê ū-sî ē the̍h phòa iâ-chí-khak lâi tàu.  Chóng--sī sêng-se̍k ê pat-kòa bô teh khàm khak; in pak-tó· pō·-ūi ê khak ke-thiⁿ ''chitin'' kap chio̍h-hún ê sêng-hūn lâi ka-kiông bú-chong.  Koh, in ē kā bóe chhun tò-oa̍t lâi pó-hō· ē-pêng.  Bú-chong--kòe ê pak-tó·-pêng oân-ná ū kiám-chió chúi-hun liû-sit ê lō·-iōng.  Î-it ê khoat-tiám tō-sī pak-tó·-pêng su-iàu tēng-kî thǹg khak, thang koh-chài seⁿ sin--ê chhut--lâi.  Oāⁿ khak tio̍h khai 30 kang ê sî-kan.  Tng chit-ê sî-kî sī pat-kòa siāng chhùi-jio̍k ê sî-chūn, tì-sú in it-poaⁿ ē cháu khì bih.

== Chia̍h==

Pat-kòa chú-iàu chia̍h kok-chióng kóe-chí, pau-koah iâ-chí kap [[bû-hoa-kó]].  Chóng--sī chí-iàu sī iú-ki--ê lóng ē-chia̍h-tit, chhin-chhiūⁿ hio̍h-á, [[ku]] nn̄g, tōng-bu̍t ê sí-thé kap khak-á (ē-tàng pó· [[Ca (goân-sò͘)|Ca]]).  Oa̍h--ê, siuⁿ sô ê tōng-bu̍t oân-ná sī in ê tùi-siōng.  Pat-kòa ē hō·-siong thau-the̍h chia̍h-mi̍h.

Pat-kòa ē peh chhiū chia̍h kóe-chí, nà-liâng, a̍h-sī siám-phiah te̍k-jîn.  In khui iâ-chí ê kang-hu tī tōng-bu̍t-kài ē-sái kóng chin te̍k-sû.  Ū kú-kú 1 tōaⁿ sî-kan ū lâng giâu-gî pat-kòa ū châi-tiāu ngiáu khui iâ-chí.  An-chhah tī si̍t-giām-sek lāi ê pat-kòa hō· in chē-chē iâ-chí mā sī iau-iau--sí.  Put-jî-kò tī 1980 nî-tāi Holger Rumpf sêng-kong tī iá-gōa koan-chhat tio̍h in khui iâ-chí.  In ū te̍k-pia̍t ê ki-su̍t.  Ká-sú iâ-chí ê gōa-phôe iáu tī--teh, in ē seng iōng chiáu-thâu kā pak tiāu (tiāⁿ-tio̍h tùi iâ-chí ê 3-ê [[puh-gê-khang]] lo̍h-chhiú).  Pat-kòa iōng khîⁿ-á ti̍t-ti̍t kòng hit 3 ê khang, kàu phòa chiah siu-soah.  Liáu-āu in oa̍t 180-tō·, kái iōng pa̍t-kha khah sè-ki ê khîⁿ-á chiong lāi-bīn ê pe̍h bah ó·--chhut-lâi.  Khah tōa-chiah ê pat-kòa ū-hoat-tō· kā iâ-chí thiah chò kúi-nā-tè, khah hong-piān chia̍h.

== Tòa ==

Sêng-se̍k ê pat-kòa tòa tī lio̍k-tē, it-poaⁿ kéng oá hái ê tē-tiám; lī hái 6 km hn̄g mā ū khó-lêng.  In bih tī [[soa]]-á a̍h-sī sang [[thô·]] lāi ê khang; chio̍h-thâu phāng mā ē-tòa-tit.  Ta̍k-chiah pat-kòa ka-kī ó· 1 khut ka-kī tòa.  Ji̍t--sî ko·-1-ê bih tòa hia, che tû-liáu ē-tàng pó-hō· ka-kī, mā ū kiám-chió chúi-hun liû-sit ê lō·-iōng.  In kā 1-ki kha khòe tī khut-chhùi hit tah, án-ne kā &quot;chhù&quot; hong tiâu leh, thang î-chhî 1-ê sip-sip ê khoân-kéng.  Che pang-chān in chhoán-khùi.  Pat-kòa sò·-liōng chē ê só·-chāi khòaⁿ-ē-tio̍h ū pat-kòa ji̍t--sī cháu--chhut-lâi-ê.  Che kiám-chhái sī chhōe-chia̍h kēng-cheng só· ín-khí ê hêng-ûi.  Kiàn-nā lo̍h-[[hō·]]-thiⁿ a̍h-sī [[sip-tō·]] koân, in oân-ná khéng chhut-lâi.

== Pó-io̍k tē-ūi ==
[[IUCN Âng-miâ-toaⁿ]] jīn-ûi bo̍k-chêng bô-kàu chu-liāu phoàⁿ-toān pat-kòa ê seng-thài chōng-hóng.  It-poaⁿ jīn-ûi pat-kòa tī chi̍t-kóa-á tó-siōng put-chí-á phó·-phiàn, ah tī kî-thaⁿ só·-chāi tō ke chin hi-hán.  Hái-hōaⁿ khai-hoat kè-e̍k sok-pa̍k in i-lāi seng-chûn ê thian-jiân khoân-kéng kap tē-pôaⁿ.  Jîn-kháu chē--ê só·-chāi kiám-chhái tùi pat-kòa khah put-lī.  Kòe-tō· lia̍h oân-ná chō-chiâⁿ sò·-liōng kiám-chió--khì.  Pō·-hūn tē-hng ū hoat-kui pó-hō· pat-kòa, khó-pí kóng kìm lia̍h sè-chiah--ê a̍h-sī kìm-chí lâng tī hoân-si̍t-kî-kan lo̍h-chhiú.

Pat-kòa-kiáⁿ te̍k-pia̍t siū lâng ín--ji̍p-lâi ê [[bah-sit tōng-bu̍t]] gûi-hāi, chhin-chhiūⁿ kóng [[niáu-chhí]], [[ti-á]], [[káu-hiā]].  Sêng-se̍k ê pat-kòa tû-liáu lâng í-gōa, bô kî-thaⁿ ê thian-te̍k.  In ê [[sī-le̍k]] bái, tio̍h khò cheng-chhek thô·-kha tín-tāng lâi chat te̍k-jîn ê tōng-chēng.

== Seⁿ-thòaⁿ ==

[[5 goe̍h]] kàu [[9 goe̍h]] (te̍k-pia̍t sī 7~8 goe̍h) sī pat-kòa ê kau-phòe kî.  Múi 1 pái ê sî-kan té-té--ah, m̄-koh tōng-chok chin chia̍p, thong-siông tiàm ta-sò ê soa-á-téng chò.  Kang--ê, bó--ê seng sio-tak chi̍t--khùn-ah, liáu-āu kang--ê kā bó--ê chhia péng-pêng, khai-sí chìn-hêng, chiân-āu tāi-iok 15 hun-cheng kú.  Bó--ê sûi pàng-nn̄g, pēng-chhiáⁿ kā hiah-ê [[siū-cheng]]--kòe ê nn̄g kô· tòa pak-tó·-téng, sûi-sin chah tiâu-tiâu iok-lio̍k kúi-nā-kó·-goe̍h.  Kàu-kah [[10 goe̍h]], [[11 goe̍h]] hit-chūn, pat-kòa-bó kui-tīn tán chúi khí-tiòng chiah kā nn̄g kui-thoaⁿ pàng ji̍p-khì hái-chúi lāi-bīn.

Sin iù-hē hō-chò ''zoea''.  In tī hái-chúi-lāi phû 28 kang; chit-tōaⁿ sî-kan chē-chē khì hō· pa̍t-khoán seng-bu̍t chia̍h--khì.  Chûn-oa̍h--lo̍h-lâi-ê tiàm hái-té kap hái-kîⁿ oa̍h-tōng 28 kang.  In chioh khang hái-lê khak-á lâi pó-hō· sin-khu.  Hām kî-thaⁿ ê kià-seⁿ-á sio-siâng, kiàn-nā tōa--khí-lâi tio̍h chhōe sin khak lâi tàu.  28 kang kòe-liáu, in tō éng-kiú lī-khui hái, mā sit-khì tī chúi-lāi chhoán-khùi ê châi-tiāu.  Nā-chún chhōe bô tú-tú ē ha̍h ê lê-khak, ū-sî-chūn ē chioh phòa-khang ê iâ-chí khak lâi tāi-thè.  Sêng-se̍k ê pat-kòa tō lóng oân-choân bô koh-chài phāiⁿ khak.  Tùi nn̄g puh--chhut-lâi liáu-āu 4 chì 8 tang chiah sǹg sêng-se̍k, chiah ū thang kau-phòe, seⁿ-thòaⁿ.  Tùi [[kah-khak-lūi]] lâi kóng sǹg sī put-chí-á tn̂g ê sî-kan.

== Hun-pò͘==
[[File:CoconutCrab distribution map.svg|thumb|300px|Hun-pò͘ tô͘; pat-kòa seng-oa̍h tī chúi-sek hoān-ûi lāi ê hái-kîⁿ; âng tiám sī chú-iàu chhe-tē, n̂g-sek sī chhù-iàu--ê.]]

Pat-kòa tī [[Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ]] kap sai [[Thài-pêng-iûⁿ]] ū-tè-chhōe.  [[Sèng-tàn-tó]] (tī Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ) ū choân sè-kài siāng tōa tīn, pó-chûn liáu siāng chiâu-chn̂g ê pat-kòa tīn.  Kî-thaⁿ chú-iàu ê tē-tiám pau-koah [[Cook Kûn-tó]] (te̍k-pia̍t sī [[Pukapuka]], [[Suwarrow]], [[Mangaia]], [[Takutea]], [[Mauke]], [[Atiu]] kap [[Palmerston]] khah sè ê tó), [[Sesel|Sesel-tó]] (te̍k-pia̍t sī [[Aldabra]], [[Glorieuse]], [[Astove]], [[Assumption]], kap [[Cosmoledo]]).

In-ūi sêng-se̍k ê pat-kòa bô siû-chúi ê châi-tiāu, si̍t-bîn hiah-ê tó-sū ê pat-kòa tiāⁿ-tio̍h sī iáu ū-hoat-tō· siû ê sè-chiah iù-hē (''larvae'').  Chóng--sī, in-ūi chi̍t-kóa-á tó-sū hn̄g-kīn si̍t-chāi chha thài chē, ū gián-kiù-chiá jīn-ûi iù-hē 28 kang ê sèⁿ-miā-kî bô-kàu gia̍h, ah in èng-kai ū tit-tio̍h kî-thaⁿ hong-sek ê pang-chān, khó-pí kóng tiàm tī phû-chhâ téng-koân sūn hái-chúi ê sè phiau-lōng kàu-ūi.

Pat-kòa ê tē-lí hun-pò· ū chi̍t-kóa-á bêng-hián ê phāng.  Khó-pí kóng [[Ìn-nî]] [[Borneo]] hù-kīn a̍h-sī [[Papua Sin Guinea]].  Chiah-ê tó lī pat-kòa khiā-khí ê tē-tiám pēng-bô kóng kài hn̄g, jī-chhiáⁿ koh ū sek-tong ê chûn-oa̍h khoân-kéng, khiok-sī tó-siōng oân-choân bô pat-kòa.  Che sī in-ūi tong-tē ê pat-kòa tīn í-keng hō· lâng chia̍h kah bô chhun, tn̄g-chéng khì ah.

== Gōa-pō· liân-kiat ==
*[http://www.527.idv.tw/twzid_2/a_42.htm Le̍k-tó pat-kòa kán-kài]

[[Category:Kah-khak-lūi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sng Iàn-chu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Khiok-pôaⁿ */</comment>
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'''Sng Iàn-chu''' (孫燕姿, [[Tiô-chiu-oē]]: Sng Yì Tŝe, [[Eng-gí]]: Stefanie Sun; 1978- ) sī [[Sin-ka-pho]] ê koa-chhiú.

== Khiok-pôaⁿ ==
* 2000 nî 8 go̍eh  8 - 孫燕姿　(Sng Iàn-chu) -- kāng-miâ choan-chip
* 2000 nî 12 go̍eh  9 - 我要的幸福 (Góa beh ài ê hēng-hok)
* 2001 nî 7 go̍eh 12  - 風箏 (Hong-chhoe)
* 2002 nî 1 go̍eh 5 - Start
* 2002 nî 5 go̍eh 21 - Leave
* 2003 nî 1 go̍eh 10 - 未完成 (Boē oân-sêng)
* 2003 nî 8 go̍eh 22 - The Moment
* 2004 nî 10 go̍eh 28 - Stefanie
* 2005 nî 10 go̍eh 7 - 完美的一天 (Oân-bí ê chi̍t kang)
* 2006 nî 9 go̍eh 22 - My story, Your song
* 2007 nî 3 go̍eh 22 - 逆光
* 2011 nî 3 go̍eh 8 - 是时候
* 2014 nî 2 go̍eh 27 - 克卜勒
{{Golden-Melody-F}}
{{KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú}}
{{stub}}

[[Category:Sin-ka-pho koa-chhiú]]
[[Category:Sun--sī|Ianchu]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chhòa A-sìn</title>
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      <comment>S205643 已移動頁面 [[Chhoà A-sìn]] 至 [[Chhòa A-sìn]] 並覆蓋原有重新導向</comment>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[File:Chhoa A-sin.jpg|thumb|Chhoà A-sìn]]

'''Chhòa A-sìn''' (蔡阿信; [[1899 nî]] [[12 goe̍h 13 ji̍t]] - [[1990 nî]] [[3 goe̍h 5 ji̍t]]), [[Tâi-ôan]] tē-it-ê [[cha-bó͘]] [[i-seng]]. I sêng-li̍p Tâi-ôan tē-it-keng [[sán-pô]] ha̍k-hāu--Chheng-sìn (清信) Sán-pô Ha̍k-hāu.

Tī [[2005 nî]] Tâi-oân [[Bîn-sī]] tiān-sī-tâi pò-chhut iû Chheⁿ-phōng-kó kong-si kin-kù ''[[Lōng-tô-soa]]'' chit pún siáu-soat kái-pian oân-sêng ê [[liân-sio̍k-kio̍k]].

== Keng-le̍k ==
Chhoà A-sìn ùi Sin-tek chhut-sì.

[[File:Chhoa A-sin midwifery ad 1930.png|thumb|200px|Chheng-sìn Hū-jîn-kho I-īⁿ chio-seng kóng-kò (1930)]]

== Chham-khó ==
*興南新聞社 (1943) 臺灣人士鑑.

== Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat ==
* [http://203.65.117.106/project/people/main3_13.htm Tâi-ôan i-liâu-sú sò͘-ūi phok-bū-kóan] lāi ê Chhòa A-sìn siàu-kài.
* [http://thetaiwanese.blogspot.com/2009/10/dr-sin-tsai.html Dr. A-Sin Tsai]

[[Category:Tâi-oân i-seng]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi jîn-bu̍t]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gō͘-goe̍h-thiⁿ</title>
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'''Gō͘-goe̍h-thiⁿ''' (五月天), [[Tâi-oân]] ê 1-ê [[iô-kún-ga̍k|iô-kún]] [[ga̍k-thoân]], [[1999 nî]] sêng-li̍p.

==Sêng-oân==

* A-sìn 阿信 ([[Tân Sìn-hông]] 陳信宏):  chú-chhiùⁿ
* Koan-iū 冠佑 (Lâu Koan-iū 劉冠佑):  [[kó·]]-chhiú
* Koài-siù 怪獸 (Un Siōng-e̍k 溫尚翊):  [[gí-tah]] kiam thoân-tiúⁿ
* Chio̍h-thâu 石頭 (Chio̍h Gím-hâng 石錦航):  gí-tah
* Masa 瑪莎 (Chhòa Seng-àn 蔡昇晏):  [[bass]]

==Gōa-pō· liân-kiat==
*[http://www.imayday.com/ Koaⁿ-hong chām]
*[http://blog.yam.com/mayday_justmypride Blog]

{{singer-stub}}
{{KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú}}
{{Gō͘-goe̍h-thiⁿ}}
[[Category:Gō͘-goe̍h-thiⁿ| ]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân ga̍k-thoân]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Âng-hái</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Good article}}

[[File:Red Sea.png|thumb|Âng-hái (Eng-gí siá ''Red Sea'')]]
'''Âng-hái''' ([[A-la-pek-gí]] البحر الأحمر al-Bahr al-Ahmar; [[Hi-pek-lâi-gí]] ים סוף Yam Suf; [[Tigrigna]] ቀይሕ ባሕሪ QeyH baHri) sī [[Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ]] ê 1-ê [[hái-oan]], tiàm-tī [[A-chiu]] kap [[Hui-chiu]] kau-kài ê só͘-chāi. Thàng hái ê chhùi tī siōng lâm kak, keng-kòe [[Bab-el-Mandeb Hái-kiap]] sio-chiap [[Aden-oan]]. Í-pak sī [[Sinai Poàn-tó]], [[Aqaba-oan]], kap [[Suez-oan]] (thàng [[Suez Ūn-hô]]). Âng-hái sī sè-kài siōng pak ê [[jia̍t-tài]] hái.

Âng-hái lâm-pak iok-lio̍k 1900 [[km]] tn̂g, siōng khoah 300 km khah ke. Bīn-chek tāi-iok 450000 [[km²]]. Hái-té pêng-kin ū 500 m chhim, tī tiong-ng hái-kau (''central median trench'') hit-tah-á siōng chhim 2500 m. Ū chē-chē chhián-chúi ê hái-kè (''shelf'') sek-ha̍p [[hái-seng-bu̍t]] khiā-khí. [[Bô-liông-kut ê seng-bu̍t]] chheng-gōa-chióng, [[san-ô͘]] 200-gōa-chióng.

Oá pak-hoāⁿ ê kok-ka ū [[Ai-ki̍p]], [[Í-sek-lia̍t]], [[Iok-tàn]]; sai-hoāⁿ ū [[Sudan]] kap Ai-ki̍p; tang-hoāⁿ ū [[Saud ê A-la-pek]] kap [[Yemen]]; lâm-hoāⁿ ū [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Somalia]] téng-kok.

== Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat ==
{{commons|Category:Red Sea}}
{{Tē-kiû ê hái-iûⁿ}}
[[Category:Hái]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ông Sim-lêng</title>
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      <comment>/* Gōa-pō· liân-kiat */</comment>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ông Sim-lêng''' (王心凌, [[Kheh-oē]]: Vòng Sîm-lìn, pún-miâ '''Ông Kun-jû''' 王君如, [[1982 nî]] 9 goe̍h 5), [[Tâi-oân]] [[Hôa-gí]] [[ngó͘-siōng]] koa-chhiú, [[Sin-tek]] lâng.  [[2003 nî]] chhut-pán thâu 1 tiuⁿ [[kò-jîn choan-chip]] ''Cyndi Begins''.  In-ūi i chhut-tō ê kòe-têng, soan-thoân ê hong-sek, thiàu-bú, chhēng-chhah ê khoán-sek téng-téng hām lēng-gōa 1-ê Tâi-oân koa-chhiú &quot;Siàu-lâm Sat-chhiú&quot; [[Chhòa I-lîm]] chin sêng, tong-sî choâⁿ-á ū mûi-thé kā hō-chò &quot;Sin Siàu-lâm Sat-chhiú&quot;.  [[2005 nî]] liáu-āu Ông Sim-lêng khai-sí khí-chō sin hêng-siōng, hiān-chhú-sî [[siáu-iú]] kiò i &quot;Tiⁿ-bi̍t Kàu-chú&quot;.

==Sū-gia̍p==
{{iau-boe-sia}}

==Chok-phín==
===Choan-chip===
*2003 Begin...
*2004 Cyndi Loves You
*2005 Honey
*2005 閃耀2005新歌+節奏精選
*2005 Cyndi with U

==Gōa-pō· liân-kiat==
*[http://www.jungiery.com/cyndi/ Jungiery gē-jîn keng-kí kong-si ê kài-siāu]
{{KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú}}
[[Category:Tâi-oân koa-chhiú]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân Kheh-lâng]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chiu Kia̍t-lûn</title>
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      <comment>/* Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat */</comment>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{su-iàu hoan-e̍k}}
{{Infobox person
| name              = Chiu Kia̍t-lûn
| image             = Jay Chou in Seoul.jpg
| caption           = 2008 nî
| chinese character = {{lang|zh|周杰倫}}
| english           = {{lang|en|''Jay Chou''}}
| birth_date        = {{Birth date and age|1979|1|18}}&lt;/br&gt;[[Sin-pak-chhī]] [[Nâ-kháu-khu]]
| death_date        = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;
| nationality       = Tiong-kok
| language          = [[Hôa-gí]], [[Tâi-gí]], [[Oa̍t-gí (Kńg-tang-oē)|Oa̍t-gí]]
| education         = [[Sin-pak-chhī Su-li̍p Tām-kang Ko-kip-tiong-ha̍k|Tām-kang Ko-tiong]]
| religion          = [[Ki-tok-kàu]]
| occupation        = [[gē-jîn]]
| father            = Chiu Iāu-tiong ({{lang|zh|周耀中}})
| mother            = Ia̍p Hūi-bí ({{lang|zh|葉惠美}})
| spouse            = [[Hannah Quinlivan]]
| children          = 
| relatives         = 
| signature         = 
| website           = http://www.jvrmusic.com/
}}
'''Chiu Kia̍t-lûn''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|周杰倫}}; [[Eng-bûn]]: {{lang|en|''Jay Chou''}}; {{bd|1979 nî|1 go̍eh 18 ji̍t||}}), chhiok-hō '''Chiu-táng''' (周董), sī [[Tâi-ôan]] ê [[liû-hêng-koa]] [[koa-chhiú]], [[chok-khek-ka]], [[chok-sû-ka]]. Chiu Kia̍t-lûn ka-kī chok-khek kap chú-chhiùⁿ ê koa, koa-sû chē-chē sī [[Png Bûn-san]] (方文山) siá--ê, loē-iông pí it-poaⁿ ê liû-hêng koa-khek koh khah tōa-táⁿ tam lâng m̄-bat chhú-lí--kòe ê tê-châi, pí-jû ''Pâ, góa tńg--lâi ah'' (爸我回來了) ê [[ka-têng po̍k-le̍k]], ''Siang-chiat-kún'' (雙節棍) ê [[bú-su̍t]], ''Ài chāi se-gôan-chêng'' (愛在西元前) ê sè-kài [[le̍k-sú]], ''Sù-biān-chhó·-ko'' (四面楚歌) ê [[káu-á-tūi]] (狗仔隊) téng-téng. Che ūi tong-tāi ê Hôa-gí ga̍k-toâⁿ tòa-lâi 一股衝擊。
̂

== Lí-le̍k ==
Chiu Kia̍t-lûn tī bô hū-chhin ê ka-têng tōa-hàn; sè-hàn ê sî siu-siap-khì, put-jî-kò i tùi im-ga̍k表現了濃厚的兴趣hèng-chhù. 3-hòe khai-sí o̍h [[kǹg-khîm]], 16-hòe chhì-khòaⁿ chok-khek. 首次亮相幕前是為chham-ka [[tiān-sī]] chhiùⁿ-koa pí-sài ê pêng-iú chò kǹg-khîm phōaⁿ-chàu; in sui-jiân bô ti̍t-chióng, phōaⁿ-chàu ê Chiu Kia̍t-lûn soah hō· [[Ngô· Chong-hiàn]] (吳宗憲) 發掘進入  ga̍k-tôaⁿ. Put-jî-kò, [[Ngô· Chong-hiàn]] jīn-ûi Chiu Kia̍t-lûn bô-kàu iân-tâu, bô hoat-tō 馬上當紅&lt;!--樣貌不足以讓他馬上當紅--&gt;, só͘-í 讓他專注siá koa; i chia--ê chok-phín chē-chē ū chiâⁿ-chò hit-tong-sî hui-siông liû-hêng ê koa-khek.

[[2000-nî]] 首次推出個人專輯《周杰倫同名專輯》，在华语Hôa-gí歌壇一炮而紅，引起了很大的回響，奠定他在Hôa-gí流行lîu-hêng樂壇中佔有一席之地。

Chiu Kia̍t-lûn過去一直抗拒作音樂及[[kóng-kò]]拍攝以外的發展，在以他命名的《尋找周杰倫》[[tiān-iáⁿ]]中只作短暫露面。後來到[[2004-ní]]首次擔當正式角色，拍攝由[[Lâu Úi-kiông]] (劉偉強)和[[Be̍h Tiāu-hui]] (麥兆輝)執導, [[Ji̍t-pún bān-ōe]] 改篇 tiān-iáⁿ ''[[Thâu-bûn-jī D (tiān-iáⁿ)|Thâu-bûn-jī D]] (頭文字D)'', ián lâm-chú-kak [[藤原拓海]]. Tiān-iáⁿ [[2005-nî]] [[jo̍ah-thiⁿ]] tī [[大中華地區]]上映。這部電影Chiu Kia̍t-lûn的片酬是一百萬100-bān[[美元]]。Chiu Kia̍t-lûn並以此片獲得第四十二屆tē 42-kài [[Kim-bé-chióng]](金馬獎)最佳新演員獎。

另外，他的歌曲''蝸牛'' (Lō͘-lê)被收入成為上海Siōng-hái中學生ha̍k-seng ài-kok-chú-gī 推薦歌曲，而同時被收入的歌曲還包括[[Sēng Liông]] (成龍) ê ''Chin-sim eng-hiông (真心英雄)'', ''Tiong-kok-lâng&quot; (中國人)'' 等多首港台流行歌曲。[http://tw.news.yahoo.com/050315/4/1larw.html]

Chiu Kia̍t-lûn從中學時代起發現患有家族遺傳的[[脊椎炎|僵直性脊椎炎]]。2006-nî 2-go̍eh被Tâi-ôan ''[[蘋果日報]] (蘋果日報)'' 指控有造假病e̍例、逃避兵役的嫌疑，chhiùⁿ-phìⁿ kong-si ê lu̍t-su出庭說明並提供相關證據後，事件告一段落。

== Kám-chêng seng-oa̍h ==
Chiu Kia̍t-lûn曾與多位女星傳出緋聞，如[[Chhî Jio̍k-soan]](徐若瑄)、[[Un Lâm]](溫嵐)、[[Lōa Bî-jû]](賴薇如])等，尤其與[[Chhoà I-lîm]](蔡依林)的感情最廣為人知，在[[2005-nî]][[農曆新-nî]] kî-kan, Chiu Kia̍t-lûn hō· [[Hiong-káng]] [[cha̍p-chì]] '[[忽然1周]]' 拍攝hip-tio̍h i 與[[Nî-tāi Tiān-sī]] (年代電視) sin-bûn主播 [[Hâu Phòe-gîm]] (侯佩岑)同遊 [[Tang-kiaⁿ]], 兩人態度親暱, Chiu Kia̍t-lûn不得不承認這段戀情。這段戀情被媒體指控為對Chhoà I-lîm不忠。

Chiu Kia̍t-lûn一般低調處理與Hâu Phòe-gîm ê lōan-chêng, 但[[2005-nî]][[8-go̍eh 10]]與侯佩岑在[[Tâi-pak]]鬧市遇上[[狗仔隊]]時，下車lo̍h-chhia追打Tâi-ôan '[[It Chiu-khan]]' (壹週刊) kì-chiá，[[比中指|豎起中指]]的動作被攝入鏡頭。記者kì-chiá將片段交給[[tīan-sī-tâi]]播放, 迫使Chiu Kia̍t-lûn keh-ji̍t kong-khai  jīn-chhò.

== Kò-jîn choan-chip ==
=== Choan-chip ===
*《'''[[周杰倫同名專輯]]'''》，2000-nî 11-go̍eh 1。(第二版包括全碟其中7首單曲MTV)
*《'''[[范特西]]'''》，2001-nî 9-go̍eh 20。（「范特西」是英語''Fantasy''的音譯）
*《'''[[八度空间]]'''》，2002-nî 7-go̍eh 19。
*《'''[[葉惠美]]'''》，2003-nî 7-go̍eh 31。（「葉惠美」是Chiu Kia̍t-lûn母親的名字）
*《'''[[七里香]]'''》，2004-nî 8-go̍eh 3。
*《'''[[十一-go̍eh的蕭邦]]'''》，2005-nî 11-go̍eh 1。（[[蕭邦]]是Chiu Kia̍t-lûn的偶像）

=== EP ===
*《'''[[FANTASY PLUS]]'''》，2001-nî 12-go̍eh。(即《范特西EP》，包括《范特西》全碟10首單曲MTV及《FANTASY PLUS》全碟3首演唱會單曲MTV)
*《'''[[尋找周杰倫EP]]'''》，2003-nî 11-go̍eh 12。(包括《葉惠美》全碟11首單曲MTV)
*《'''[[霍元甲EP]]'''》，2006-nî 1-go̍eh 20。(包括電影《霍元甲》同名主題曲MTV及《十一-go̍eh的蕭邦》全碟12首單曲MTV)

=== Ián-chhiù-hoē choan-chip ===
*《'''Fantasy Show香港演唱會'''》，2001-nî 11-go̍eh。
*《'''The One 周杰倫演唱會'''》，2002-nî 10-go̍eh。(包括《八度空间》全碟10首單曲MTV)
*《'''周-{杰}-倫2004無與倫比演唱會'''》，2005-nî 1-go̍eh。(包括《七里香》全碟10首單曲MTV)

=== Kî-tha tē-khu hoat-hêng ê choan-chip ia̍h tan-khiok ===
*《'''雙節棍'''》，2002-nî 3-go̍eh 26，歐洲地區發行。
*《'''Initial J'''》，2005-nî 8-go̍eh 31，日本地區發行。

== Tiān-iáⁿ ==
*《'''[[寻找周杰倫]]'''》，[[2003-nî]] 3-go̍eh。
*《'''[[頭文字D (電影)|頭文字D]]'''》，[[2005-nî]] 7-go̍eh。
*《'''[[滿城盡帶黃金甲]]'''》，[[2006-nî]]。

== Ti̍t-chióng ==
（根据Chiu Kia̍t-lûn图文写真书《D调的华丽》）
*1997-nî
TVBS-G超級新人王歌唱比赛“年度亞軍”。

*2001-nî 
**3-go̍eh 29 公布“第十二届金曲奖”入围名单，入围最佳作曲人、最佳专辑制作人、最佳新人与最佳流行音乐演唱专辑四项大奖。
**5-go̍eh 5 chham ka“第十二届金曲奖”颁奖典礼，夺最佳流行音乐演唱专辑奖。
**5-go̍eh 18 获第一届Tâi-pak lîu-hêng im-ga̍k 節目“MTV封神榜音乐奖”十大人气歌手奖。
**8-go̍eh 3 “新加坡金曲奖”公布入围名单，入围最受欢迎男歌手、最佳演绎男歌手、亚太最受推崇男歌手、最佳新人、最佳唱片制作五项大奖。
**9-go̍eh 6 “新加坡金曲奖”揭榜，获得最佳新人奖。
**9-go̍eh 28 于Pak-kiaⁿ举行“第一届全球华语歌曲排行榜”颁奖典礼，获最佳新人奖，并以《星晴》一曲夺下金曲奖。
**11-go̍eh 12 入围第一届“MTV亚洲大奖”台湾最受欢迎歌手名单。
**11-go̍eh 25 马来西亚第一届“金曲红人颁奖礼”，《黑色幽默》一曲获得十大中文金曲与最佳作曲人奖。
**12-go̍eh 1 中国时报娱乐周报“2001-nî度十大”揭晓，《范特西》专辑获选为-nî度十大国语专辑。
**12-go̍eh 12 香港TVB8频道举办“金曲奖颁奖典礼”，以《星晴》一曲获-nî度金曲奖，并囊括最佳歌曲监制奖、最佳男新人金奖，与王菲同为金曲奖最大赢家。
**12-go̍eh 30 由新城电台举办的“新城劲爆金曲2001”颁奖典礼，夺新城劲爆海外新登场歌手奖，并以《星晴》、《龙卷风》二曲分别夺得新城劲爆国语歌曲奖及新城劲爆卡拉OK 歌曲奖。

*2002-nî
**1-go̍eh 1 香港商业电台举办“2001-nî度叱咤乐坛流行榜”颁奖典礼，获生力军男歌手金奖、唱作人银奖，我最喜爱的歌曲——《开不了口》，也是本届颁奖典礼惟一获奖台湾男歌手。
**1-go̍eh 11 飞碟联播网公布“2001-nî幽浮劲碟华语排行榜”-nî度总成绩，《星晴》获幽浮劲碟排行榜冠军，《可爱女人》以进榜二十周成绩获选为进榜最多周专辑。
**1-go̍eh 16 chham-ka香港无线“2001-nî度十大劲歌金曲”颁奖典礼，得最受欢迎创作歌星金奖、最喜爱男新人奖金奖、卓越表现铜奖，并以《开不了口》一曲夺最受欢迎国语金曲金奖，为本届最大赢家。
**1-go̍eh 17 以《八度空间》与《范特西》两张专辑，于香港“IFPI Award”获颁国语专辑十大销售奖。
**1-go̍eh 18 香港电台“第二十四届十大中文金曲”，夺最有前途新人奖金奖、优秀国语歌曲奖金奖，以及十大优秀流行歌手大奖。
**1-go̍eh 25 chham-ka Channel V“第八届全球华语音乐榜中榜”颁奖典礼，一口气拿下最受欢迎男歌手奖、新生代创作歌手奖、新浪潮歌手奖、最受欢迎歌曲四项大奖。
**3-go̍eh 13 以《范特西》及《威廉古堡》获选为中华音乐人交流协会第五届十大优良专辑与十大优良单曲。
**3-go̍eh 28 “第十三届金曲奖”公布入围名单，《范特西》专辑入围最佳流行音乐演唱专辑奖、最佳国语男演唱人奖、最佳专辑制作人奖、最佳音乐录像带奖、最佳作曲人奖、最佳作词人奖、最佳编曲人奖等十项提名。
**5-go̍eh 4  “第十三届金曲奖”颁奖典礼，《范特西》专辑一口气抱走最佳流行音乐演唱专辑奖、最佳作曲人奖、最佳作词人奖、最佳编曲人奖、最佳专辑制作人奖五项大奖。
**5-go̍eh 28 于东京获 “第一届MTV日本音乐录像带大奖”亚洲最杰出艺人特别奖。
**7-go̍eh 11 “第二届MTV封神榜音乐奖”颁奖，获-nî度风云人物奖与台北音乐节二十大人气歌手奖。
**8-go̍eh 30 chham-ka “第二届全球华语排行榜”颁奖典礼，杰伦囊括最佳专辑、最佳制作人、最佳创作歌手、最佳杰出地区艺人(台湾)，与二十大金曲五项大奖，表现风光。
**9-go̍eh 1 “新加坡金曲奖”揭晓，荣获亚太最受推崇男歌手、-nî度最佳畅销专辑、-nî度畅销男歌手与顶尖金曲四项大奖，为最大赢家。
**12-go̍eh 2 香港TVB8频道举办“金曲奖颁奖典礼”，以《开不了口》一曲获最佳作曲与金曲奖，也获选为全球传媒最受欢迎男歌手。
**12-go̍eh 20 chham-ka Hiong-káng “IFPI唱片销量大奖”颁奖典礼，获得十大销量国语唱片与最高销量国语唱片两项大奖，并于颁奖典礼中，与演奏家李云迪合奏《土耳其进行曲》。　　　

*2003-nî
**1-go̍eh 1 香港商业电台举办“2002-nî叱咤乐坛流行榜颁奖典礼”，获叱咤乐坛唱作人银奖，且以《回到过去》一曲获得叱咤专业推介十大歌曲。
**1-go̍eh 5 于香港红磡体育馆举办“2002-nî度香港十大劲歌金曲”颁奖典礼，《回到过去》与《安静》分别获得最受欢迎国语歌曲奖金奖及最佳歌曲监制奖。
**1-go̍eh 14 举办“2002 HITO流行音乐奖”颁奖典礼，获得-nî度HITO男歌手奖、-nî度HITO华语歌曲奖《暗号》、-nî度HITO长寿歌曲奖《回到过去》，以及-nî度HITO男生最爱K歌奖《回到过去》四项大奖。
**1-go̍eh 24 “第二届MTV亚洲大奖”颁奖典礼，获得台湾最受欢迎歌手奖。
**2-go̍eh 荣登亚洲版《时代周刊》封面。
**3-go̍eh 28 于“第三届中国音乐风云榜暨十大金曲颁奖典礼”夺下-nî度风云大奖、最佳唱作人奖与十大金曲奖。
**3-go̍eh 28日 公布“第十四届金曲奖”入围名单，《八度空间》专辑共入围最佳流行音乐演唱专辑奖、最佳专辑制作人奖、最佳作词人奖《爷爷泡的茶》、最佳编曲人奖《龙拳》、《最后的战役》五项大奖。
**4-go̍eh 4  “G-MUSIC风云榜白金音乐奖”颁奖，勇夺白金男歌手与白金大碟两项大奖，并当场开走价值百万的顶级跑车，为全场最风光艺人。
**8-go̍eh 3 出席由香港新城电台举办的“新城国语颁奖典礼”，夺新城国语歌曲、新城国语-nî度歌曲大奖、新城国语亚洲创作歌手大奖、亚洲歌手大奖。
**9-go̍eh 6 “第十届新加坡金曲奖”颁奖，获-nî度畅销男歌手、亚太最受推崇男歌手、最受欢迎男歌手奖。
**9-go̍eh 28 chham-ka中央人民广播电台音乐之声主办的“2002Music In 中国流行歌曲榜”颁奖晚会，获-nî度最佳唱片、-nî度最佳创作、港台十大金曲、台湾地区最受欢迎男歌手奖。
**12-go̍eh 19 由香港电台举办的“第二十六届十大中文金曲”颁奖典礼，夺-nî度最高销量歌手大奖及全国最受欢迎男歌手铜奖。

*2004-nî
**1-go̍eh 1 香港商业电台举办“2003-nî叱咤乐坛流行榜”，得叱咤乐坛唱作人金奖。
**1-go̍eh 8 Channel V“第十届全球华语音乐榜中榜”颁奖典礼于上海举行，获最佳创作歌手奖与最佳歌曲奖。
**2-go̍eh 21 出席“2003-nî度HITO流行音乐奖”颁奖典礼，囊括年度HITO华语歌曲、年度票选最受欢迎男歌手、年度HITO男歌手奖，以及亚洲传媒推荐专辑大奖。
**3-go̍eh 17 中华音乐人交流协会举行2003-nî度十大专辑和十大单曲颁奖典礼，包办年度十大优良专辑（《叶惠美》），-nî度十大优良单曲（《梯田》）、（《东风破》）三项大奖。
**3-go̍eh 26 参加于人民大会堂举办的“第十一届中国歌曲排行榜”颁奖典礼，夺最受欢迎港台地区男歌手奖，并以《东风破》一曲获颁最受欢迎港台地区歌曲奖。
**3-go̍eh28日 于“第四届中国百事音乐风云榜”颁奖典礼夺八项大奖，包括台湾最受欢迎男歌手、-nî度港台及海外华人最佳制作人、-nî度港台及海外华人最佳专辑《叶惠美》、年度风云大奖、年度最佳录像带《以父之名》，并以《东风破》、《三-nî二班》、《晴天》三曲获颁港台十大金曲奖。
**3-go̍eh30日 公布“第十五届金曲奖”入围名单，共入围最佳流行音乐演唱专辑奖、最佳音乐录像带导演奖、最佳作曲人奖、最佳作词人奖、最佳编曲人奖、最佳专辑制作人奖、最佳国语男演唱人奖七项大奖。
**4-go̍eh11日 “2003香港IFPI唱片销量大奖”颁奖典礼，以《叶惠美》专辑获得十大销量国语唱片奖与最高销量国语唱片奖，《寻找周杰伦》EP也同时获得十大销量国语唱片奖。
**4-go̍eh21日 “第三届日本MTV音乐录像带大奖”公布入围名单，入围最佳BUZZ ASIA台湾艺人奖。
**5-go̍eh8日 “第十五届金曲奖”颁奖典礼盛大登场，以《叶惠美》专辑夺-nî度最佳国语专辑奖，《三-nî二班》一曲也获最佳录像带导演奖。
**7-go̍eh11日 “第四届华语音乐传媒大奖”举行颁奖典礼，荣膺年度艺人殊荣，《叶惠美》专辑与《东风破》一曲同时获得-nî度十大专辑、最佳作曲人、-nî度十大歌曲等奖项。
**8-go̍eh1日 参加于香港会展中心举行的“2004新城国语颁奖礼”，夺新城国语歌曲（《你听得到》）、新城国语歌王、新城国语亚洲大碟奖（《叶惠美》）、新城国语亚洲创作歌手大奖、新城国语亚洲歌手大奖等五项大奖。
**9-go̍eh4日 “第四届全球华语排行榜”于台北台大综合体育馆举行，一人抱走最受欢迎男歌手、最佳专辑、台湾地区杰出艺人、-nî度最受欢迎二十大金曲、最受欢迎创作歌手五项大奖。
**9-go̍eh11日 “第十一届新加坡金曲奖”颁奖，获十大金曲、最佳唱片制作与最受欢迎男歌手奖，因未能出席颁奖典礼现场，还特别录制了感言于大会中播放。
'''（待续）'''

*2005-nî
**第50屆亞太影展，以「頭文字D」獲得「評審團特別獎」。
**11-go̍eh13日 [[金馬獎]]最佳新演員獎
**12-go̍eh25日 由新城電台舉辦的「新城勁爆金曲2005」頒獎典禮，奪得五獎，包括新城勁爆創作大碟(十一-go̍eh的蕭邦)、新城勁爆國語歌曲《夜曲》、新城全國樂迷投選勁爆歌手大獎、新城全球勁爆歌手、新城全球勁爆歌曲。

== La̍h-siōng (蠟像) ==
Chiu Kia̍t-lûn ê [[la̍h-siōng]] tī [[2006-nî]] [[5-go̍eh 8]] kiàn-li̍p tī [[Hiong-káng Tussaud-hu-jîn La̍h-siōng-kóan]] (香港杜莎夫人蠟像館).

== Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat ==
* [http://www.worldjournal.net/wj-en-news.php?nt_seq_id=1218291&amp;sc_seq_id=13 &quot;周杰倫為比中指認錯&quot; ''（世界日報網上報道 2005-nî8-go̍eh12日）'']
* [http://book.sina.com.cn/nzt/ent/1103612852_diaohuali/index.shtml 周杰伦图文写真：D调的华丽(连载)]
* 《[http://hk.music.yahoo.com/artist/jaychau/news/006022501001ljtx.html 周杰倫擬索償１億台幣]》，載香港《東方日報》，2006 nî 2 go̍eh 26
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[[Category:1979 nî chhut-sì]]
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  <page>
    <title>Chhùi-khí ê hoat-io̍k</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Featured article}}

[[Image:Molarsindevelopment11-24-05.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Chiàⁿ-pêng ē-kha (ùi tò-chhiú-pêng kàu chiàⁿ-chhiú-pêng) tē-3, tē-2, kap tē-1 tōa-āu-chan ê tiān-kong-phìⁿ, ē-sái khòaⁿ-kìⁿ bô-kâng kai-tōaⁿ ê chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k.]] 

'''Chhùi-khí ê hoat-io̍k''', ùi [[phoe-thai]] [[sè-pau]] [[seng-tióng]] khai-sí kàu puh-khí ji̍p [[kháu-khiuⁿ]], sī ho̍k-cha̍p ê kòe-têng. Sui-bóng chē-chē [[bu̍t-chióng]] (''species'') ū [[chhùi-khí]], in chhùi-khí ê hoat-io̍k kah [[jîn-lūi]] bô-siáⁿ-mi̍h bô-siâng. Nā-beh-ū khong-kiān ê kháu-khiuⁿ khoân-kéng, tī [[thai-jî hoat-io̍k]] ê sek-tòng kai-tōaⁿ lāi-té, [[khí-iū-chit]], [[khí-pún-chit]], [[khí-kut-chit]], kap [[khí-chiu cho·-chit]] tio̍h-ài khai-sí hoat-io̍k. [[Gín-á-khí]] tī [[seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē]] lāi-té tē-6 chì tē-8 lé-pài khai-sí hêng-sêng, ah [[tōa-lâng-khí]] tī seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē ê tē-20 lé-pái khai-sí hêng-sêng. &lt;ref&gt;A. R. Ten Cate, ''Oral Histology: Development, Structure, and Function'', 5th ed. (Saint Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1998), p. 95.&lt;/ref&gt; Ká-sú chhùi-khí bô tī chit-ê sî-chūn khai-sí hoat-io̍k, in tio̍h bē hoat-io̍k. 

Chiok-chē gián-kiù tì-tiōng tī ín-khí chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k ê koan-kiàn kòe-têng. Tī tē-1 [[branchial arch]] ê cho·-chit ū chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k pit-su-iàu ê in-sò· tī--leh, che sī hō·-lâng kóng-hoàn chiap-siū ê koān-tiám. &lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 81.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Khài-iàu==

[[Image:Toothbud11-19-05labeled.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Chhùi-khí íⁿ-gê ê cho·-chit chhiat-phìⁿ.&lt;br/&gt;
A: khí-iū-chit khì-koan (''enamel organ'')&lt;br/&gt;
B: chhùi-khí ni-thâu (''dental papilla'')&lt;br/&gt;
C: chhùi-khí lī-pau(''dental follicle'')]]

Chhùi-khí íⁿ-gê sī lō·-bóe hêng-sêng chhùi-khí ê chi̍t-tīn [[sè-pau]]. &lt;ref&gt;University of Texas Medical Branch.&lt;/ref&gt; Chia-ê sè-pau sī ùi [[tē-it branchial arch]] ê [[gōa-phoe-chân]] (''ectoderm'') kap [[sîn-keng-chiah]] (''neural crest'') ê [[ectomesenchyme]] ián-thòaⁿ--lâi-ē. &lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 102.&lt;/ref&gt; Chhùi-khí íⁿ-gê ē hun-hòa chò 3-ê pō·-hūn: [[khí-iū-chit khì-koan]] (''enamel organ''), [[chhùi-khí ni-thâu]] (''dental papilla''), [[chhùi-khí lī-pau]] (''dental follicle'').

'''Khí-iū-chit khì-koan''' sī iû [[gōa-kháu ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe]] (''outer enamel epithelium''), [[lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe]] (i''nner enamel epithelium''), [[stellate reticulum]], kap [[stratum intermedium]] lâi cho·-sêng. &lt;ref&gt;University of Texas Medical Branch.&lt;/ref&gt;  Chit-kóa sè-pau sī [[ameloblast]] ê khí-goân. Ameloblast chè-chō khí-iū-chit kap [[reduced enamel epithelium]]. Gōa-kháu ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe kap lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe sio-kap ê só·-chāi kiò-chò [[cervical loop]].&lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 86.&lt;/ref&gt; Cervical loop hia ê sè-pau kè-sio̍k ǹg koh-khah chhim ê cho·-chit só·-chāi seng-tióng, chiâⁿ-chò [[Hertwig's epithelial root sheath]], i koat-tēng soah--lo̍h-khì chhùi-khí [[khí-kha]] ê khòaⁿ-thâu. 

'''Chhùi-khí ni-thâu''' ū-hâm ē hoat-tián chò [[odontoblast]] ê sè-pau, odontoblast sī hêng-sêng khí-pún-chit ê sè-pau.&lt;ref&gt;University of Texas Medical Branch.&lt;/ref&gt; Chhùi-khí ni-thâu kap lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe chih-chiap ê só·-chāi ē-tit koat-tēng āu--lâi chhùi-khí [[khí-koan]] ê hêng-chōng.&lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 86 and 102.&lt;/ref&gt; Chhùi-khí ni-thâu tiong-hng ê [[mesenchyme]] sè-pau sī kah chhùi-khí [[khí-chhóe]] ê chiâⁿ-hêng ū tī-tāi. 

'''Chhùi-khí lī-pau''' ē piàn-chò 3-ê chiâⁿ tiōng-iàu ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ: [[cementoblast]],  [[osteoblast]], kap [[fibroblast]]. Cementoblast sán-seng chhùi-khí khí-kha piáu-bīn ê [[khí-kut-chit]]. Osteoblast seⁿ-chhut khí-kha sì-pêng ê [[khí-chô-kut]]. Fibroblast hoat-io̍k chhut [[khí-chiu jūn-tòa]], khí-chiu jūn-tòa liân-chiap khí-chô-kut kap khí-kut-chit, choâⁿ kā chhùi-khí kò·-tēng tīàm khí-chô. &lt;ref&gt;Ross, Michael H., Gordon I. Kaye, and Wojciech Pawlina. &quot;Histology: a text and atlas.&quot; 4th ed, p. 453.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jîn-lūi chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k ê sî-kan-pió ===
Ē-kha chit-kóa pió siá--ê sī jîn-lūi chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k ê sî-kan. &lt;ref&gt;Ash &amp; Nelson, ''Wheeler's Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion'', pp. 32, 45, and 53.&lt;/ref&gt; Gín-á-khí thâu-khí-seng kài-hòa ê sî-kan sī ēng seⁿ-kiáⁿ-tē lāi-té ê lé-pāi sò·-bo̍k piáu-sī. 

&lt;center&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot;&gt;
{| border=&quot;BORDER&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;padding:3px;text-align:center;&quot; 
! 
! colspan=8 style=&quot;background:#efefef;padding:3px&quot; | Téng-kiuⁿ (''maxillary'') chhùi-khí
|-
! style=&quot;width:10em&quot; | Gín-á-khí
! style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | Chiàⁿ&lt;br/&gt;-mn̂g-khí
! style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | Chhek&lt;br/&gt;-mn̂g-khí
! style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | &lt;br/&gt;Kak-khí
! style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | Tē-1&lt;br/&gt;āu-chan
! style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | Tē-2&lt;br/&gt;āu-chan
|-
| style=&quot;padding:3px&quot; | Thâu-khí-seng ê kài-hòa
| 14&amp;nbsp;lé-pài
| 16&amp;nbsp; lé-pài
| 17&amp;nbsp;lé-pài
| 15.5&amp;nbsp;lé-pài
| 19&amp;nbsp;lé-pài
|-
| style=&quot;padding:3px&quot; | Khí-koan tōa-kàu-chaī
| 1.5&amp;nbsp;go̍eh
| 2.5&amp;nbsp;go̍eh
| 9&amp;nbsp;go̍eh
| 6&amp;nbsp;go̍eh
| 11&amp;nbsp;go̍eh
|-
| style=&quot;padding:3px&quot; | Khí-kha tōa-kàu-chaī
| 1.5&amp;nbsp;tang
| 2&amp;nbsp;tang
| 3.25&amp;nbsp;tang
| 2.5&amp;nbsp;tang
| 3&amp;nbsp;tang
|-
!
! colspan=8 style=&quot;background:#ffdead;padding:3px&quot; | &amp;nbsp;Ē-kiuⁿ (''mandibular'') chhùi-khí&amp;nbsp;
|-
| style=&quot;padding:3px&quot; | Thâu-khí-seng ê kài-hòa
| 14&amp;nbsp;lé-pài
| 16&amp;nbsp;lé-pài
| 17&amp;nbsp;lé-pài
| 15.5&amp;nbsp;lé-pài
| 18&amp;nbsp;lé-pài
|-
| style=&quot;padding:3px&quot; | Khí-koan tōa-kàu-chaī
| 2.5&amp;nbsp;go̍eh
| 3&amp;nbsp;go̍eh
| 9&amp;nbsp;go̍eh
| 5.5&amp;nbsp;go̍eh
| 10&amp;nbsp;go̍eh
|-
| style=&quot;padding:3px&quot; | Khí-kha tōa-kàu-chaī
| 1.5&amp;nbsp;tang
| 1.5&amp;nbsp;tang
| 3.25&amp;nbsp;tang
| 2.5&amp;nbsp;tang
| 3&amp;nbsp;tang
|}


{| border=&quot;BORDER&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;padding:3px;text-align:center&quot; 
! 
! colspan=8 style=&quot;background:#efefef;padding:3px&quot; | Téng-kiuⁿ chhùi-khí
|-
! style=&quot;width:10em&quot; | Tōa-lâng-khí
! style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | Chiàⁿ&lt;br/&gt;-mn̂g-khí
! style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | Chhek&lt;br/&gt;-mn̂g-khí
! style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | &lt;br/&gt;Kak-khí
! style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | Tē-1&lt;br/&gt;sió-āu-chan
! style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | Tē-2&lt;br/&gt;sió-āu-chan
! style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | Tē-1&lt;br/&gt;tōa-āu-chan
! style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | Tē-2&lt;br/&gt;tōa-āu-chan
! style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | Tē-3&lt;br/&gt;tōa-āu-chan
|-
| style=&quot;padding:3px&quot; | Thâu-khí-seng ê kài-hòa
| 3&amp;ndash;4&amp;nbsp;go̍eh
| 10&amp;ndash;12&amp;nbsp;go̍eh
| 4&amp;ndash;5&amp;nbsp;go̍eh
| 1.5&amp;ndash;1.75&amp;nbsp;tang
| 2&amp;ndash;2.25&amp;nbsp;tang
| chhut-sì ê sî
| 2.5&amp;ndash;3&amp;nbsp;tang
| 7&amp;ndash;9&amp;nbsp;tang
|-
| style=&quot;padding:3px&quot; | Khí-koan tōa-kàu-chāi
| 4&amp;ndash;5&amp;nbsp;tang
| 4&amp;ndash;5&amp;nbsp;tang
| 6&amp;ndash;7&amp;nbsp;tang
| 5&amp;ndash;6&amp;nbsp;tang
| 6&amp;ndash;7&amp;nbsp;tang
| 2.5&amp;ndash;3&amp;nbsp;tang
| 7&amp;ndash;8&amp;nbsp;tang
| 12&amp;ndash;16&amp;nbsp;tang
|-
| style=&quot;padding:3px&quot; | Khí-kha tōa-kàu-chāi
| 10&amp;nbsp;tang
| 11&amp;nbsp;tang
| 13&amp;ndash;15&amp;nbsp;tang
| 12&amp;ndash;13&amp;nbsp;tang
| 12&amp;ndash;14&amp;nbsp;tang
| 9&amp;ndash;10&amp;nbsp;tang
| 14&amp;ndash;16&amp;nbsp;tang
| 18&amp;ndash;25&amp;nbsp;tang
|-
!
! colspan=8 style=&quot;background:#ffdead;padding:3px&quot; | &amp;nbsp;Ē-kiuⁿ chhùi-khí &amp;nbsp;
|-
| style=&quot;padding:3px&quot; | Thâu-khí-seng ê kài-hòa
| 3&amp;ndash;4&amp;nbsp;go̍eh
| 3&amp;ndash;4&amp;nbsp;go̍eh
| 4&amp;ndash;5&amp;nbsp;go̍eh
| 1.5&amp;ndash;2&amp;nbsp;o̍eh
| 2.25&amp;ndash;2.5&amp;nbsp;o̍eh
| chhut-sì ê sî
| 2.5&amp;ndash;3&amp;nbsp;tang
| 8&amp;ndash;10&amp;nbsp;tang
|-
| style=&quot;padding:3px&quot; | Khí-koan tōa-kàu-chāi
| 4&amp;ndash;5&amp;nbsp;tang
| 4&amp;ndash;5&amp;nbsp;tang
| 6&amp;ndash;7&amp;nbsp;tang
| 5&amp;ndash;6&amp;nbsp;tang
| 6&amp;ndash;7&amp;nbsp;tang
| 2.5&amp;ndash;3&amp;nbsp;tang
| 7&amp;ndash;8&amp;nbsp;tang
| 12&amp;ndash;16&amp;nbsp;tang
|-
| style=&quot;padding:3px&quot; | Khí-kha tōa-kàu-chāi
| 9&amp;nbsp;tang
| 10&amp;nbsp;tang
| 12&amp;ndash;14&amp;nbsp;tang
| 12&amp;ndash;13&amp;nbsp;tang
| 13&amp;ndash;14&amp;nbsp;tang
| 9&amp;ndash;10&amp;nbsp;tang
| 14&amp;ndash;15&amp;nbsp;tang
| 18&amp;ndash;25&amp;nbsp;tang
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;

==Chhùi-khí íⁿ-gê ê hoat-io̍k ==

Tī hàm-kiàⁿ ē-té ē-sái kòaⁿ--kìⁿ ê chhùi-khí chiâⁿ-hêng ê siāng-khí-seng 1-pō· sī  [[vestibular lamina]] kap [[dental lamina]] ê khu-pia̍t. Dental lamina liân-kiat hoat-io̍k ê chhùi-khí-íⁿ kap kháu-khiuⁿ ê [[siōng-phôe-chân]], chit-ê liân-kiat î-chhî bē-té ê 1-tōaⁿ sî-kan. &lt;ref&gt;University of Southern California School of Dentistry, ''The Bell Stage: Image 26'' found [http://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/ohisto/Cards/tdev/26_bb.html here].&lt;/ref&gt;

Chhùi-khí ê hoat-io̍k thong-siông hun-chò ē-kha kúi-ê kai-tōaⁿ: íⁿ-gê kî, bō-á kî, lêng-liang kî, kap siāng-lo̍h-bóe ê sêng-se̍k kî. Chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k ê hun-kî sī siūⁿ-beh kā sio-liân-soah hoat-seng ê kái-piàn chò hun-lūi; m̄-koh tháu-té chiâⁿ-oh koat-tēng 1-khí hoat-io̍k tiong ê chhùi-khí sī chám-jiân ūi-tī tó-chi̍t-ê khám-chām. &lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 81.&lt;/ref&gt; Tio̍h-sǹg-sī kāng 1-khí hoat-io̍k tiong ê chhùi-khí, in-ūi bô-kâng phìⁿ ê cho·-chit chhiat-phìⁿ ê koan-hē, sú-tit hun-kî ê koat-tēng pìⁿ-chiâⁿ kēng-ka khùn-lân, ē chhut-hiān bô-kâng hun-kî ê kiat-kó.

===Íⁿ-gê kî===

Íⁿ-gê kî chhùi-khí íⁿ-gê ê sè-pau pâi-lia̍t iáu-koh chiâⁿ hùn-loān. Chit-ê kai-tōaⁿ ê khai-sí sī siōng-phôe sè-pau cheng-seng chìn-ji̍p khí-chô-kut ê ectomesenchyme ê sî-chūn. &lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt; Chhùi-khí íⁿ-gê pún-sin sī dental lamina boa̍t-toan ê 1-tīn sè-pau.

===Bō-á kî===
[[image:capstage11-23-05.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Bō-á kî chhùi-khí ê cho·-chit chhiat-phìⁿ.]]
Tī bō-á kî, chhùi-khí íⁿ-gê ê sè-pau chiah khai-sí pâi-lia̍t. Chi̍t-kóa ectomesenchyme sè-pau thêng-chí sán-seng sè-pau-gōa ê ki-chit (''extracellular substances''), án-ne tì-sú in e-kheh chi̍p-chi̍p chò-hóe, hông kiò-chò chhùi-khí ni-thâu. Tī chit-ê sî-chūn, chhùi-khí ni-thâu piⁿ-á ê sè-pau  pâi-lia̍t chiâⁿ-chò bō-á ê hêng-chōng, kiò-chò khí-iū-chit khì-koan (ū-lâng kā kiò-chò khí-pún-chit khì-koan). Koh-ū lēng-gōa chi̍t-tīn ectomesenchyme sè-pau sio-chio óa-kīn chò-hóe, pau-ûi tī khí-iū-chit khì-koan kap chhùi-khí ni-thâu ê kho·-tau. Soah--lo̍h-lâi, khí-iū-chit khì-koan ē sán-seng khí-iū-chit, chhùi-khí ni-thâu ē sán-seng khí-pún-chit kap khí-chhóe, ah chhùi-khí lī-pau ē sán-seng chhùi-khí só·-ū ê chi-chhî kò·-chō. &lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 84.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[image:Earlybellstage11-18-05.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Tī leng-liang kî khah-chá ê sî-chūn chhùi-khí ê cho·-chit chhiat-phìⁿ.]]

===Lêng-liang kî===

Lêng-liang kî hoat-seng cho·-chit hun-hòa kap hêng-thāi hun-hòa. Khí-iū-chit khì-koan tī chit-sî sī lêng-liang-á hêng, i tāi-pō·-hūn ê sè-pau seⁿ tio̍h chhiūⁿ thiⁿ-chhiⁿ, kiò-chò stellate reticulum. &lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 84.&lt;/ref&gt; Khí-iū-chit khì-koan kho·-tau ê sè-pau so·-khui chò 3-chân. Khí-iū-chit khì-koan gōa-kháu ê ''cuboidal cell'' kìo-chò gōa-kháu ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe. &lt;ref&gt;University of Texas Medical Branch.&lt;/ref&gt; Khí-iū-chit kap chhùi-khí ni-thâu sio-chiap ê hit chân sè-pau kiò-chò lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe. Lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe kap stellate reticulum chi-kan hit-chân kiò-chò stratum intermedium. Gōa-kháu ê kap lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe sio-chiap ê só·-chāi hêng-sêng 1-ê îⁿ-kho·-á, kiò-chò '''cervical loop'''. &lt;ref&gt; University of Southern California School of Dentistry, ''The Bell Stage: Image 30'' found [http://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/ohisto/Cards/tdev/30_bb.html here].&lt;/ref&gt;

Tī chit-ê khám-chām iáu-ū hoat-seng kî-thaⁿ ê tāi-chì. Dental lamina lia̍t-kai, hoat-io̍k tiong ê chhùi-khí kah chhùi-khiuⁿ ê [[siōng-phôe]] oân-choân hun-khui; tio̍h-kàu chhùi-khí puh-gê chhut--lâi, chit lióng-chiá chiah-koh sio-tú.&lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 87.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[image:Latebellstage11-18-05.jpg|right|200px|thumb| Tī lêng-liang kî khah-òaⁿ ê sî-chūn chhùi-khí ê cho·-chit chhiat-phìⁿ. Chhiáⁿ chù-ì téng-koân dental lamina ê lia̍t-kái siau-sit.]]
Chhùi-khí ê khí-koan hêng-hâi siū-tio̍h lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe ê hêng-chōng ê éng-hióng, tio̍h-sī hoat-seng tī chit-ê khám-chām. Chhùi--nih só·-ū ê chhùi-khí lóng-ē  chìn-hêng kāng-khoán ê chit-ê kòe-têng; lán iáu-sī bô khak-tēng ūi-siáⁿ-mi̍h chhùi-khí ē sán-seng koh-iūⁿ ê khí-koan hêng-hâi, hó-pí-kóng, mn̂g-khi kap kak-khí. Ū nn̄g-ê chú-iàu ê ké-soat. &quot;'Field model'&quot; the̍h-chhut lí-lūn kóng, chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k kòe-têng tiong ê ectomesenchyme ū chhùi-khí koh-iūⁿ hêng-hâi ê sêng-hun. Koat-tēng bó·-1-khoán te̍k-sû chhùi-khí hêng-hâi ê sêng-hun, hó-chhan-chhiūⁿ mn̂g-khí, kan-taⁿ pó-liû tī chhùi-khiuⁿ bó·-mi̍h só·-chaī, kî-thaⁿ só·-chāi--ê lóng chiâⁿ-kín tio̍h siau-sit bô--khì. Ia̍h-tio̍h-sī kóng, hó-pí, &quot;incisor field&quot; ū iù-sú chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k chò mn̂g-khí ê in-sò·, chit-ê field kan-taⁿ chi̍p-tiong lâi-kàu mn̂g-khí ê khu-he̍k, ah tī kak-khí ê khu-he̍k tio̍h liâm-mi bô--khì. Lēng-1-ê chú-iàu ê ké-soat sī &quot;'clone model&quot;', i kóng, siōng-phôe an-pâi chí-hui 1-tī ectomesenchymal cells lâi sán-seng koh-iūⁿ ê chhùi-khí. Chit-tīn ê sè-pau, kìo-chò clone, siâⁿ-koái dental lamina chìn-hêng chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k, tì-sú chhùi-khí íⁿ-gê ê sán-seng. Dental lamina tiàm-tī chit-ê kiò-chò &quot;progress zone&quot; ê só·-chāi kè-sio̍k seng-tióng. Piān-nā progress zone sóa-khì kī-lî tē-1-ê chhùi-khí-íⁿ ū 1-té--á ê só·-chāi, tē-2-ê chhùi-khí íⁿ-á tio̍h khai-sí tī-hia hoat-io̍k. Chit nn̄g-ê ké-soat bô tiāⁿ-tio̍h-sī hō·-siong lia̍h-gōa tú-te̍k--ê, iáu-bōe kóng-hoān hông chiap-siū ê 1-ê khòaⁿ-hoat sī: chit nn̄g-ê ké-soat tī bô-kâng ê sî-kan-tiám éng-hióng tio̍h chhùi-khí ê hoat-io̍k.&lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 89.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tī chit-ê kai-tōaⁿ, kî-thaⁿ hoat-seng ê chhùi-khí ê kò·-chō ū [[enamel knot]]s, [[enamel cord]]s, kap [[enamel niche]].&lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 86.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Image:Enamelmineralization11-17-05.jpg|left|250px|thumb|Hoat-io̍k tiong ngē cho·-chit ê cho·-chit chhiat-phìⁿ. Ameloblast tng-leh sán-seng khí-iū-chit, ah odontoblast tng-leh sán-seng khí-pún-chit.]]

===Khí-koan kî ===

Chit-ê sî-kî kìo-chò khí-koan kî he̍k sêng-sek kî, ngē cho·-chit chhan-chhiūⁿ khí-iū-chit kap khí-pún-chit tio̍h hoat-seng tī chit-kî. Tiōng-iàu ê sè-pau piàn-hòa hoat-seng tī chit-chūn. Tī téng-1-kî lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe khoài-sok tōa-liōng hun-lia̍t, kiò-chò [[mitosis]], cheng-kā chhùi-khì-íⁿ ê tōa-sió. M̄-koh tī chit-kî,  chhùi-khí ê [[kā-lûn]] nā sán-seng liáu-āu, chit-ê ūi-tì ê mitosis tio̍h thêng-chí--lo̍h-lâi.  Tāi-seng kài-hòa ê ngē cho·-chit tio̍h hoat-seng tī chia. Kâng chit-ê sî-chūn, lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe sè-pau ê gōa-hêng ùi cuboidal choán-chò columnar. Chia-ê sè-pau ê [[sè-pau-he̍k]] sóa-ūi óa-khīn stratum intermedium, lî-khui chhùi-khí ni-thâu. &lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 95.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Image:Crosssectiontooth11-24-05.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Chhùi-khí ê cho·-chit chhiat-phìⁿ. Chhiáⁿ chù-ì khí-pún-chit ê tn̂g-kóng-á hêng gōa-khoán. 
&lt;br/&gt;A: khí-iū-chit
&lt;br/&gt;B: khí-pún-chit]]

Chhùi-khí ni-thâu óa-kīn lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe hit-chân sè-pau thu̍t-jiân piàn-tōa, [[sè-pau hun-hòa|hun-hòa]] chò [[odontoblast]], in sī sán-seng khí-pún-chit ê sè-pau.&lt;ref&gt;Ross, Kaye, and Pawlina, ''Histologoy: a text and atlas'', p. 444.&lt;/ref&gt; Gián-kiù-chiá siong-sìn, lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe nā-bô hoat-seng piàn-hòa, odontoblast tio̍h bē chhut-hiàn. Ùi kā-lun ê chiam-toan hū-kīn, lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe khai-sí piàn-hòa kap odontoblast khai-sí chhut-hiàn, odontoblast hun-pì 1-chióng bu̍t-chit, [[Matrix (seng-bu̍t-ha̍k)|organic matrix]], kàu in-ê sì-chiu-ûi. Chit-chióng organic matrix ū-hâm hêng-sêng khí-pún-chit su-iàu ê bu̍t-chit. Odontoblast ná tîm-chek organic matrix, ná sóa-ūi khì chhùi-khí ni-thâu ê tiong-hng. In-chhú, kah khí-iū-chit bô-siâng, khí-pún-chit sī ùi chhùi-khí ê khah gōa-kháu ǹg lāi-té ta̍uh-ta̍uh-á 1-chân koh 1-chân lâi hêng-sêng. Odontoblast iân-nā sóa ùi tiong-hng, iân-nā kā sè-pau-chit ê chhun-tn̂g (''odontoblastic process'') lâu tī kha-chhng-āu. Tī hián-bî-kiàⁿ só· khòaⁿ-tio̍h ê chit-chióng to̍k-te̍k tn̂g-kóng-á-hêng ê khí-pún-chit gōa-khoán, sī khí-pún-chit tiàm chia-ê chhun-tn̂g sì-kho·-tau tîm-chek sán-seng ê kiat-kó.&lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 95.&lt;/ref&gt;
Khí-pún-chit khai-sí sán-seng liáu-āu, lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe sè-pau mā khai-sí hun-pì organic matrix. Chia-ê matrix liâm-mi kài-hòa chiâⁿ-chò chhùi-khí ê khí-iū-chit. Khí-pún-chit gōa-kháu sī ameloblast, ameloblast chè-chō khí-iū-chit; in-chhú, khí-iū-chit sī ǹg gōa-kháu 1-têng 1-têng ka-thiⁿ tī hoat-io̍k ê chhùi-khí gōa-piáu-bīn.

==Ngē cho·-chit ê sán-seng ==

[[Image:ToothSection.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Hoat-io̍k tiong ê chhùi-khí ê chhiat-phìⁿ]]

===Khí-iū-chit===

:''Chhiáⁿ khòaⁿ [[Amelogenesis]] hit phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ''

Khí-iū-chit ê sán-seng kiò-chò ''amelogenesis'', hoat-seng tī chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k ê khí-koan kî. '''Pâi-thè ín-chhōa''' (''reciprocal induction'') sòe-bêng khí-pún-chit ê sán-seng kap khí-iū-chit ê sán-seng chi-kan ê koan-hē; khí-pún-chit tiāⁿ-tio̍h-tio̍h ài tāi-seng khí-iū-chit sán-seng. Khí-iū-chit ê sán-seng hun-chò 2-ê kai-tōaⁿ: hun-pì sî-kî kap sêng-sek sî-kî.&lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 197.&lt;/ref&gt; Hun-pì sî-kî n̄g-pe̍h-chit kap organic matrix sán-seng pō·-hūn kài-hòa ê khí-iū-chit; sêng-sek sî-kî oân-sêng khí-iū-chit ê kài-hòa.

Tī hun-pì sî-kî, ameloblast sek-hòng chhut khí-iū-chit nn̄g-pe̍h-chit, che kò·-sêng khí-iū-chit ê matrix, soah--lo̍h-lâi, tī kàⁿ-sò· [[alkaline phosphatase]] ê chok-iōng chi-hā, pō·-hūn kài-hòa.&lt;ref&gt;Ross, Kaye, and Pawlina, ''Histology: Text and Atlas'', p. 445.&lt;/ref&gt; Chit-ê kài-hòa cho·-chit ê chhut-hiān, tāi-iok sī thai-īn ê tē-3 he̍k tē-4 kò·-goe̍h hia, sī khí-iū-chit tī sin-thé ê thâu-1-kái chhut-hiān. Ameloblast tī chhùi-khí kā-lun ê só·-chāi khai-sí tîm-chek khí-iū-chit. Khí-iū-chit ùi chhùi-khí tiong-hng ǹg gōa-kháu kè-sio̍k tîm-chek sán-seng.

Tī sêng-sek sî-kî, ameloblast kā ēng tī khí-iū-chit hêng-sêng ê 1-kóa bu̍t-chit ùi khí-iū-chit chah--chhut-lâi. In-chhú, ameloblast ê kong-lêng ùi khí-iū-chit seng-sán, choán-ōaⁿ chò ūn-su bu̍t-chit. Tī chit-ê sî-kî pī ameloblast ūn-su tiāu ê bu̍t-chit sī nn̄g-pe̍h-chit, chū-án-ne lâi oân-sêng kài-hòa. Ū koan-hē ê nn̄g-pe̍h-chit sī [[amelogenin]], [[ameloblastin]], [[enamelin]], kap [[tuftelin]].&lt;ref&gt;Ross, Kaye, and Pawlina, ''Histology: Text and Atlas'', p. 447.&lt;/ref&gt;Kàu chit-ê sî-kî ê siāng-bóe-á, khí-iū-chit ê kài-hòa chiah kiat-sok.

===Khí-pún-chit===

:''Chhiáⁿ khòaⁿ [[Dentinogenesis]] chit phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ ''

Khí-pún-chit ê sán-seng kiò-chò dentinogenesis, sī tī chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k khí-koan kî siāng tāi-seng  ē-sái khak-jīn ê te̍k-cheng. Khí-pún-chit ê sán-seng tiāⁿ-tio̍h ài tāi-seng khí-iū-chit ê sán-seng . Bô-kâng khám-chām sán-seng bô-kâng ê khí-pún-chit: mantle dentin, primary dentin, secondary dentin, kap tertiary dentin.

Odontoblast, sán-seng khí-pún-chit ê sè-pau, sī ùi chhùi-khí ni-thâu ê sè-pau hun-hòa lâi ê. In tiàm lāi-té ê khí-iū-chit siōng-phôe hia khai-sí hun-pì organic matrix, siāng chiap-kīn bóe--á kā-lun beh chhut-hiàn ê só·-chāi siāng-chá hun-pì. Organic matrix ū-hâm chho·-tōa ti̍t-kèng ê ka-goân chhiam-ûi (ti̍t-kèng 0.1-0.2&amp;nbsp;μm).&lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 136.&lt;/ref&gt; Odontoblast khai-sí ǹg chhùi-khí tiong-hng î-sóa, kha-chiah-āu ûi-liû kiò-chò [[odontoblast process]] ê chhun-tn̂g.&lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 95.&lt;/ref&gt; Che odontoblast process ín-khí hydroxyapatite cheng-thé ê hun-pì kap ki-chit ê kài-hòa. Chit-tah ê kài-hòa kiò-chò mantle khí-pún-chit, tāi-iok 150&amp;nbsp;μm kāu.&lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 138.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mantle khí-pún-chit sī ùi chhùi-khí ni-thâu goân-té ê ki-chit hia sán-seng--ê. Goân-seng khí-pún-chit (primary dentin) ê sán-seng kòe-têng tio̍h kah mantle khí-pún-chit ê bô-kâng. Odontoblast ê thé-hêng piàn-tōa, sio-kheh chò-hóe, ē-tàng lī-iōng the̍h-lâi kài-hòa ê sè-pau-gōa bu̍t-chit kiám-chió, kái-iû chū-sin sán-seng chè-chō. Lēng-gōa, hàn-chháu khah-tōa ê odontoblast ê [[ka-goân-nn̄g-pe̍h]] (''collagen'') hun-pì liōng piàn-chió, sú-tit chhut-hiàn pâi-lia̍t kēng-ka ba̍t-cha̍t ê heterogenous neucleation ê kài-hòa. Kî-thaⁿ ê bu̍t-chit, hó-pí [[lipid]], [[phosphoprotein]], [[phospholipid]] mā-ū hun-pì.&lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt;
Jī-chhù khí-pún-chit (''secondary dentin'') sī khí-kha sêng-hêng liáu-āu chiah sán-seng--ê, i sán-seng ê sok-tō· khah-bān. I sán-seng ê sok-tō· mā-bô it-tì, chiap-kīn khí-koan ê só·-chāi sán-seng ê sok-tō· khah-kín.&lt;ref&gt;Summitt, ''Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry'', p. 13.&lt;/ref&gt; I ê sán-seng sī kui-sì-lâng--ê, só·-í nî-hòe jú-tōa ê lâng [[khí-chhóe-khiuⁿ]] jú-sè. &lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 128.&lt;/ref&gt; Sam-chhù khí-pún-chit (''tertiary dentin''), koh kiò-chò siu-ho̍k-sèng khí-pún-chit (''reparative dentin''), sī siū-tio̍h chhì-khek, chhan-chhiūⁿ [[bôa-sún]] (''attrition'') he̍k [[chiù-khí]], lâi sán-seng--ê.&lt;ref&gt;Summitt, ''Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry'', p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Image:Crosssectionroottooth11-24-05.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Khí-kha ê hûiⁿ-chhiat-phìⁿ. Chhiáⁿ chù-ì thang-kng, bô sè-pau ê khí-kut-chit. &lt;br/&gt;A: khí-pún-chit&lt;br/&gt;B: khí-kut-chit]]

===Khí-kut-chit===

Khí-kut-chit ê hêng-sêng kiò-chò cementogenesis, hoat-seng tī chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k ê khah lo̍h-bóe. [[Cementoblast]] sī hū-chek sán-seng khí-kut-chit ê sè-pau. Ū 2-chióng khí-pún-chit: ū sè-pau--ê kap bô sè-pau--ê. &lt;ref&gt;Johnson, ''Biology of the Human Dentition'', p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bô sè-pau khí-kut-chit tāi-seng sán-seng. Cementoblast sī ùi chhùi-khí lī-pau sè-pau hun-hòa chhut--lâi-ê. Cementoblast hun-pì iù-si ê ka-goân-nn̄g-pe̍h chhiam-ûi. Che chhiam-ûi í 90 tō· ê kak-tō· chhah tī khí-kha piáu-bīn. Jiân-āu cementoblast khai-sí sóa lî-khui khí-kha , koh chè-chō khah-chē ê ka-goân-nn̄g-pe̍h lâi ka-tn̂g kap ka-chho· chhiam-ûi. Hui-ka-goân-nn̄g-pe̍h ê nn̄g-pe̍h-chit, chhan-chhiūⁿ [[bone sialoprotein]], kap [[osteocalcin]] mā-ū hun-pì.&lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 236.&lt;/ref&gt; Bô sè-pau khí-kut-chit hâm-ū nn̄g-pe̍h-chit kap chhiam-ûi ki-chit. Khí-kut-chit ná kài-hòa, cementoblast ná sóa-lî-khui khí-kut-chit, ah chhah tī khí-kha piáu-bīn ê chhiam-ûi chòe-āu kah khí-chiu jūn-tòa kiat-ha̍p chò-hóe. 

Ū sè-pau ê khí-kut-chit tī chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k soah-kó· kap chhùi-khí chham tùi-kiuⁿ (''opposite arch'') chhùi-khí sio-tú-tio̍h chiah khai-sí sán-seng. &lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 241.&lt;/ref&gt; Chit-khoán khí-kut-chit khûn-tîⁿ tī khí-chiu jūn-tòa ê chhiam-ûi piⁿ-á lâi sán-seng. Chè-chō ū sè-pau khí-kut-chit ê cementoblast chòe-āu pī ka-tī chè-chō ê khí-kut-chit pau-ûi--khí-lâi.  

Chè-chō ū sè-pau khí-kut-chit ê cementoblast kap chè-chō bô sè-pau khí-kut-chit ê cementoblast ê lâi-goân bô-kâng. Chú-iàu ê lí-lūn jīn-ûi, chè-chō ū sè-pau khí-kut-chit ê sè-pau lâi-chū hū-kīn ê kut-thâu, chè-chō bô sè-pau khí-kut-chit ê sè-pau lâi-chū chhùi-khí lī-pau. &lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', pp. 241 and 243.&lt;/ref&gt; Ko·-chi̍t-ki khí-kha ê chhùi-khí siâng-chāi bô ū sè-pau ê khí-kut-chit. &lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 241.&lt;/ref&gt; Tī [[sió-āu-chan]] kap [[tōa-āu-chan]], ū sè-pau khí-kut-chit kan-taⁿ hun-pò· tī khí-kha bo̍at-toan kap khí-kha hun-chhe ê só·-chāi.  

[[Image:Eruptingtoothwithlabels11-24-05.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Tng-beh puh-gê ji̍p kháu-khiuⁿ chhùi-khí ê cho·-chit chhiat-phìⁿ.
&lt;br/&gt;A: chhùi-khí
&lt;br/&gt;B: khí-gîn
&lt;br/&gt;C: kut-thâu
&lt;br/&gt;D: khí-chiu jūn-tòa]]

==Khí-chiu cho·-chit ê hêng-sêng ==

Khí-chiu cho·-chit, sī chhùi-khí ê chi-chhî kò·-chō, pau-koat ū khí-kut-chit, khí-chiu jūn-tòa, [[khí-gîn]], kap [[khí-chô-kut]]. Chit lāi-té kan-taⁿ khí-kut-chit sī chhùi-khí ê 1-pō·-hūn. Khí-chô-kut kā chhùi-khí khí-kha pau--khí-lâi hêng-sêng [[khí-chô]] (socket), thê-kiong chì-chái ê kong-lêng. Khí-chiu jūn-tòa liân-chiap khí-chô-kut kàu khí-kut-chit, ah khí-gîn pau-ho̍k tī khí-chô-kut ê gōa-kháu. 

===Khí-chiu jūn-tòa===

Ùi chhùi-khí lī-pau lâi ê sè-pau sán-seng khí-chiu jūn-tòa (PDL). Gín-á-khí kap tōa-lâng-khí ê khí-iu jūn-tòa hoat-seng ê kòe-têng bô-kâng, bô-kâng tōng-bu̍t [[bu̍t-chéng]] ê jūn-tòa hoat-seng mā bô-kâng. &lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 245.&lt;/ref&gt; Ùi chhùi-khí lī-pau lâi ê jūn-tòa fibroblast chè-chō khí-chiu jūn-tòa. Chit-kóa fibroblast só· hun-pì ê ka-goân-nn̄g-pe̍h, kah hū-kīn ê khí-chô-kut kap khí-kut-chit ê chhiam-ûi saⁿ-kap chò-hóe. &lt;ref&gt;Ross, Kaye, and Pawlina, ''Histology: Text and Atlas'', p. 453.&lt;/ref&gt; Tī chhùi-khí puh-gê ê kòe-têng tiong, chit-chióng kau-hō·-chok-iōng sán-seng 1-chióng ''attachment''. [[Occlusion]], chhùi-khí ê pâi-lia̍t kap chhùi-khí án-chóaⁿ chham tùi-kiuⁿ chhùi-khí chih-chiap, kè-sio̍k éng-hióng khí-chiu jūn-tòa ê hêng-sêng. Khí-chiu jūn-tòa lo̍k-siok sán-seng, àn-chiàu kiâⁿ-hiòng ê bô-kâng, ē-sái hun chò kúi-cho·: than-pêⁿ ê, than-chhoa̍h ê, kap khûn-se̍h ê. &lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 245.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Khí-chô-kut ===

Tng khí-kha kap khí-kut-chit khai-sí sán-seng, khí-chô-kut mā khai-sí hoat-io̍k. Sin-khu sán-seng kut-thâu ê sè-pau kiò-chò [[osteoblast]]. Sán-seng khí-chô-kut ê osteoblast sī ùi chhùi-khí lī-pau lâi--ê. &lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 244.&lt;/ref&gt; 
Kah sin-khu kî-thaⁿ kut-thâu sio-siâng, khí-chô-kut mā-ē modify. Osteoblast sán-seng kut-thâu, ah [[osteoclast]] soah phò-hāi kut-thâu, iû-kî sī chhùi-khí siū-tio̍h le̍k-liōng ê sî. &lt;ref&gt;Ross, Kaye, and Pawlina, ''Histology: Text and Atlas'', p. 452.&lt;/ref&gt; Chit-chióng phò-hāi kip-siu kut-thâu ê chêng-hêng ē hoat-seng tī chhùi-khí chhiâu-chiàⁿ ê kòe-têng tiong. Chhùi-khí beh sóa tin-tāng ê hong-siòng ê kut-thâu siū-tio̍h [[ap-sok (bu̍t-li-ha̍k)|ap-sok]] (''compression''), hit-tah ê osteoclast ē khah-chē, kiat-kó [[kut-thâu khip-siu]]. Tian-tó-péng ê sī, chhùi-khí beh oán-lî ê hit-pêng, in-ūi khí-chiu jūn-tòa ê khiú-lak, siū-tio̍h [[tension (mechanics)|tension]], osteblast ê sò·-bo̍k cheng-ka, kiat-kó kut-thâu lâi hêng-sêng. 

===Khí-gîn===

Khí-gîn kah chhùi-khí sio chih-chiap ê só·-chāi kiò-chò chhùi-khí-khí-gîn chih-chiap (''dentogingival junction''). Chit-ê chih-chiap ū saⁿ-ê siōng-phôe chióng-lūi: ''khí-gîn siōng-phôe'', ''khí-gîn-kau siōng-phôe'', kap ''chih-chiap siōng-phôe'' (''gingival, sulcular, and junctional epithelium''). Chit saⁿ chióng ê siōng-phôe sī ùi 1-tīn kiò-chò epithelial cuff ê sè-pau, ūi-tī chhùi-khí kap chhùi-khiuⁿ chi-kan, lâi--ê. &lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', pp. 247 and 248.&lt;/ref&gt;

Iú-koan khí-gîn sán-seng ê tāi-chì iáu-bōe oân-choân liáu-kái, m̄-koh, lán lóng chāi-iáⁿ [[hemidesmosomes]] hêng-sêng tī chih-chiap siōng-phôe kap chhùi-khí chi-kan, sī hū-chek ''primary epithelial attachment'' ê tiōng-iàu kak-sek. &lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 248.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sîn-keng kap hoeh-kńg ê hêng-sêng==

Sin-khu ê sîn-keng kap hoeh-kńg tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kiâⁿ tàu-tīn, in mā chhiâng-chāi ēng sio-siâng ê hong-sek tâng-chê lâi hêng-sêng. Put-kò, chhùi-khí ê sîn-keng kap hoeh-kńg hêng-sêng chêng-hêng bô kāng-khoán, in-ūi in hoat-io̍k ê sok-tō· bô-kâng. &lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sîn-keng ê hêng-sêng===

Tī chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k ê bō-á kî, [[sîn-keng chhiam-ûi]] khai-sí chiap-kīn chhùi-khí, chhun-ji̍p chhùi-khí lī-pau. Jiân-āu, sîn-keng chhiam-ûi pau-ûi chhùi-khí-ìⁿ hoat-tián--khí-lâi. Tán khí-pún-chit khai-sí hoat-io̍k, chhiam-ûi koh chhun-ji̍p chhùi-khí ni-thâu lāi-té. Sîn-keng bē seⁿ-thòaⁿ ji̍p khí-iū-chit khì-koan. &lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Hoeh-kńg ê hêng-sêng ===

Tī bō-á kî, [[hoeh-kńg]] seng-tióng ji̍p chhùi-khí lī-pau kap chhùi-khí ni-thâu. &lt;ref&gt;Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 93.&lt;/ref&gt; Kui-cho· ê hoeh-kńg hêng-sêng tī chhùi-khí ni-thâu ê ji̍p-kháu. Tī khí-koan kî tú-khai-sí, hoeh-kńg ê sò·-liōng ta̍t-kàu siāng-chē, a̍h chhùi-khí ni-thâu chiong-kî-bóe hêng-sêng khí-chhóe. Ùi siàu-liân kàu lāu, chhùi-khí khí-chhóe ê thé-chek it-ti̍t leh kiám-chió, ia̍h-tio̍h-sī nî-kí jú-tōa, hoeh-sio̍h ê kiong-kip jú-chió. &lt;ref&gt;Ross, Kaye, and Pawlina, ''Histology: Text and Atlas'', p. 452.&lt;/ref&gt; Khí-iū-chit khì-koan bô hoeh-kńg, in-ūi i sī siōng-phôe. Khí-iū-chit kap khí-pún-chit ê kài-hòa cho·-chit bô su-iàu hoeh-sio̍h thê-kiong êng-ióng.

==Chhùi-khí ê puh-gê==

Chhùi-khí puh-gê ê ki-chè sī ho̍k-cha̍p ê kòe-têng, iáu-bô chiâⁿ hōe-chê ê jīn-tēng. &lt;ref&gt;Riolo and Avery, ''Essentials for Orthodontic Practice'', p. 142.&lt;/ref&gt; Chi̍t-kóa it-poaⁿ jīn-ûi ê, m̄-koh í-keng pī chèng-bêng m̄-tio̍h ê lí-lūn ū: (1)khí-kha ê seng-tióng kā chhùi-khí thui-sak ji̍p kháu-khiuⁿ, (2)chhùi-khí pīⁿ-á ê kut-thâu seng-tióng kā chhùi-khí thui-sak chhut-khì--ê, (3) hoeh-kńg ê ap-le̍k kā chhùi-khí sak--chhut-khì-ê, (4) tháu-thoah hiân-tiàu kā chhùi-khí sak--khí-lih-ê.&lt;ref&gt;Harris, ''Craniofacial Growth and Devleopment'', pp. 1-3.&lt;/ref&gt; Tháu-thoah hiân-tiàu ê lí-lūn, Harry Sicher tāi-seng the̍h-chhut, ùi 1930 nî-tāi kàu 1950 nî-tāi pī kóng-hoàn thoân-siū. Chit-ê lí-lūn ká-siat ū [[jūn-tòa]] tī chhùi-khí ē-kha, kah chhùi-khí ê bêng-hoat ū-koan-hē. Sicher kóng i ū tī hàm-kiàⁿ khòaⁿ--kìⁿ, m̄-koh āu--lâi soah hoat-hiān he sī chhiat-phìⁿ chè-chō kòa-têng tiong hoat-seng ê [[jîn-ûi-hiān-siōng]] (''artifact''). &lt;ref&gt;Harris, ''Craniofacial Growth and Devleopment'', p. 3.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hiān-chú-sî siāng sî-kiâⁿ ê lí-lūn sī: sui-bóng kúi-á-ê le̍k-liōng kah chhùi-khí puh-gê ū tī-tāi, khí-chiu jūn-tòa the̍h-kiong chú-iàu ê puh-gê tōng-liōng. Lí-lūn-ka ká-siat kóng,  thàu-kòe khí-chiu jūn-tòa ê ka-goân-nn̄g-pe̍h chhiam-ûi ê siu-sok kap sio-chhé liân-kiat, í-ki̍p in ê fibroblast ê khiú-giú, khí-chiu jūn-tòa chhiok-sú chhùi-khí ê hoat-chhut. &lt;ref&gt;Harris, ''Craniofacial Growth and Devleopment'', p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sui-bóng ta̍k-ke-lâng chhùi-khí puh-gê ê sî-kan ū-bān ū-kín, puh-gê iah-sī ū 1-ê tāi-khài ê sî-kan-pió. Jîn-lūi piau-chún-siōng ū 20-khí [[gín-á-khí]] kap 32-khí [[tōa-lâng-khí]]. &lt;ref&gt;The American Dental Association, ''Tooth Eruption Charts'' found [http://www.ada.org/public/topics/tooth_eruption.asp here].&lt;/ref&gt; Chhùi-khí puh-gê ū 3-ê kai-tōaⁿ. Tāi-seng sī gín-á-khí [[khí-lia̍t]], kan-taⁿ ū gín-á-khí chûn-chāi. Nā-sī tōa-lâng-khí khai-sí puh-gê, tio̍h chìn-ji̍p hùn-ha̍p [[khí-lia̍t]]. Gín-á-khí nā choân-pō· thǹg-khí, tio̍h kiò-chò tōa-lâng-khí khí-lia̍t.

Gín-á-khí khí-lia̍t khai-sí tī [[ē-kiuⁿ tiong-mn̂g-khí]] puh-gê, tāi-iok sī chhut-sì āu 8 kò·-goe̍h, it-ti̍t kàu tē-1 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan puh-gê, tāi-iok sī 6 hōe ê sî. &lt;ref&gt;Ash &amp; Nelson, ''Wheeler's Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion'', pp. 38 and 41.&lt;/ref&gt; Gín-á-khí hoat-khí ê sūn-sū it-poaⁿ sī: (1) tiong-[[mn̂g-khí]], (2) chhek-mn̂g-khí, (3) tē-1 āu-chan, (4) kak-khí, (5) tē-2 āu-chan. &lt;ref&gt;Ash &amp; Nelson, ''Wheeler's Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion'', pp. 38.&lt;/ref&gt; Iah-ū 1-ê kui-chek sī: múi pòaⁿ-tang hoat 4-khí, ē-kiuⁿ--ê seng-hoat , téng-kiuⁿ--ê āu-hoat, cha-bó·--ê hoat-khí pí cha-po·--ê chá. &lt;ref&gt;WebMd, ''Dental Health: Your Child's Teeth'' found [http://www.webmd.com/content/article/66/79639.htm?z=4208_00000_9003_to_02 here].&lt;/ref&gt; Tī gín-á-khí khí-lia̍t ê sî-chūn, tōa-lâng-khí ê chhùi-khí-ìⁿ tī gín-á-khí ē-kha hoat-iok. 

Hùn-ha̍k khí-lia̍t khai-sí tī 6 hòe tē-1 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan puh-gê ê sî, kiat-sok tī 12 hòe chòe-āu 1-khí ni-khí thǹg-khí. &lt;ref&gt;Ash &amp; Nelson, ''Wheeler's Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion'', pp. 41.&lt;/ref&gt; Téng-kiuⁿ éng-kiú-khí ê puh-gê sūn-sū kah ē-kiuⁿ bô-kâng. Téng-kiuⁿ éng-kiú-khí ê puh-gê sūn-sū sī: (1) [[téng-kiuⁿ tē-1 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan| tē-1 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan]] (2) [[téng-kiuⁿ éng-kiú tiong-mn̂g-khí| éng-kiú tiong-mn̂g-khí]], (3) [[téng-kiuⁿ éng-kiú chhek-mn̂g-khí| éng-kiú chhek-mn̂g-khí]], (4) [[téng-kiuⁿ tē-1 éng-kiú sió-āu-chan| tē-1 éng-kiú sió-āu-chan]], (5) [[téng-kiuⁿ tē-2 eńg-kiú sió-āu-chan| tē-2 eńg-kiú sió-āu-chan]], (6) [[téng-kiuⁿ éng-kiú kak-khí| éng-kiú kak-khí]], (7) [[téng-kiuⁿ tē-2 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan| tē-2 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan]], kap (8) [[téng-kiuⁿ tē-3 éng-kiú tāo-āu-chan| tē-3 éng-kiú tāo-āu-chan]]. Ē-kiuⁿ éng-kiú-khí ê puh-gê sūn-sū sī: (1) [[ē-kiuⁿ tē-1 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan | tē-1 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan]] (2) [[ē-kiuⁿ éng-kiú tiong-mn̂g-khí |tiong-mn̂g-khí]], (3) [[ē-kiuⁿ éng-kiú chhek-mn̂g-khí| éng-kiú chhek-mn̂g-khí]], (4) [[ē-kiuⁿ éng-kiú kak-khí| éng-kiú kak-khí]], (5) [[ē-kiuⁿ tē-1 éng-kiú sió-āu-chan| tē-1 éng-kiú sió-āu-chan]], (6) [[ē-kiuⁿ tē-2 eńg-kiú sió-āu-chan| tē-2 eńg-kiú sió-āu-chan]], (7) [[ē-kiuⁿ tē-2 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan| tē-2 éng-kiú tōa-āu-chan]], and (8) [[ē-kiuⁿ tē-3 éng-kiú tāo-āu-chan| tē-3 éng-kiú tāo-āu-chan]]. In-ūi gín-á-khí bô sió-āu-chan, só·-í gín-á-khí āu-chan sī iû tōa-lâng-khí ê sió-āu-chan chhú-tāi. &lt;ref&gt;Monthly Microscopy Explorations, ''Exploration of the Month: January 1998 '' found [http://www.charfac.umn.edu/MMS/ProjectMicro/Explorations/Jan1998.html here].&lt;/ref&gt; Ká-sú kóng gín-á-khí thǹg-khí a̍h tōa-lâng-khí iáu-bōe chún-pī beh hoat--chhut-lâi, ū 1-kóa ūi-tī tī āu-bīn ê chhùi-khí ē sóa-î hióng-chêng, tì-sú khong-kan spòng-sit. &lt;ref&gt;Health Hawaii, ''Primary Teeth: Importance and Care '' found [http://www.healthhawaii.org/dental/primary.html here].&lt;/ref&gt; Án-ne ē ín-khí chhùi-khí e-khoeh, he̍k-chiá-sī hoat-chhut--lâi ê chhùi-khí hoat-oai--khì, kiò-chò [[malocclusion]]. 

Tōa-lâng-khí khí-lia̍t sī tī 11 hōe he̍k 12 hōe, siāng-lo̍h-bóe ê gín-á-khí thǹg-khí liáu, kàu só·-ū ê chhùi-khí thǹg-khí ûi-chí. 

&lt;center&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;&gt;
{| border=&quot;BORDER&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;padding:3px;text-align:center&quot;
|+'''Gín-á-khí kap tōa-lâng-khí hoat-khí ê sî-kan &lt;ref&gt;Ash &amp; Nelson, ''Wheeler's Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion'', p. 53.&lt;/ref&gt;'''
! 
! colspan=8 style=&quot;background:#efefef;padding:3px&quot; | Gín-á-khí
|-
|style=&quot;width:10em&quot;| 
!style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | Tiong&lt;br/&gt;-mn̂g-khí
!style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | Chhek&lt;br/&gt;-mn̂g-khí
!style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | &lt;br/&gt;Kak-khí
!style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | Tē-1&lt;br/&gt;sió-āu-chan
!style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | Tē-2&lt;br/&gt;sió-āu-chan
!style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | Tē-1&lt;br/&gt;tōa-āu-chan
!style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | Tē-2&lt;br/&gt;tōa-āu-chan
!style=&quot;width:5em&quot; colspan=1 | Tē-3&lt;br/&gt;tōa-āu-chan
|-
| style=&quot;padding:3px&quot; | Téng-kiuⁿ ê chhùi-khí
| 10&amp;nbsp;goe̍h
| 11&amp;nbsp;goe̍h
| 19&amp;nbsp;goe̍h
| 
| 
| 16&amp;nbsp;goe̍h
| 29&amp;nbsp;goe̍h
|
|-
| style=&quot;padding:3px&quot; | Ē-kiuⁿ ê chhùi-khí
| 8&amp;nbsp;goe̍h
| 13&amp;nbsp;goe̍h
| 20&amp;nbsp;goe̍h
| 
| 
| 16&amp;nbsp;goe̍h
| 27&amp;nbsp;goe̍h
|
|-
!
! colspan=8 style=&quot;background:#ffdead;padding:3px&quot; | Tōa-lâng-khí
|-
| 
! colspan=1 | Tiong&lt;br/&gt;-mn̂g-khí
! colspan=1 | Chhek&lt;br/&gt;-mn̂g-khí
! colspan=1 | &lt;br/&gt;Kak-khí
! colspan=1 | Tē-1&lt;br/&gt;sió-āu-chan
! colspan=1 | Tē-2&lt;br/&gt;sió-āu-chan
! colspan=1 | Tē-1&lt;br/&gt;tōa-āu-chan
! colspan=1 | Tē-2&lt;br/&gt;tōa-āu-chan
! colspan=1 | Tē-3&lt;br/&gt;tōa-āu-chan
|-
| style=&quot;padding:3px&quot; | Téng-kiuⁿ ê chhùi-khí
| 7&amp;ndash;8&amp;nbsp;tang
| 8&amp;ndash;9&amp;nbsp;tang
| 11&amp;ndash;12&amp;nbsp;tang
| 10&amp;ndash;11&amp;nbsp;tang
| 10&amp;ndash;12&amp;nbsp;tang
| 6&amp;ndash;7&amp;nbsp;tang
| 12&amp;ndash;13&amp;nbsp;tang
| 17&amp;ndash;21&amp;nbsp;tang
|-
| style=&quot;padding:3px&quot; | Ē-kiuⁿ ê chhùi-khí
| 6&amp;ndash;7&amp;nbsp;tang
| 7&amp;ndash;8&amp;nbsp;tang
| 9&amp;ndash;10&amp;nbsp;tang
| 10&amp;ndash;12&amp;nbsp;tang
| 11&amp;ndash;12&amp;nbsp;tang
| 6&amp;ndash;7&amp;nbsp;tang
| 11&amp;ndash;13&amp;nbsp; tang
| 7&amp;ndash;21&amp;nbsp;tang
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;

==Êng-ióng kap chhùi-khí ê hoat-io̍k ==

Kah sin-thé kî-thaⁿ só·-chāi ê hoat-io̍k seng-tióng sio-siâng, êng-ióng tùi chhùi-khí ê hoat-io̍k ū éng-hióng. Beh tit-tio̍h khong-kiān ê chhùi-khí su-iàu ê êng-ióng-mi̍h pau-koat [[kài]] (''calcium''), [[phosphorus]], [[fluoride]] kap [[ûi-seng-sò·]] [[retinol|A]], [[ûi-seng-sò· C|C]] kap [[ûi-seng-sò· D|D]]. &lt;ref&gt;The American Dental Hygiene Association, ''Nutritional Factors in Tooth Development'' found [http://www.adha.org/CE_courses/course7/nutritional_factors.htm here].&lt;/ref&gt; Kài kap phosphorus sī chè-chō hydroxyapatite cheng-thé só· su-iàu ê, in tī hoeh-sio̍h ê lông-tō· sī khò ûi-seng-sò· D lâi î-chhî. Ûi-seng-sò· A sī sán-seng keratin su-iàu ê. Vitamin C kap ka-goân-nn̄g-pe̍h ū-koan-hē. Fluoride chham-ji̍p khì hydroxyapatite cheng-thé, hō· chhùi-khí khah-ū tòng-thâu , khah-bē chiù-khí. &lt;ref&gt;Ross, Kaye, and Pawlina, ''Histology: Text and Atlas'', p. 453.&lt;/ref&gt;

Khiàm-khoat chia-ê éng-ióng-mi̍h tùi chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k ū chiâⁿ-chē ê éng-hióng. &lt;ref&gt;The American Dental Hygiene Association, ''Table II. Effects of nutrient deficiencies on tooth development'' found [http://www.adha.org/CE_courses/course7/table2.htm here].&lt;/ref&gt; Siat-sú kài, phosphorus kap vitamin D bô-kàu-gia̍h, chhùi-khí ê kài-hòa ē khah bô-kàu, khah-lám. Khoat-ho̍at vitamin A ē ín-khí khí-iū-chit ê khoat-ha̍t. Fluoride ê khiàm-khoeh, tī chhùi-khí tú-tio̍h sng ê khoân-khéng, ē sú chhùi-khí cheng-ka thoat-kài, iân-chhiân koh-kài-hòa ê chìn-hêng. Siōng-chhiáⁿ, tī chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k tiong, kòe-liōng ê fluoride ē tì-sú [[chhùi-khí hu̍t-tiòng-to̍k]] (''dental fluorosis'').

==Koh-iūⁿ ==

Ū chiok-chē kah chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k iú-koan ê koh-iūⁿ.

[[Bô-khí kî-hêng]] (''anodontia'') sī goân-choân bô hoat-io̍k chhùi-khí, a̍h [[Khoat-khí kî-hêng]] (''hypodontia'') sī khiàm-ha̍t chi̍t-kóa chhùi-khí ê hoat-io̍k. Bô-khí sī chiok hán tit khoàⁿ--kìⁿ-ê, siāng-chiap hoat-hiān tī [[hipohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia]] ê chêng-hêng, a̍h ha̍t-khí soah-sī siāng-chiap khòaⁿ--tio̍h ê chhuì-khí hoat-io̍k koh-iūⁿ, éng-hióng tio̍h 3.5&amp;ndash;8.0% ê jîn-kháu (iah-bōe pau-koat tē-3 tōa-āu-chan). Khiàm-khoeh [[tì-hūi-khí|tē-3 tōa-āu-chan]] sī tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ tú-ē-tio̍h ê chêng-hêng, hoat-seng tī 20&amp;ndash;23% ê jîn-kháu lāi-té. Soah--lo̍h-lâi siâng-chāi ha̍t-chío ê chhùi-khí sī [[tē-2 éng-kiú sió-āu-chan|tē-2 sió-āu-chan]] kap [[éng-kiú chhek-mn̂g-khí|chhek-mn̂g-khí]]. Ha̍t-khí siông-chāi kah khoat-khiàm dental lamina ū-tī-tāi. Dental lamina iông-ì siū-tio̍h khôan-kéng le̍k-liōng ê kong-kek, chhan-chhiūⁿ kám-jiám, [[hòa-ha̍k-tī-liâu]] (chemotherapy), mā-kah chē-chē chèng-hāu-kûn ū khan-liân, hó-pí [[Down syndrome]] kap [[Crouzon syndrome]]. {{fact}}

[[To-khí-chèng]] (''hyperdontia'') sī gia̍h-gōa ê chhùi-khí hoat-io̍k. I hoat-seng tī 1&amp;ndash;3% ê [[pe̍h-sek-lîn-chéng]] (''Caucasian''), koh-khah-chē hoat-seng tī [[A-chiu-jîn-chéng]](''Asian''). &lt;ref&gt;Neville, Damm, Allen, and Bouquot, ''Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Pathology'', p. 70.&lt;/ref&gt; Chit-chióng khè-sù tāi-khài 86% sī ke 1-khí chhùi-khí, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ hoat-seng tī téng-kiuⁿ mn̂g-khí ê só·-chāi. &lt;ref&gt;Kahn, ''Basic Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Pathology'', p. 49.&lt;/ref&gt; To-khí hō· jīn-ûi sī to-î ê dental lamina só· tì-ìn.

[[Oan-khiau-khí]] (''dilaceration'') sī chhùi-khí bô-chèng-siông ê oan-khiau, chha-put-to lóng-sī gōa-le̍k sóa-tāng chhùi-khí-ìⁿ só· tì-ìn. Tng chhùi-khí ia̍h-leh hoat-io̍k, hut-jiân siū-tio̍h le̍k-liōng thui-sak, lî-khui gôan-lâi ê ūi-tī, tì-sú chhun-ê pō·-hūn í bô-kâng ê kak-tō· kè-sio̍k hoat-io̍k. [[Chùi-liû]] (''cyst'') he̍k [[chéng-liû]] (''tumor'') tī chhùi-khí-íⁿ ê piⁿ-á mā-sī chi̍t-chióng ín-khí oan-khiau-khí ê le̍k-liōng; gín-á-khí hō· gōa-le̍k lòng--tio̍h kiu-ji̍p-khì khí-chô mā-ē sak tio̍h éng-kiú-khí ê khí-íⁿ. &lt;ref&gt;Neville, Damm, Allen, and Bouquot, ''Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Pathology'', p. 86.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Regional odontodysplasia]] chiâⁿ hán-kìⁿ, siāng-chia̍p hoat-seng tī téng-kiuⁿ kap [[thâu-chêng-khí]]. Goân-in m̄-chai-iáⁿ; ū kúi-ê kóng-hoat, pau-koat neural crest cell ê kòa-gāi, kám-jiám, tiān-kong tī-liâu, kap hoeh-sio̍h chi-goân bô-kàu (siāng sî-kiâⁿ ê ké-soat). &lt;ref&gt;Neville, Damm, Allen, and Bouquot, ''Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Pathology'', p. 99.&lt;/ref&gt; Siū regional odontodysplasia éng-hióng ê chhùi-khí tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ bē hoat-khí, khí-koan sī sè-lia̍p-chí, n̂g-n̂g ê ka-pi-sek, seⁿ tio̍h bô-chú-ngó·. Tī tiān-kong-phìⁿ téng-koân chit-chióng chhùi-khí sī thang-kng ê khòaⁿ-thâu, chū-án-ne lâng kiò-i-chò &quot;kúi-á-khí&quot; (''ghost teeth''). &lt;ref&gt;Kahn, ''Basic Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Pathology'', p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tōng-bu̍t ê chhùi-khí hoat-sin ==

Pêⁿ-pêⁿ-lâi-kóng, hui-jîn-lūi [[chhī-ni-tōng-bu̍t]] chhùi-khí ê tńg-chiâⁿ kah jîn-lūi chhùi-khí ê tńg-chiâⁿ boeh-kâng-boeh-kâng. Cheng-chha thong-siông sī-tī khòaⁿ-thâu, sò·-bo̍k, tńg-chiâⁿ ê sî-kan, kap chhùi-khí ê khoán-iūⁿ, a̍h m̄-sī tī chhù-khí ê hoat-sin kòe-têng.  

Hui-jîn-lūi chhī-ni-tōng-bu̍t ê khí-iū-chit hêng-sêng kah jî-lūi--ê kiông-beh saⁿ-kâng. Aminoblast kap khí-iū-chit khì-koan, pau-koat chhùi-khí ni-thâu, in ê kong-lêng sio-chhin-chhiūⁿ. &lt;ref&gt;Frandson and Spurgeon, ''Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals.'', p. 305.&lt;/ref&gt; Jîn-lūi kap kî-thaⁿ tāi-to-sò· tōng-bu̍t ê aminoblast tī puh-khí āu lóng-ē sí-bông, tì-kàu bē-ēng--tit chiap-sio̍k sán-seng khí-iū-chit, sui-bóng án-ne, [[rodent]] soah ē--tit sio-liân-sòa sán-seng khí-iū-chit, tio̍h chia̍p-chia̍p khì gè-gia̍t chē-chē mi̍h-kiāⁿ lâi bôa-tiāu chhùi-khí, chiah tō·-ē-o̍ah. &lt;ref&gt;Caceci.  ''Veterinary Histology'' with subtitle &quot;Digestive System: Oral Cavity&quot; found [http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab17/Lab17.htm here].&lt;/ref&gt; Khah-sú rodent bô-thang gè-gia̍t mi̍h-kiāⁿ, in-ê chhùi-khí chiong-kî-bóe ē thuh-phòa chhùi-khiuⁿ. Rodent ê mn̂g-khí hun-chò 2 pō·-hūn: tûn-chhek (''labial'') sī khí-iū-chit ná khí-koan, a̍h sia̍t-chhek (''lingual'') sī khí-pún-chit ná khí-kha. Che khí-koan kap khí-kha ē 1-sì-lâng tâng-chê sio-liân-sòa sán-seng. 

Kah kî-thaⁿ tāi-to-sò· ê tōng-bu̍t bô-kāng, [[soa-hî]] lī-iōng bô-kâng ê ki-choán ē kui-sì-lâng sio-liân-sòa hoat sin ê chhùi-khí. &lt;ref&gt;Dave Abbott, ''Sharks'', found [http://www.ms-starship.com/sciencenew/sharks.htm here].&lt;/ref&gt; In-ūi soa-hî ê chhùi-khí bô khí-kha, chia̍h mn̄g-kiāⁿ gâu lak chhùi-khí (tōng-bu̍t-ka ko·-kè, 1-chiah soa-hî 1-tang siāng-bô lak 2400 khí chhùi-khí), ài it-ti̍t pó·-chhiong sin khí. soa-hî ê chhùi-khí ùi khò-kīn chhùi-chi̍h ê modified [[scale(tōng-bu̍t-ha̍k)|scale]] sán-seng, tng sêng-sek ê-sî chiah 1-pâi 1-pâi ǹg-gōa sóa-chhut lâi gōa-kháu sú-iōng, jiân-āu thǹg-khí. &lt;ref&gt;Michael E. Williams, ''Jaws: The early years'', found [http://www.cmnh.org/collections/vertpaleo/jaws/jaws.html here].&lt;/ref&gt;

==Chù-kái==
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot;&gt;
&lt;references/&gt;

&lt;!-- Dead note &quot;perio_toothlossreasons&quot;: American Academy of Periodontology, ''Oral Health Information for the Public '' found [http://www.perio.org/consumer/media/media-faq.htm here]. --&gt;
&lt;!-- Dead note &quot;neville_hypodontia70&quot;: Neville, Damm, Allen, and Bouquot, ''Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Pathology'', p. 70. --&gt;
&lt;!-- Dead note &quot;marinebiology_sharkteeth&quot;: Jason Buchheim, ''A Quick Course in Ichthyology'', found [http://www.marinebiology.org/fish.htm here]. --&gt;
&lt;!-- Dead note &quot;pubmed_rodent&quot;: Fejerskov, O. on Pubmed. Link can be found [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;list_uids=105027&amp;dopt=Abstract here] --&gt;
&lt;!-- Dead note &quot;randallbowmangummed_horse&quot;: Randall-Bowman, whose article can be found [http://rev.tamu.edu/stories/04/041504-6.html here], and Encarta, whose link can be found [http://encarta.msn.com/text_761561931__1/Teeth.html here] --&gt;
&lt;!-- Dead note &quot;cate_mammals236&quot;: Cate, ''Oral Histology'', p. 236. --&gt;
&lt;!--READ ME!! PLEASE DO NOT JUST ADD NEW NOTES AT THE BOTTOM. See the instructions above on ordering. --&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==Chham-khó==
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 90%&quot;&gt;
*Abbott, Dave.  [http://www.ms-starship.com/sciencenew/sharks.htm &quot;Sharks&quot;]. 2000.  Page accessed January 7, 2006.
*[http://www.perio.org/index.html The American Academy of Periodontology].  [http://www.perio.org/consumer/media/media-faq.htm &quot;Oral Health Information for the Public&quot;]. Retrieved December 12, 2005.
*[http://www.ada.org The American Dental Association].  [http://www.ada.org/public/topics/tooth_eruption.asp &quot;Tooth Eruption Charts&quot;]. Retrieved December 12, 2005.
*[http://www.adha.org The American Dental Hygiene Association].  [http://www.adha.org/CE_courses/course7/nutritional_factors.htm &quot;Nutritional Factors in Tooth Development&quot;]. Retrieved December 10, 2005.
*[http://www.adha.org The American Dental Hygiene Association].  [http://www.adha.org/CE_courses/course7/table2.htm &quot;Table II. Effects of nutrient deficiencies on tooth development&quot;]. Retrieved December 10, 2005.
*Ash, Major M. and Stanley J. Nelson. ''Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion.'' 8th edition. 2003.  ISBN 0721693822.
*Buchheim, Jason. [http://www.marinebiology.org/fish.htm &quot;A Quick Course in Ichthyology&quot;].  Page accessed January 7, 2006.
*Cate, A.R. Ten. Oral Histology: development, structure, and function. 5th ed. 1998. ISBN 0815129521.
*Caceci, Thomas.  ''Veterinary Histology'' with subtitle [http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab17/Lab17.htm &quot;Digestive System: Oral Cavity&quot;].  Retrieved December 15, 2005.
*Frandson, R.D. &amp; T.L. Spurgeon, 1992. ''Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals.''  5th edition.  Philadelphia, Lea &amp; Febiger.  ISBN 0812114353.
*Harris, Edward F. ''Craniofacial Growth and Development.''  In the section entitled &quot;Tooth Eruption.&quot; 2002.
*[http://www.healthhawaii.org/ Health Hawaii].  [http://www.healthhawaii.org/dental/primary.html &quot;Primary Teeth: Importance and Care&quot;]. Retrieved December 12, 2005.
*Johnson, Clarke. &quot;[http://www.uic.edu/classes/orla/orla312/BHDTwo.html Biology of the Human Dentition]&quot;. 1998.
*Kahn, Michael A. Basic Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Volume 1. 2001.
*[http://www.charfac.umn.edu/MMS/ProjectMicro/Explorations/Contents.html Monthly Microscopy Explorations].  [http://www.charfac.umn.edu/MMS/ProjectMicro/Explorations/Jan1998.html &quot;Exploration of the Month: January 1998&quot;]. Retrieved December 12, 2005.
*Neville, B.W., Douglas Damm, Carl Allen, Jerry Bouquot.  Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Pathology.  2nd edition. 2002. ISBN 0721690033.
*Randall-Bowman, 2004. &quot;Gummed Out: Young Horses Lose Many Teeth, Vet Says.&quot; April 2004.  Article found [http://rev.tamu.edu/stories/04/041504-6.html here].  Retrieved January 7, 2006.
*Riolo, Michael L. and James K. Avery.  ''Essentials for Orthodontic Practice''.  1st edition.  2003.  ISBN 097205460X.
*Ross, Michael H., Gordon I. Kaye, and Wojciech Pawlina. Histology: a text and atlas. 4th edition. 2003. ISBN 0683302426.
*Summit, James B., J. William Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. ''Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach.''  2nd edition.  Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc.  2001. ISBN 0867153822.
*[http://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/ University of Southern California School of Dentistry]. [http://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/ohisto/Cards/tdev/26_bb.html &quot;The Bell Stage: Image 26&quot;].  Retrieved December 11, 2005.
*[http://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/ University of Southern California School of Dentistry]. [http://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/ohisto/Cards/tdev/30_bb.html &quot;The Bell Stage: Image 30&quot;].  Retrieved December 11, 2005.
*University of Texas Medical Branch.  &quot;Lab Exercises: Tooth development.&quot; Page found [http://cellbio.utmb.edu/microanatomy/digestive/tooth.htm here].
*Williams, Michael E. [http://www.cmnh.org/collections/vertpaleo/jaws/jaws.html &quot;Jaws: The early years&quot;]. 1992.  Page accessed January 7, 2006.
*[http://www.webmd.com WebMd].  [http://www.webmd.com/content/article/66/79639.htm?z=4208_00000_9003_to_02 &quot;Dental Health: Your Child's Teeth&quot;].  Retrieved December 12, 2005.
&lt;/div&gt;

==Gōa-pō· liân-kiat==
*[http://bioanthropology.huji.ac.il/knowledgebase.asp Bio-anthropology and ancient DNA]
*[http://bite-it.helsinki.fi/ Database on the expression of different genes in the developing tooth.]
*[http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/skin4a.htm Integumentary Development Tooth] by Dr. Mark Hill from the [http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryo.htm University of New South Wales Embryology Resource]
*[http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab17/EXAMPLES/Extthfrm.htm Veterinary Histology] by Dr. Thomas Caceci.


[[Category:Gê-i-ha̍k]]</text>
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    <title>Chhoà I-lîm</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[File:Jolin Tsai MAA.jpg|thumb|210px|Chhòa I-lîm.]]

'''Chhòa I-lîm''' (蔡依林, '''Jolin Tsai'''; {{bd|1980 nî|9 goe̍h 15 ji̍t||}}), sī chi̍t-ê [[Tâi-oân]] [[koa-chhiú]], tī [[Sin-pak-chhī]] chhut-sì, ū chhut kòe ''Don't Stop'', ''J-game'' téng-téng ê choan-chip.

{{Commons|Category:Jolin Tsai}}
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[[Category:Sin-pak-chhī jîn-bu̍t]]
[[Category:Chhoà--sī|Ilim]]</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">==蔡阿信==
'''蔡阿信''' ([[1899年]]-[[1990年]][[3月5日]]), [[臺灣]]第一个[[查某]][[醫生]]，伊成立臺灣第一間[[產婆]]學校&quot;清信產婆學校&quot;。

佇[[2005年]]臺灣[[民視]]電視臺播出由青蘋果公司根據''[[浪淘沙]]''這本小說改編完成的[[連續劇]]。

[[Image:Chhoa A-sin midwifery ad 1930.png|thumb|200px|清信婦人科醫院招生廣告(1930年)]]

=== 外部連結 ===
* [http://203.65.117.106/project/people/main3_13.htm 臺灣醫療史數位博物館]內的蔡阿信紹介。
* [http://thetaiwanese.blogspot.com/2009/10/dr-sin-tsai.html 蔡阿信博士]</text>
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      <comment>Bot: Siu-chèng siang têng ê choán-ia̍h kòe [[Thó-lūn:Chhòa A-sìn]]; sió hāng siu-kái</comment>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Thó-lūn:Chhòa A-sìn]]

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[[Lūi-pia̍t:I-seng]]</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[File:S.H.E.JPG|thumb|S.H.E]]

'''S.H.E''' sī [[Tâi-oân]] ê ián-chhiùⁿ thoân-thé, lāi-té 3-ê sêng-goân hō chò Selina, Hebe, kap Ella.
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[[Category:Tâi-oân koa-chhiú]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>A-mei</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">'''A-mei''', Hàn-miâ '''Tiuⁿ Hūi-moē''' (張惠妹; [[1972 nî]] [[8 goe̍h 9 ji̍t]] chhut-sì), [[Puyuma-cho̍k|Puyuma]]-miâ '''Kulilay Amit''', sī [[Tâi-oân]] ê koa-chhiú. I tī [[Tâi-tang]] chhut-sì, sī thong Tâi-oân siāng chhut-miâ ê liû-hêng-koa koa-chhiú chi it.
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[[Category:Tâi-oân koa-chhiú]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân goân-chū-bîn jîn-bu̍t]]
[[Category:Tiuⁿ--sī|Huimoe]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Il Postino</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Good article}}

{{Infobox Film
| name           = Il Postino
| image          = Il Postino hái-pò.jpg
| caption        = Iáⁿ-hì hái-pò
| starring       = [[Philippe Noiret]]&lt;br&gt;[[Massimo Troisi]]&lt;br&gt;[[Maria Grazia Cucinotta]]
| director       = [[Michael Radford]]
| producer       = [[Mario Cecchi Gori]]&lt;br&gt;[[Vittorio Cecchi Gori]]&lt;br&gt;[[Gaetano Daniele]]
| distributor    = 
| music          = [[Luis Enríquez Bacalov]]
| released       = {{start date|1994|9|1|df=y}} {{small|([[Venezia Iáⁿ-hì Cheh|VFF]])}}&lt;br /&gt;{{start date|1994|9|22|df=y}}
| country        = Italia
| runtime        = 108 hun-cheng
| language       = Italia-gí&lt;br /&gt;Se-pan-gâ-gí
}}

'''''Il Postino''''' ([[Italia-gí]] ê &quot;iû-chhe&quot;, &quot;the̍h-phoe-ê&quot; ê ì-sù) sī 1994 nî Italia tō-ián [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Radford Michael Radford] chí-tō ê iáⁿ-hì. Chit-chhut hì chi̍t-khai-sí tī [[Bí-kok]] khai-ián sī iōng '''''The Postman''''' ê miâ. Sī ti̍t-chiap kā Italia-gí phiau-tê hoan-e̍k chò Eng-gí.&lt;ref&gt;[[Oscar Chióng]] chu-liāu-khò͘ kì-lio̍k sī ''The Postman (Il Postino)'' [http://www.oscars.org/awardsdatabase]. Lēng-goā mā ū chi̍t-ê iōng ''The Postman'' chò phiau-tê ê hái-pò têng-hip khǹg tī [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database Bāng-lō͘ Iáⁿ-hì Chu-liāu-khò͘].[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110877/posters]&lt;/ref&gt;  M̄-koh lō͘-boé in-ūi [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Costner Kevin Costner] ê [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Postman_%28film%29 kâng-miâⁿ iáⁿ-hì] khai-ián, chit-phìⁿ chhut-pán ê DVD to̍h lóng-sī iōng '''''Il Postino: The Postman''''' ê miâ. Iōng Eng-bûn siá ê iáⁿ-hì phêng-lūn it-poaⁿ mā lóng-sī iōng i-ê Italia-gí pún-miâ lâi chheng.

Chit-phìⁿ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional kè-khang] iáⁿ-phìⁿ kan-sia̍p tio̍h chi̍t-ê [[Chile]] si-jîn [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Neruda Pablo Neruda] kap chi̍t-ê siū i éng-hióng khai-sí tha̍k si, siá si ê [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postman the̍h-phoe-ê] chiâⁿ-chò pêng-iú ê kò͘-sū. Chú-iàu ián-oân ū [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Noiret Philippe Noiret], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Troisi Massimo Troisi] kap [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Grazia_Cucinotta Maria Grazia Cucinotta]. Hì-bûn sī [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Pavignano Anna Pavignano], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Radford Michael Radford], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furio_Scarpelli Furio Scarpelli], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Scarpelli Giacomo Scarpelli] kap Massimo Troisi chiū [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Sk%C3%A1rmeta Antonio Skármeta] ê siáu-soat ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardiente_paciencia Ardiente Paciencia]'' koè-siá ê. Skármeta pún-lâng mā bat tī [[1985]] iōng ''Ardiente Paciencia'' ê miâ kā koè-siá chò hì-bûn.

Chiâⁿ-choè ián-oân kap hì-bûn chok-chiá ê [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Troisi Massimo Troisi] ūi-tio̍h chit-chhut hì kā i-ê sim-chōng chhiú-sut oān-ji̍t. Iáⁿ-hì oân-sêng keh bô-kúi kang, i to̍h sim-chōng-pēⁿ hoat-chok koè-sin ah.

==Chêng-chat==
Sè-kài ū-miâ ê [[Chile]] si-jîn, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Neruda Pablo Neruda], sī chi̍t-ê Kiōng-sán-tóng-oân. In-ūi chèng-tī ê koan-hē, i khì hō͘ lia̍h-phoè kàu [[Italia]] ê chi̍t-ê ko͘-tó, kan-taⁿ in bó͘ kap i choè-phoāⁿ. Tī chit-ê tó ū chi̍t-ê m̄-kam-goān kè-gia̍p in lāu-pē chò thó-hái-lâng ê siàu-liân, Mario Ruoppolo. I chhoē-tio̍h lēng-goā chi̍t-ê lîm-sî iû-chhe ê thâu-lō͘. M̄-koh in-ūi tó lāi ê lâng tāi-pō͘-hūn lóng-sī chhiⁿ-mî-gû, i ho̍k-bū ê kò͘-kheh to̍h kan-taⁿ Neruda chi̍t-ê. I ta̍k-kang khiâ chū-choán-chhia sàng phoe hō͘ Neruda, ū-sî ē chhoē ki-hoē kau-poê. Neruda mā kap chit-ê siàu-liân-ê chiâⁿ-choè pêng-iú.

Kâng-sî Mario mā ài-tio̍h chi̍t-ê ko͘-niû, Beatrice Russo. I tī chhoan-lāi in a-ḿ ê café khang-khoè. Mario tùi Beatrice sī chin siu-siap, to̍h pài-thok Neruda tàu-saⁿ-kāng. Mario ka-tī siá si hō͘ Beatrice piáu-ta̍t sim-lāi-ì. Sui-bóng a-ḿ put-chí-á hoán-tùi, Beatrice iû-goân mā ài-tio̍h Mario. 

Lō͘-boé in nn̄g-ê kiat-hun. Hun-lé ê sî, Neruda siu-tio̍h phoe kóng Chile chèng-hú í-keng thiat-khì kā i tòng-chò hiân-sióng choē-hoān. I mā ē-tit-thang tò-tńg-khì in chó͘-kok.

Kúi-nā tang āu. Neruda têng-iû chit-ê tó. I tī éng-koè-á ê café tú-tio̍h Beatrice kap in hāu-seⁿ. I thiaⁿ Beatrice kóng chiah chai-iáⁿ, Mario tī hāu-seⁿ chhut-sì chìn-chêng tō͘ siū-hāi koè-sin. I pún-té í-keng an-pâi hó beh tī Kiōng-sán-tóng tī Naples ê toā chū-hoē siōng-tho̍k i-ê si. M̄-koh sī-ui khì hō͘ kéng-chhat chho͘-pō tiong-chí. Beatrice kā Mario ê ûi-bu̍t kau hō͘ i. He sī te̍k-pia̍t ūi-tio̍h i lo̍k ê, chit-ê hái-tó ê siaⁿ-im, mā-sī Mario siōng ài ê kò͘-hiong ê siaⁿ-im.

==Ián-oân Toaⁿ==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Noiret Philippe Noiret] - Pablo Neruda
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Troisi Massimo Troisi] - Mario Ruoppolo
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Grazia_Cucinotta Maria Grazia Cucinotta] - Beatrice Russo
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Scarpa Renato Scarpa] - Telegrapher
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Moretti Linda Moretti] - Donna Rosa

==Siat-tēng==
Siáu-soat kap 1985 nî ê iáⁿ-hì lóng hoat-seng tī Chile, sī Neruda tī 1970 nî-tāi toà-tī [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Negra Isla Negra] ê chhù ê kò͘-sū. ''Il Postino'' kā kò͘-sū poaⁿ khì-kàu 1950 nî-tāi ê Italia. Chit-phìⁿ sī tī oá Sicily pak hoāⁿ ê chi̍t-ê hō-chò [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salina Island Salina Tó] ê hoé-soaⁿ-tek ko͘-tó oân-sêng ê. Tiān-iáⁿ chhut-miâ liáu-āu chō-sêng chi̍t-ê toā pāi-hāi sī tó lāi ê Pollara Beach siū-tio̍h chiâⁿ-choē iû-lâng o͘-pe̍h chō.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/may/10/travelsenvironmentalimpact.film Iû-lâng pāi-hāi Il Postino hái-kîⁿ]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Im-ga̍k==
1994 nî, ūi-tio̍h beh sak chit-phìⁿ, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramax Miramax] chhut-pán &quot;[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il Postino (phoè-ga̍k) The Postman (Il Postino): Music From The Miramax Motion Picture]&quot;. Lāi-té koh hù [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Enríquez_Bacalov Luis Enríquez Bacalov] só͘ chò ê ga̍k-phó͘, kap chiâⁿ-choē gē-jîn siōng-tho̍k ê Neruda si-chok. Chia-ê gē-jîn pau-hâm [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(im-ga̍k-ka) Sting], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Richardson Miranda Richardson], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Snipes Wesley Snipes], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Fiennes Ralph Fiennes], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Hawke Ethan Hawke], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Sewell Rufus Sewell], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Close Glenn Close], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson Samuel L. Jackson], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_García Andy García], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Dafoe Willem Dafoe], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(gē-jîn) Madonna], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Perez Vincent Perez], kap [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Roberts Julia Roberts].

==Hoán-èng==
===Phêng-lūn hoê-èng===
Chit-chhut iáⁿ-hì chiâⁿ siū hoan-gêng. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes Rotten Tomatoes] téng-bīn ê 35 phiⁿ phêng-lūn ū 92% lóng-sī o-ló.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/il_postino/ Il Postino Movie Reviews, Pictures - Rotten Tomatoes] (2010 nî Cha̍p-goe̍h 24 kì-lio̍k)&lt;/ref&gt; I mā tī [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic Metacritic] ê 13 phiⁿ phêng-lūn tit-tio̍h 81 hun, ta̍t-sêng &quot;Sè-kài-tek Chàn-siōng&quot; ê phiau-chù.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/postino?q=il-postino Il Postino Reviews at Metacritic] (2010 nî Cha̍p-goe̍h 24 kì-lio̍k)&lt;/ref&gt;

===Po-chióng===
Chit-phìⁿ tit-tio̍h [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Film_Not_in_the_English_Language BAFTA]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Enríquez_Bacalov Luis Enríquez Bacalov] só͘ chò ê phoè-ga̍k tit-tio̍h [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Original_Music_Score Academy Chok-khek Siúⁿ]. Lēng-goā mā siū-tio̍h [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor Lâm-chú-kak Siúⁿ] (Massimo Troisi), [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Directing Tō-ián Siúⁿ], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture Iáⁿ-hì Chok-phín Siúⁿ] kap [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Writing_Adapted_Screenplay Koè-siá Siúⁿ].

==Notes==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
*{{imdb title|id=0110877|title=Il Postino}}

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'''Niû Chēng-jû''' (梁靜茹, [[1978 nî]] [[6 goe̍h 16 ji̍t]] chhut-sì) sī [[Má-lâi-se-a]] chhut-sin ê koa-chhiú.
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[File:Rainie Yang 2010.jpg|right|thumb|2010 nî ê Iûⁿ Sêng-lîm]]
'''Iûⁿ Sêng-lîm'''(楊丞琳; 1984 nî 6 goe̍h 4 ji̍t - ) sī Tâi-oân chhut-miâ ê bêng-chheⁿ gē-jîn. I gâu chhiùⁿ-koa, ián-hì, kah chú-chhî chiat-bo̍k. Ū chi̍t-ê goā-hō kiò ''Khó-ài kàu-chú''. 2010 nî í ''Hái-phài tiⁿ-sim''(海派甜心) tit tio̍h tē 45 kài [[Kim-cheng-chióng]] ê choè-ka lú-chú-kak.

{{Kim-cheng-chióng hì-kio̍k-chat-bo̍k Lí-chú-kak-chióng}}
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Good article}}

[[file:ROCanthemBySunYatSen.jpg|right|thumb|Sun Bûn siá--ê [[N̂g-po͘ Kun-koaⁿ ha̍k-hāu]] (黃埔-) Hùn-sû (訓詞)|250px]]
[[file:National Anthem of the Republic of China.ogg|thumb|Suân-lu̍t]]
''Pún bûn chí [[1937 nî]] khí--ê Tiong-hoâ bîn-kok kok-koa. Khah chá--ê chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ [[Tiong-kok kok-koa]]''

Taⁿ--ê '''Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Kok-koa''' iû [[Sun Tiong-san]] kah in bō͘-liâu (幕僚) chok-sû, [[Thiâⁿ Bō͘-ûn]] (程懋筠) chok-khek. Pa̍t-miâ '''Sam-bîn Chú-gī Koa''', mā-sī [[Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng]]--ê tóng-koa (黨歌).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng|title=國歌的由來|url=http://www.kmt.org.tw/page.aspx?id=29&amp;cid=25|accessdate=2009-03-02}}{{cmn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tī [[1937 nî]] chèng-sek kéng [[kok-koa]] í-chêng, hőng khoàⁿ-choè [[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok]] kok-koa--ê ū ''[[Kheng-hûn-koa]]'' (卿雲歌), ''[[Tiong-hôa Hiông-li̍p Ú-tiū Kan]]'' (中華雄立宇宙間) téng koa-khek.

==Le̍k-sú==

[[1912 nî]], [[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Lîm-sî Chèng-hú]] tī [[Lâm-kiaⁿ]] sêng-li̍p, [[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Kàu-io̍k-pō͘|Kàu-io̍k Chóng-tiúⁿ]] (-總長) [[Chhòa Gôan-pôe]] (蔡元培) tùi kong-chiòng tēng-kiû kok-koa, lo̍h-boé kéng ''[[Ngó͘-kî Kiōng-hô Koa]]'' (五旗共和歌) chò lîm-sî kok-koa, iû [[Sím Un-hu]] (沈恩孚) chok-sû, [[Sím Pheng-niân]] (沈彭年) chok-khek; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|Lîm Chong-sèng (林琮盛)|publisher=[[Ōng-pò]] (旺報)|title=第一首國歌 非現今三民主義歌|url=http://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E7%AC%AC-%E9%A6%96%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%8C-%E9%9D%9E%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%8A%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E6%AD%8C-190516620.html|date=20110719|accessdate=20121226}}{{cmn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Āu--lâi [[Pak-iûⁿ Chèng-hú]] (北洋政府) bat sian-āu ēng nn̄g pán--ê ''Kheng-hûn-koa'' chò kok-koa.

[[1924 nî]] [[6 goe̍h 16 ji̍t]], [[Sun Bûn]] tī [[Kńg-chiu]] [[N̂g-po͘ Lio̍k-kun Kun-koaⁿ Ha̍k-hāu]] (黃埔-) khai-ha̍k tián-lé tùi su-seng hoat-piáu hùn-sû (訓詞), iû Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng tóng-oân [[Ô͘ Hàn-bîn]] (胡漢民), [[Tè Kùi-tô]] (戴季陶), [[Liāu Tiōng-khái]] (廖仲愷), [[Siō Gôan-chhiong]] (邵元沖) tàu pian. Chit phiⁿ kiò-chò &quot;N̂g-po͘ Kun-hāu Hùn-sû&quot;, in-ūi Sun Tiong-san sī [[Tiong-kok Kok-bîn Tóng Chóng-lí]] (-總理), mā kiò &quot;Chóng-lí Hùn-sû&quot;.

[[1928 nî]] [[pak-hoa̍t]] (北伐) soah, lâm-pak thóng-it liáu-āu, [[Tè Thôan-hiân]] (戴傳賢) kiàn-gī kā N̂g-po͘ Kun-hāu Hùn-sû soán-chò Tiong-kok Kok-bîn Tóng tóng-koa koa-sû. Keng [[Tiong-kok Kok-bîn Tóng Tiong-iong Siông-bū Úi-oân-hoē]] (-常務委員會) thong-koè āu, khai-sí teng-soán ga̍k-phó͘. Thiâⁿ Bō͘-ûn--ê khek soah-boé tio̍h tē-it, ia̍h the̍h-tio̍h [[gîn-oân]] (銀圓) 500 kho͘--ê chióng-kim. Hit sî Lâm-kiaⁿ [[Kim-lêng Tāi-ha̍k]] (金陵-) kap [[Kok-li̍p Tiong-iong Tāi-ha̍k]]--ê ha̍k-seng mā chāi-tiûⁿ chhì chhiùⁿ, chok-chiá mā ka-kī tī [[Tiong-iong Kóng-pò Tiān-tâi]]
ián-chhiùⁿ hòng-sàng.&lt;ref name=&quot;book1947&quot;&gt;{{cite book | language = cmn | author =Lí Sū-chiau (李士釗) pian-e̍k | coauthors =  | title = 聯合國歌集 | url = http://www.cadal.zju.edu.cn/book/16000666/ | date = 1947 | location =  | publisher = Siong-hái Káu-io̍k Su-tiàm | id =  | isbn =  | pages = 20}}{{cmn}}
&lt;/ref&gt;[[1929 nî]] [[1 goe̍h 10 ji̍t]], Siông-bū Úi-oân-hoē koat-gī kā Thiâⁿ Bō͘-ûn--ê soán-chò tong-koa, in-ūi koa-sû lāi, ài-kok su-sióng chin chhiong-sēng, khek-tiāu mā hô-pêng, ū-la̍t, ū bîn-cho̍k ì-sek. [[1930 nî]] [[3 goe̍h 24 ji̍t]], [[Hêng-chèng-īⁿ]] hoat-lēng thong-kok (通國), tī kok-koa chè-chō chêng, it-poaⁿ chū-hoē lóng chhiùⁿ chit tiâu tóng-koa, lâi koân (權) kok-koa. Khí-thâu chí ū koa-khek soân-lu̍t, bô [[hô-siaⁿ]] (和聲) kap phoāⁿ-chàu. Chèng-sek pan-pò͘ liáu, [[Siau Iú-mûi]] (蕭友梅), [[Tiō Goân-jīm]] (趙元任), [[N̂g Chū]] (黃自) bat kā i siá phoāⁿ-chàu kah hô-siaⁿ. &lt;ref name=&quot;book1947&quot; /&gt; Thiâⁿ Bō͘-ûn chòng-chok ga̍k-phó͘--ê sî, pún-té lia̍h-chò bô joā hó tio̍h tàn-tiāu. In bó͘ tī chóa-láng chhoē-tio̍h liáu-āu kià-khì pí-sài, soah tio̍h koan-kun.

Āu--lâi, û-lūn (輿論) siūⁿ N̂g-po͘ Kun-hāu Hùn-sû sī the̍h-lâi bián-lē (勉勵) Kok-bîn-tóng tóng-oân niā, boē-tàng tài-piáu kok-ka, só͘-í Kàu-io̍k-pō͘ tio̍h tùi-goā teng-kiû kok-koa koa-sû. Kàu [[1931 nî]] 6 ge̍h chí, tâu-kó--ê iok 1,700 lâng, koa-sû 2,000 goā siú, chóng--sī chē kái sím-cha āu, bô poáⁿ tiâu soán--chhuài. [[1936 nî]], [[Kok-bîn Chèng-hú]] sêng-li̍p &quot;Kok-koa Pian-chè (編製) Giân-kiù Úi-oân-hoē&quot;, choan pau-lám kok-koa pian-chè kap giân-kiù--ê tāi-chì, mā chèng-sek teng-pò teng-kiû kok-koa koa-sû&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dftt.drnh.gov.tw/digi_cdrom_big5.htm|title=國史館數位典藏計畫 &gt; 中華民國國旗與國歌史料}}{{cmn}}&lt;/ref&gt;, Soah-bé úi-oân-hoē kiàn-gī ēng N̂g-po͘ Kun-hāu Hùn-sû chò kok-koa, in-ūi hùn-sû chiok-chiok piáu-bêng kek-bēng kiàn-kok cheng-sîn, m̄-nā ha̍h [[Tiong-hôa Bîn-cho̍k]]--ê le̍k-sú bûn-hoà, mā tāi-piáu Tiong-hoâ bîn-kok--ê kiàn-kok cheng-sîn. [[1937 nî]] [[6 goe̍h 3 ji̍t]], Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng Tiong-iong Siông-bū Úi-oân-hoē thong-koè kā tóng-koa soán-chò kok-koa, tī kâng-nî [[6 goe̍h 21 ji̍t]] keng Kok-bîn Chèng-hú kong-pò͘ si̍t-hêng, kok-koa tio̍h khak-tēng--ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.drnh.gov.tw/Content_Display.aspx?MenuKey=46|title=國史館 &gt; 修纂研究 &gt; 認識中華民國 &gt; 國家符號}}{{cmn}}&lt;/ref&gt;。

Kin-kù 1989 nî kàu 2005 nî--ê ''Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Nî-kàm'' (-年鑒) Eng-gí-pàn, Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Kok-koa bat tī [[1936 nî Hā-kùi Olympia Ūn-tōng-hoē]] tòng-soán sè-kài siōng-hó kok-koa.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | language =  | author = Chu Mûi-lē (朱梅麗)  | coauthors = Tiuⁿ Hùi-ching (張惠貞) téng  | title = The Republic of China Yearbook--Taiwan 2001 | url = http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/2001/national_anthem.htm | publisher = Government Information Office | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110606062801/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/2001/national_anthem.htm | archivedate=2011-6-6 }} {{en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.olympist.org/summer-olympic-games/berlin-summer-olympics-1936.html|title=Berlin Summer Olympics, 1936}}{{en}} &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kok-koa le̍k-sú nî-pió ===
*[[Ngó͘-kî Kiōng-hô Koa]]: 1912 - 1913
*[[Kheng-hûn-koa]] (Tē 1 pán): 1913 - 1915
*[[Tiong-hoâ Hiông-li̍p Ú-tiū Kan]]
**Goán pán: 1915
**Tē 2~3 pán: 1915-1921
*[[Kheng-hûn-koa]] (Tē 2 pán): 1921 - 1928
*Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Kok-koa (Sam-bîn Chú-gī Koa):
**Lîm-sî: 1928 - 1937
**Chèng-sek: 1937 -

==Koa-sû==
{| cellspacing=2 style=&quot;margin: auto&quot;
!Goân-bûn ([[Bûn-giân-bûn]])
![[Hàn-gí Pheng-im]]
!Tha̍k-im ([[Bûn-giân-im]])
!Hoan-e̍k
|-
|width=200 style=&quot;border: 1px solid #F0ABB2; background: #FFEBEC; padding:20px&quot;|三民主義　吾黨所宗&lt;br/&gt;以建民國　以進大同&lt;br/&gt;咨爾多士　為民前鋒&lt;br/&gt; 夙夜匪懈　主義是從&lt;br/&gt; 矢勤矢勇　必信必忠&lt;br/&gt;一心一德　貫徹始終
|width=200 style=&quot;border: 1px solid #FFEA71; background: #FFF9D1; padding:20px&quot;|Sānmín zhǔyì, wú dǎng suǒ zōng;&lt;br/&gt;Yǐ jiàn Mínguó, yǐ jìn dàtóng.&lt;br/&gt;Zī ěr duōshì, wèi mín qiánfēng;&lt;br/&gt;Sùyè fěi xiè, zhǔyì shì cóng.&lt;br/&gt;Shǐ qín shǐ yǒng, bì xìn bì zhōng;&lt;br/&gt;Yì xīn yì dé, guànchè shǐ zhōng.
|width=200 style=&quot;border: 1px solid #2DFF4D; background: #D1FFD8; padding:20px&quot;|[[Sam-bîn chú-gī|Sam Bîn Chú Gī]], ngô͘ tóng só͘ chong,&lt;br/&gt;í kiàn [[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok|Bîn Kok]], í chìn tāi tông.&lt;br/&gt;Chu ní to sū! Ûi bîn chiân hong,&lt;br/&gt;siok iā húi hāi, chú gī sī chiông.&lt;br/&gt;Sí khîn sí ióng, pit sìn pit tiong,&lt;br/&gt;it sim it tek, koàn thiat sú tiong.
|width=200 style=&quot;border: 1px solid #3198FF; background:#D1E8FF; padding:20px&quot;|Sam-bîn Chú-gī sī lán-ê tóng/lán-lâng&lt;ref&gt;&quot;吾黨&quot; (Ngô͘-tóng) thang hoan-chò &quot;lán-ê tóng&quot; a̍h-sī &quot;lán-lâng&quot;, chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ [[#Cheng-gī]] toāⁿ.&lt;/ref&gt; sō͘ hōng-hêng (奉行)--ê.&lt;br/&gt;Lâi kiàn-li̍p Tiong-hoa Bîn-kok, chìn-chêng kàu tāi-tông--ê kéng-kài.&lt;br/&gt;Ah! Lín chia choē-choē--ê chì-sū (志士), sī jîn-bîn--ê thâu-tīn,&lt;br/&gt; mê-ji̍t m̄ thang pîn-toaⁿ, kin-toè chit-ê chú-gī.&lt;br/&gt;Chiù-chōa ài kut-la̍t, ài ióng-kám; tiāⁿ-tio̍h ài sìn-si̍t, ài tiong-sêng.&lt;br/&gt;Tùi thâu kàu boé, tông-sim si̍t-hêng Sam-bîn Chú-gī!
|
|}

== Sú-iōng ==
Kiâⁿ seng/kàng [[Tiong-hoa Bîn-kok kok-kî]] tián-lé sî, tī seng/kàng-kî chìn-chêng tio̍h ài chhiùⁿ kok-koa, ia̍h tī seng/kàng-kî--ê sî chàu-ga̍k ''[[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Kok-kî Koa]]''. Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok tī [[1991 nî]] [[6 go̍eh 29 ji̍t]] hùi-tî ''[[Ûi-kéng-ho̍at-hoat]]'' (違警罰法) chêng, kui-tēng thiaⁿ-tio̍h chhiùⁿ-kok-koa sî, bô khiā leh piáu-kèng-ì--ê, hoa̍t 20 gîn-oân (sin-tâi-phiò 60 kho͘) í-hā hoa̍t-hoân (罰鍰) á sin-kài (申誡).

[[1949 nî]] [[Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Chèng-hú]] phoaⁿ kàu Tâi-oân, kok-koa kàu taⁿ mā koh teh ēng. Khah-chá [[tiān-iáⁿ-īⁿ]] pàng tiān-iáⁿ chêng, ài pàng kok-koa--ê iáⁿ-phìⁿ, kàu [[1990 nî-tāi]] chiah chiām-chiām chhú-siau (ùi chêng [[Gî-lân-koān]]-tiúⁿ [[Tân Tēng-lâm]] (陳定南) tī 1989 nî soan-pò͘ khai-sí); [[tiān-tâi]] tī pòaⁿ-mî 12 tiám chiàⁿ pò͘-sî liáu-āu, ài pàng kok-koa, chit-má mā m̄ bián. [[Lāu 3 tâi]] (老 3 台) ta̍k-kang mā tī hòng-sàng chiat-bo̍k chêng seng pò͘ kok-koa, 1990 nî-tāi í-chêng mā ē phah &quot;Chàu (奏) kok-ka sî chhiáⁿ î-chhî siok-chēng (維持肅靜)&quot;--ê [[chèng-lēng soan-tō jī-khah]] (-字卡), taⁿ mā chhú-siāu. Kok-koa koa-sû mā ū chiâⁿ chē nî hőng siu kah [[kok-tiong]] kok-bûn khò-pún lâi kà &lt;ref&gt;[http://content.edu.tw/junior/chinese/ks_wg/vol1/text/lesson0104.htm 五甲國中學習加油站] {{cmn}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ia̍h hiān-chai toā-poàⁿ kan-ta tī im-ga̍k khò-pún ū niā.

==Cheng-gī==
In-ūi Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Kok-koa--ê koa-sû bat sī Kok-bîn-tóng tóng-kun (黨軍) ha̍k-hāu (N̂g-po͘ Kun-hāu) khai-ha̍k sî hùn-sī--ê bûn-chiuⁿ kiam Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng--ê tóng-koa, ū-lâng khoàⁿ-chò sī í-chá [[it-tóng-chè|tóng-kok (黨國) bô hun]] sî só͘ lâu--lo̍h-lâi--ê, tio̍h pâi-thek (排斥), chin chē lâng bô ài chhiùⁿ chit siú koa. [[Bîn-chú Chìn-pō͘ Tóng]] chip-chèng--ê koān-chhī toā-poāⁿ ēng chéng-chéng lí-iû thêng-pān [[goân-tàn]] (元旦)--ê seng-kî kap chhiùⁿ kok-koa tián-lé, á tī chhiùⁿ--ê sî thiàu-koè &quot;ngô͘-tóng só͘-chong&quot; (吾黨所宗) hit toāⁿ. Bîn-kan pêng-sò͘ hán-tit chhiùⁿ, sīm-chì m̄ chai koa-sû--ê ì-sù.

Jî-chhiáⁿ, koa-sû thâu-kù--ê &quot;ngô-tóng&quot; (吾黨), sui-bóng kù soàⁿ-téng sû-tián ''Hàn-tián'' (漢典), ū &quot;lán&quot;, ia̍h-sī &quot;gún kâng-hiong&quot;--ê ì-sù, tān-sī mā thang chí &quot;lán-ê chèng-tóng&quot; (Kok-bîn-tóng),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zdic.net/c/e/71/112624.htm|title=词语“吾党”的解释 汉典 zdic.net|accessdate=20131225}}{{cmn}}&lt;/ref&gt; tì-kàu siū-tio̍h bu̍t-gī (物議).

== Chham-khó ==
*[[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok]]
*[[Sam-bîn Chú-gī]]
*[[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Kok-kî Koa]]
*[[Tâi-oân kok-koa]]
*[[Gī-ióng-kun Chìn-hêng-khek]]: Hiān-chāi--ê Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok kok-koa

==  Goā-kháu liân-kiat ==
*Kok-koa Iáⁿ-phìⁿ (Hêng-chèng-īⁿ [[Sin-bûn-kio̍k]], tī Youtube)
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_YYi2xtdJ1Q Koan-kong-phiⁿ Ha̍p-chhiùⁿ-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XEUBdQPZyoo Koan-kong-phiⁿ Ián-chàu-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBnhZMBpKwo Chong-ha̍p-phiⁿ Ha̍p-chhiùⁿ-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9s7dnN7oY9I Chong-ha̍p-phiⁿ Ián-chàu-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9aY1BIl-20 Kok-ka Kián-siat-phiⁿ Ha̍p-chhiùⁿ-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjE8FSEI-40 Kok-ka Kián-siat-phiⁿ Ián-chàu-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HsMfZucH1M Jî-tông-phiⁿ Ha̍p-chhiùⁿ-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvzW8nzsGJc Jî-tông-phiⁿ kà-chàu-pán]
*[http://www.ey.gov.tw/state/News_Content3.aspx?n=283412AE33AC4D71&amp;sms=7CB99E9BEAC3127D&amp;s=561A77021561A5AA 國花、國旗、國歌 (Kok-hoe, kok-kî, kok-koa)] Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Kok-chêng Kài-siāu (Hêng-chèng-īⁿ)

==Chù-kái==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:kok-koa]]
[[Category:Tiong-kok le̍k-sú]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân]]
[[Category:Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng]]</text>
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[[file:ROCanthemBySunYatSen.jpg|right|thumb|Sun Bûn siá--ê [[N̂g-po͘ Kun-koaⁿ ha̍k-hāu]] (黃埔-) Hùn-sû (訓詞)|250px]]
[[file:National Anthem of the Republic of China.ogg|thumb|Suân-lu̍t]]
''Pún bûn chí [[1937 nî]] khí--ê Tiong-hoâ bîn-kok kok-koa. Khah chá--ê chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ [[Tiong-kok kok-koa]]''

Taⁿ--ê '''Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Kok-koa''' iû [[Sun Tiong-san]] kah in bō͘-liâu (幕僚) chok-sû, [[Thiâⁿ Bō͘-ûn]] (程懋筠) chok-khek. Pa̍t-miâ '''Sam-bîn Chú-gī Koa''', mā-sī [[Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng]]--ê tóng-koa (黨歌).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng|title=國歌的由來|url=http://www.kmt.org.tw/page.aspx?id=29&amp;cid=25|accessdate=2009-03-02}}{{cmn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tī [[1937 nî]] chèng-sek kéng [[kok-koa]] í-chêng, hőng khoàⁿ-choè [[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok]] kok-koa--ê ū ''[[Kheng-hûn-koa]]'' (卿雲歌), ''[[Tiong-hôa Hiông-li̍p Ú-tiū Kan]]'' (中華雄立宇宙間) téng koa-khek.

==Le̍k-sú==

[[1912 nî]], [[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Lîm-sî Chèng-hú]] tī [[Lâm-kiaⁿ]] sêng-li̍p, [[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Kàu-io̍k-pō͘|Kàu-io̍k Chóng-tiúⁿ]] (-總長) [[Chhòa Gôan-pôe]] (蔡元培) tùi kong-chiòng tēng-kiû kok-koa, lo̍h-boé kéng ''[[Ngó͘-kî Kiōng-hô Koa]]'' (五旗共和歌) chò lîm-sî kok-koa, iû [[Sím Un-hu]] (沈恩孚) chok-sû, [[Sím Pheng-niân]] (沈彭年) chok-khek; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|Lîm Chong-sèng (林琮盛)|publisher=[[Ōng-pò]] (旺報)|title=第一首國歌 非現今三民主義歌|url=http://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E7%AC%AC-%E9%A6%96%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%8C-%E9%9D%9E%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%8A%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E6%AD%8C-190516620.html|date=20110719|accessdate=20121226}}{{cmn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Āu--lâi [[Pak-iûⁿ Chèng-hú]] (北洋政府) bat sian-āu ēng nn̄g pán--ê ''Kheng-hûn-koa'' chò kok-koa.

[[1924 nî]] [[6 goe̍h 16 ji̍t]], [[Sun Bûn]] tī [[Kńg-chiu]] [[N̂g-po͘ Lio̍k-kun Kun-koaⁿ Ha̍k-hāu]] (黃埔-) khai-ha̍k tián-lé tùi su-seng hoat-piáu hùn-sû (訓詞), iû Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng tóng-oân [[Ô͘ Hàn-bîn]] (胡漢民), [[Tè Kùi-tô]] (戴季陶), [[Liāu Tiōng-khái]] (廖仲愷), [[Siō Gôan-chhiong]] (邵元沖) tàu pian. Chit phiⁿ kiò-chò &quot;N̂g-po͘ Kun-hāu Hùn-sû&quot;, in-ūi Sun Tiong-san sī [[Tiong-kok Kok-bîn Tóng Chóng-lí]] (-總理), mā kiò &quot;Chóng-lí Hùn-sû&quot;.

[[1928 nî]] [[pak-hoa̍t]] (北伐) soah, lâm-pak thóng-it liáu-āu, [[Tè Thôan-hiân]] (戴傳賢) kiàn-gī kā N̂g-po͘ Kun-hāu Hùn-sû soán-chò Tiong-kok Kok-bîn Tóng tóng-koa koa-sû. Keng [[Tiong-kok Kok-bîn Tóng Tiong-iong Siông-bū Úi-oân-hoē]] (-常務委員會) thong-koè āu, khai-sí teng-soán ga̍k-phó͘. Thiâⁿ Bō͘-ûn--ê khek soah-boé tio̍h tē-it, ia̍h the̍h-tio̍h [[gîn-oân]] (銀圓) 500 kho͘--ê chióng-kim. Hit sî Lâm-kiaⁿ [[Kim-lêng Tāi-ha̍k]] (金陵-) kap [[Kok-li̍p Tiong-iong Tāi-ha̍k]]--ê ha̍k-seng mā chāi-tiûⁿ chhì chhiùⁿ, chok-chiá mā ka-kī tī [[Tiong-iong Kóng-pò Tiān-tâi]]
ián-chhiùⁿ hòng-sàng.&lt;ref name=&quot;book1947&quot;&gt;{{cite book | language = cmn | author =Lí Sū-chiau (李士釗) pian-e̍k | coauthors =  | title = 聯合國歌集 | url = http://www.cadal.zju.edu.cn/book/16000666/ | date = 1947 | location =  | publisher = Siong-hái Káu-io̍k Su-tiàm | id =  | isbn =  | pages = 20}}{{cmn}}
&lt;/ref&gt;[[1929 nî]] [[1 goe̍h 10 ji̍t]], Siông-bū Úi-oân-hoē koat-gī kā Thiâⁿ Bō͘-ûn--ê soán-chò tong-koa, in-ūi koa-sû lāi, ài-kok su-sióng chin chhiong-sēng, khek-tiāu mā hô-pêng, ū-la̍t, ū bîn-cho̍k ì-sek. [[1930 nî]] [[3 goe̍h 24 ji̍t]], [[Hêng-chèng-īⁿ]] hoat-lēng thong-kok (通國), tī kok-koa chè-chō chêng, it-poaⁿ chū-hoē lóng chhiùⁿ chit tiâu tóng-koa, lâi koân (權) kok-koa. Khí-thâu chí ū koa-khek soân-lu̍t, bô [[hô-siaⁿ]] (和聲) kap phoāⁿ-chàu. Chèng-sek pan-pò͘ liáu, [[Siau Iú-mûi]] (蕭友梅), [[Tiō Goân-jīm]] (趙元任), [[N̂g Chū]] (黃自) bat kā i siá phoāⁿ-chàu kah hô-siaⁿ. &lt;ref name=&quot;book1947&quot; /&gt; Thiâⁿ Bō͘-ûn chòng-chok ga̍k-phó͘--ê sî, pún-té lia̍h-chò bô joā hó tio̍h tàn-tiāu. In bó͘ tī chóa-láng chhoē-tio̍h liáu-āu kià-khì pí-sài, soah tio̍h koan-kun.

Āu--lâi, û-lūn (輿論) siūⁿ N̂g-po͘ Kun-hāu Hùn-sû sī the̍h-lâi bián-lē (勉勵) Kok-bîn-tóng tóng-oân niā, boē-tàng tài-piáu kok-ka, só͘-í Kàu-io̍k-pō͘ tio̍h tùi-goā teng-kiû kok-koa koa-sû. Kàu [[1931 nî]] 6 ge̍h chí, tâu-kó--ê iok 1,700 lâng, koa-sû 2,000 goā siú, chóng--sī chē kái sím-cha āu, bô poáⁿ tiâu soán--chhuài. [[1936 nî]], [[Kok-bîn Chèng-hú]] sêng-li̍p &quot;Kok-koa Pian-chè (編製) Giân-kiù Úi-oân-hoē&quot;, choan pau-lám kok-koa pian-chè kap giân-kiù--ê tāi-chì, mā chèng-sek teng-pò teng-kiû kok-koa koa-sû&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dftt.drnh.gov.tw/digi_cdrom_big5.htm|title=國史館數位典藏計畫 &gt; 中華民國國旗與國歌史料}}{{cmn}}&lt;/ref&gt;, Soah-bé úi-oân-hoē kiàn-gī ēng N̂g-po͘ Kun-hāu Hùn-sû chò kok-koa, in-ūi hùn-sû chiok-chiok piáu-bêng kek-bēng kiàn-kok cheng-sîn, m̄-nā ha̍h [[Tiong-hôa Bîn-cho̍k]]--ê le̍k-sú bûn-hoà, mā tāi-piáu Tiong-hoâ bîn-kok--ê kiàn-kok cheng-sîn. [[1937 nî]] [[6 goe̍h 3 ji̍t]], Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng Tiong-iong Siông-bū Úi-oân-hoē thong-koè kā tóng-koa soán-chò kok-koa, tī kâng-nî [[6 goe̍h 21 ji̍t]] keng Kok-bîn Chèng-hú kong-pò͘ si̍t-hêng, kok-koa tio̍h khak-tēng--ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.drnh.gov.tw/Content_Display.aspx?MenuKey=46|title=國史館 &gt; 修纂研究 &gt; 認識中華民國 &gt; 國家符號}}{{cmn}}&lt;/ref&gt;。

Kin-kù 1989 nî kàu 2005 nî--ê ''Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Nî-kàm'' (-年鑒) Eng-gí-pàn, Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Kok-koa bat tī [[1936 nî Hā-kùi Olympia Ūn-tōng-hoē]] tòng-soán sè-kài siōng-hó kok-koa.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | language =  | author = Chu Mûi-lē (朱梅麗)  | coauthors = Tiuⁿ Hùi-ching (張惠貞) téng  | title = The Republic of China Yearbook--Taiwan 2001 | url = http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/2001/national_anthem.htm | publisher = Government Information Office | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110606062801/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/2001/national_anthem.htm | archivedate=2011-6-6 }} {{en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.olympist.org/summer-olympic-games/berlin-summer-olympics-1936.html|title=Berlin Summer Olympics, 1936}}{{en}} &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kok-koa le̍k-sú nî-pió ===
*[[Ngó͘-kî Kiōng-hô Koa]]: 1912 - 1913
*[[Kheng-hûn-koa]] (Tē 1 pán): 1913 - 1915
*[[Tiong-hoâ Hiông-li̍p Ú-tiū Kan]]
**Goán pán: 1915
**Tē 2~3 pán: 1915-1921
*[[Kheng-hûn-koa]] (Tē 2 pán): 1921 - 1928
*Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Kok-koa (Sam-bîn Chú-gī Koa):
**Lîm-sî: 1928 - 1937
**Chèng-sek: 1937 -

==Koa-sû==
{| cellspacing=2 style=&quot;margin: auto&quot;
!Goân-bûn ([[Bûn-giân-bûn]])
![[Hàn-gí Pheng-im]]
!Tha̍k-im ([[Bûn-giân-im]])
!Hoan-e̍k
|-
|width=200 style=&quot;border: 1px solid #F0ABB2; background: #FFEBEC; padding:20px&quot;|三民主義　吾黨所宗&lt;br/&gt;以建民國　以進大同&lt;br/&gt;咨爾多士　為民前鋒&lt;br/&gt; 夙夜匪懈　主義是從&lt;br/&gt; 矢勤矢勇　必信必忠&lt;br/&gt;一心一德　貫徹始終
|width=200 style=&quot;border: 1px solid #FFEA71; background: #FFF9D1; padding:20px&quot;|Sānmín zhǔyì, wú dǎng suǒ zōng;&lt;br/&gt;Yǐ jiàn Mínguó, yǐ jìn dàtóng.&lt;br/&gt;Zī ěr duōshì, wèi mín qiánfēng;&lt;br/&gt;Sùyè fěi xiè, zhǔyì shì cóng.&lt;br/&gt;Shǐ qín shǐ yǒng, bì xìn bì zhōng;&lt;br/&gt;Yì xīn yì dé, guànchè shǐ zhōng.
|width=200 style=&quot;border: 1px solid #2DFF4D; background: #D1FFD8; padding:20px&quot;|[[Sam-bîn chú-gī|Sam Bîn Chú Gī]], ngô͘ tóng só͘ chong,&lt;br/&gt;í kiàn [[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok|Bîn Kok]], í chìn tāi tông.&lt;br/&gt;Chu ní to sū! Ûi bîn chiân hong,&lt;br/&gt;siok iā húi hāi, chú gī sī chiông.&lt;br/&gt;Sí khîn sí ióng, pit sìn pit tiong,&lt;br/&gt;it sim it tek, koàn thiat sú tiong.
|width=200 style=&quot;border: 1px solid #3198FF; background:#D1E8FF; padding:20px&quot;|Sam-bîn Chú-gī sī lán-ê tóng/lán-lâng&lt;ref&gt;&quot;吾黨&quot; (Ngô͘-tóng) thang hoan-chò &quot;lán-ê tóng&quot; a̍h-sī &quot;lán-lâng&quot;, chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ [[#Cheng-gī]] toāⁿ.&lt;/ref&gt; sō͘ hōng-hêng (奉行)--ê.&lt;br/&gt;Lâi kiàn-li̍p Tiong-hoa Bîn-kok, chìn-chêng kàu tāi-tông--ê kéng-kài.&lt;br/&gt;Ah! Lín chia choē-choē--ê chì-sū (志士), sī jîn-bîn--ê thâu-tīn,&lt;br/&gt; mê-ji̍t m̄ thang pîn-toaⁿ, kin-toè chit-ê chú-gī.&lt;br/&gt;Chiù-chōa ài kut-la̍t, ài ióng-kám; tiāⁿ-tio̍h ài sìn-si̍t, ài tiong-sêng.&lt;br/&gt;Tùi thâu kàu boé, tông-sim si̍t-hêng Sam-bîn Chú-gī!
|
|}

== Sú-iōng ==
Kiâⁿ seng/kàng [[Tiong-hoa Bîn-kok kok-kî]] tián-lé sî, tī seng/kàng-kî chìn-chêng tio̍h ài chhiùⁿ kok-koa, ia̍h tī seng/kàng-kî--ê sî chàu-ga̍k ''[[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Kok-kî Koa]]''. Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok tī [[1991 nî]] [[6 go̍eh 29 ji̍t]] hùi-tî ''[[Ûi-kéng-ho̍at-hoat]]'' (違警罰法) chêng, kui-tēng thiaⁿ-tio̍h chhiùⁿ-kok-koa sî, bô khiā leh piáu-kèng-ì--ê, hoa̍t 20 gîn-oân (sin-tâi-phiò 60 kho͘) í-hā hoa̍t-hoân (罰鍰) á sin-kài (申誡).

[[1949 nî]] [[Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Chèng-hú]] phoaⁿ kàu Tâi-oân, kok-koa kàu taⁿ mā koh teh ēng. Khah-chá [[tiān-iáⁿ-īⁿ]] pàng tiān-iáⁿ chêng, ài pàng kok-koa--ê iáⁿ-phìⁿ, kàu [[1990 nî-tāi]] chiah chiām-chiām chhú-siau (ùi chêng [[Gî-lân-koān]]-tiúⁿ [[Tân Tēng-lâm]] (陳定南) tī 1989 nî soan-pò͘ khai-sí); [[tiān-tâi]] tī pòaⁿ-mî 12 tiám chiàⁿ pò͘-sî liáu-āu, ài pàng kok-koa, chit-má mā m̄ bián. [[Lāu 3 tâi]] (老 3 台) ta̍k-kang mā tī hòng-sàng chiat-bo̍k chêng seng pò͘ kok-koa, 1990 nî-tāi í-chêng mā ē phah &quot;Chàu (奏) kok-ka sî chhiáⁿ î-chhî siok-chēng (維持肅靜)&quot;--ê [[chèng-lēng soan-tō jī-khah]] (-字卡), taⁿ mā chhú-siāu. Kok-koa koa-sû mā ū chiâⁿ chē nî hőng siu kah [[kok-tiong]] kok-bûn khò-pún lâi kà &lt;ref&gt;[http://content.edu.tw/junior/chinese/ks_wg/vol1/text/lesson0104.htm 五甲國中學習加油站] {{cmn}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ia̍h hiān-chai toā-poàⁿ kan-ta tī im-ga̍k khò-pún ū niā.

==Cheng-gī==
In-ūi Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Kok-koa--ê koa-sû bat sī Kok-bîn-tóng tóng-kun (黨軍) ha̍k-hāu (N̂g-po͘ Kun-hāu) khai-ha̍k sî hùn-sī--ê bûn-chiuⁿ kiam Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng--ê tóng-koa, ū-lâng khoàⁿ-chò sī í-chá [[it-tóng-chè|tóng-kok (黨國) bô hun]] sî só͘ lâu--lo̍h-lâi--ê, tio̍h pâi-thek (排斥), chin chē lâng bô ài chhiùⁿ chit siú koa. [[Bîn-chú Chìn-pō͘ Tóng]] chip-chèng--ê koān-chhī toā-poāⁿ ēng chéng-chéng lí-iû thêng-pān [[goân-tàn]] (元旦)--ê seng-kî kap chhiùⁿ kok-koa tián-lé, á tī chhiùⁿ--ê sî thiàu-koè &quot;ngô͘-tóng só͘-chong&quot; (吾黨所宗) hit toāⁿ. Bîn-kan pêng-sò͘ hán-tit chhiùⁿ, sīm-chì m̄ chai koa-sû--ê ì-sù.

Jî-chhiáⁿ, koa-sû thâu-kù--ê &quot;ngô-tóng&quot; (吾黨), sui-bóng kù soàⁿ-téng sû-tián ''Hàn-tián'' (漢典), ū &quot;lán&quot;, ia̍h-sī &quot;gún kâng-hiong&quot;--ê ì-sù, tān-sī mā thang chí &quot;lán-ê chèng-tóng&quot; (Kok-bîn-tóng),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zdic.net/c/e/71/112624.htm|title=词语“吾党”的解释 汉典 zdic.net|accessdate=20131225}}{{cmn}}&lt;/ref&gt; tì-kàu siū-tio̍h bu̍t-gī (物議).

== Chham-khó ==
*[[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok]]
*[[Sam-bîn Chú-gī]]
*[[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Kok-kî Koa]]
*[[Tâi-oân kok-koa]]
*[[Gī-ióng-kun Chìn-hêng-khek]]: Hiān-chāi--ê Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok kok-koa

==  Goā-kháu liân-kiat ==
*Kok-koa Iáⁿ-phìⁿ (Hêng-chèng-īⁿ [[Sin-bûn-kio̍k]], tī Youtube)
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_YYi2xtdJ1Q Koan-kong-phiⁿ Ha̍p-chhiùⁿ-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XEUBdQPZyoo Koan-kong-phiⁿ Ián-chàu-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBnhZMBpKwo Chong-ha̍p-phiⁿ Ha̍p-chhiùⁿ-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9s7dnN7oY9I Chong-ha̍p-phiⁿ Ián-chàu-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9aY1BIl-20 Kok-ka Kián-siat-phiⁿ Ha̍p-chhiùⁿ-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjE8FSEI-40 Kok-ka Kián-siat-phiⁿ Ián-chàu-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HsMfZucH1M Jî-tông-phiⁿ Ha̍p-chhiùⁿ-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvzW8nzsGJc Jî-tông-phiⁿ kà-chàu-pán]
*[http://www.ey.gov.tw/state/News_Content3.aspx?n=283412AE33AC4D71&amp;sms=7CB99E9BEAC3127D&amp;s=561A77021561A5AA 國花、國旗、國歌 (Kok-hoe, kok-kî, kok-koa)] Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Kok-chêng Kài-siāu (Hêng-chèng-īⁿ)

==Chù-kái==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:kok-koa]]
[[Category:Tiong-kok le̍k-sú]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân]]
[[Category:Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng]]</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{good article}}

[[file:ROCanthemBySunYatSen.jpg|right|thumb|Sun Bûn siá--ê [[N̂g-po͘ Kun-koaⁿ ha̍k-hāu]] (黃埔-) Hùn-sû (訓詞)|250px]]
[[file:National Anthem of the Republic of China.ogg|thumb|Suân-lu̍t]]
''Pún bûn chí [[1937 nî]] khí--ê Tiong-hoâ bîn-kok kok-koa. Khah chá--ê chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ [[Tiong-kok kok-koa]]''

Taⁿ--ê '''Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Kok-koa''' iû [[Sun Tiong-san]] kah in bō͘-liâu (幕僚) chok-sû, [[Thiâⁿ Bō͘-ûn]] (程懋筠) chok-khek. Pa̍t-miâ '''Sam-bîn Chú-gī Koa''', mā-sī [[Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng]]--ê tóng-koa (黨歌).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng|title=國歌的由來|url=http://www.kmt.org.tw/page.aspx?id=29&amp;cid=25|accessdate=2009-03-02}}{{cmn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tī [[1937 nî]] chèng-sek kéng [[kok-koa]] í-chêng, hőng khoàⁿ-choè [[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok]] kok-koa--ê ū ''[[Kheng-hûn-koa]]'' (卿雲歌), ''[[Tiong-hôa Hiông-li̍p Ú-tiū Kan]]'' (中華雄立宇宙間) téng koa-khek.

==Le̍k-sú==

[[1912 nî]], [[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Lîm-sî Chèng-hú]] tī [[Lâm-kiaⁿ]] sêng-li̍p, [[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Kàu-io̍k-pō͘|Kàu-io̍k Chóng-tiúⁿ]] (-總長) [[Chhòa Gôan-pôe]] (蔡元培) tùi kong-chiòng tēng-kiû kok-koa, lo̍h-boé kéng ''[[Ngó͘-kî Kiōng-hô Koa]]'' (五旗共和歌) chò lîm-sî kok-koa, iû [[Sím Un-hu]] (沈恩孚) chok-sû, [[Sím Pheng-niân]] (沈彭年) chok-khek; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|Lîm Chong-sèng (林琮盛)|publisher=[[Ōng-pò]] (旺報)|title=第一首國歌 非現今三民主義歌|url=http://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E7%AC%AC-%E9%A6%96%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%8C-%E9%9D%9E%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%8A%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E6%AD%8C-190516620.html|date=20110719|accessdate=20121226}}{{cmn}}&lt;/ref&gt; Āu--lâi [[Pak-iûⁿ Chèng-hú]] (北洋政府) bat sian-āu ēng nn̄g pán--ê ''Kheng-hûn-koa'' chò kok-koa.

[[1924 nî]] [[6 goe̍h 16 ji̍t]], [[Sun Bûn]] tī [[Kńg-chiu]] [[N̂g-po͘ Lio̍k-kun Kun-koaⁿ Ha̍k-hāu]] (黃埔-) khai-ha̍k tián-lé tùi su-seng hoat-piáu hùn-sû (訓詞), iû Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng tóng-oân [[Ô͘ Hàn-bîn]] (胡漢民), [[Tè Kùi-tô]] (戴季陶), [[Liāu Tiōng-khái]] (廖仲愷), [[Siō Gôan-chhiong]] (邵元沖) tàu pian. Chit phiⁿ kiò-chò &quot;N̂g-po͘ Kun-hāu Hùn-sû&quot;, in-ūi Sun Tiong-san sī [[Tiong-kok Kok-bîn Tóng Chóng-lí]] (-總理), mā kiò &quot;Chóng-lí Hùn-sû&quot;.

[[1928 nî]] [[pak-hoa̍t]] (北伐) soah, lâm-pak thóng-it liáu-āu, [[Tè Thôan-hiân]] (戴傳賢) kiàn-gī kā N̂g-po͘ Kun-hāu Hùn-sû soán-chò Tiong-kok Kok-bîn Tóng tóng-koa koa-sû. Keng [[Tiong-kok Kok-bîn Tóng Tiong-iong Siông-bū Úi-oân-hoē]] (-常務委員會) thong-koè āu, khai-sí teng-soán ga̍k-phó͘. Thiâⁿ Bō͘-ûn--ê khek soah-boé tio̍h tē-it, ia̍h the̍h-tio̍h [[gîn-oân]] (銀圓) 500 kho͘--ê chióng-kim. Hit sî Lâm-kiaⁿ [[Kim-lêng Tāi-ha̍k]] (金陵-) kap [[Kok-li̍p Tiong-iong Tāi-ha̍k]]--ê ha̍k-seng mā chāi-tiûⁿ chhì chhiùⁿ, chok-chiá mā ka-kī tī [[Tiong-iong Kóng-pò Tiān-tâi]]
ián-chhiùⁿ hòng-sàng.&lt;ref name=&quot;book1947&quot;&gt;{{cite book | language = cmn | author =Lí Sū-chiau (李士釗) pian-e̍k | coauthors =  | title = 聯合國歌集 | url = http://www.cadal.zju.edu.cn/book/16000666/ | date = 1947 | location =  | publisher = Siong-hái Káu-io̍k Su-tiàm | id =  | isbn =  | pages = 20}}{{cmn}}
&lt;/ref&gt;[[1929 nî]] [[1 goe̍h 10 ji̍t]], Siông-bū Úi-oân-hoē koat-gī kā Thiâⁿ Bō͘-ûn--ê soán-chò tong-koa, in-ūi koa-sû lāi, ài-kok su-sióng chin chhiong-sēng, khek-tiāu mā hô-pêng, ū-la̍t, ū bîn-cho̍k ì-sek. [[1930 nî]] [[3 goe̍h 24 ji̍t]], [[Hêng-chèng-īⁿ]] hoat-lēng thong-kok (通國), tī kok-koa chè-chō chêng, it-poaⁿ chū-hoē lóng chhiùⁿ chit tiâu tóng-koa, lâi koân (權) kok-koa. Khí-thâu chí ū koa-khek soân-lu̍t, bô [[hô-siaⁿ]] (和聲) kap phoāⁿ-chàu. Chèng-sek pan-pò͘ liáu, [[Siau Iú-mûi]] (蕭友梅), [[Tiō Goân-jīm]] (趙元任), [[N̂g Chū]] (黃自) bat kā i siá phoāⁿ-chàu kah hô-siaⁿ. &lt;ref name=&quot;book1947&quot; /&gt; Thiâⁿ Bō͘-ûn chòng-chok ga̍k-phó͘--ê sî, pún-té lia̍h-chò bô joā hó tio̍h tàn-tiāu. In bó͘ tī chóa-láng chhoē-tio̍h liáu-āu kià-khì pí-sài, soah tio̍h koan-kun.

Āu--lâi, û-lūn (輿論) siūⁿ N̂g-po͘ Kun-hāu Hùn-sû sī the̍h-lâi bián-lē (勉勵) Kok-bîn-tóng tóng-oân niā, boē-tàng tài-piáu kok-ka, só͘-í Kàu-io̍k-pō͘ tio̍h tùi-goā teng-kiû kok-koa koa-sû. Kàu [[1931 nî]] 6 ge̍h chí, tâu-kó--ê iok 1,700 lâng, koa-sû 2,000 goā siú, chóng--sī chē kái sím-cha āu, bô poáⁿ tiâu soán--chhuài. [[1936 nî]], [[Kok-bîn Chèng-hú]] sêng-li̍p &quot;Kok-koa Pian-chè (編製) Giân-kiù Úi-oân-hoē&quot;, choan pau-lám kok-koa pian-chè kap giân-kiù--ê tāi-chì, mā chèng-sek teng-pò teng-kiû kok-koa koa-sû&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dftt.drnh.gov.tw/digi_cdrom_big5.htm|title=國史館數位典藏計畫 &gt; 中華民國國旗與國歌史料}}{{cmn}}&lt;/ref&gt;, Soah-bé úi-oân-hoē kiàn-gī ēng N̂g-po͘ Kun-hāu Hùn-sû chò kok-koa, in-ūi hùn-sû chiok-chiok piáu-bêng kek-bēng kiàn-kok cheng-sîn, m̄-nā ha̍h [[Tiong-hôa Bîn-cho̍k]]--ê le̍k-sú bûn-hoà, mā tāi-piáu Tiong-hoâ bîn-kok--ê kiàn-kok cheng-sîn. [[1937 nî]] [[6 goe̍h 3 ji̍t]], Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng Tiong-iong Siông-bū Úi-oân-hoē thong-koè kā tóng-koa soán-chò kok-koa, tī kâng-nî [[6 goe̍h 21 ji̍t]] keng Kok-bîn Chèng-hú kong-pò͘ si̍t-hêng, kok-koa tio̍h khak-tēng--ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.drnh.gov.tw/Content_Display.aspx?MenuKey=46|title=國史館 &gt; 修纂研究 &gt; 認識中華民國 &gt; 國家符號}}{{cmn}}&lt;/ref&gt;。

Kin-kù 1989 nî kàu 2005 nî--ê ''Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Nî-kàm'' (-年鑒) Eng-gí-pàn, Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Kok-koa bat tī [[1936 nî Hā-kùi Olympia Ūn-tōng-hoē]] tòng-soán sè-kài siōng-hó kok-koa.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | language =  | author = Chu Mûi-lē (朱梅麗)  | coauthors = Tiuⁿ Hùi-ching (張惠貞) téng  | title = The Republic of China Yearbook--Taiwan 2001 | url = http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/2001/national_anthem.htm | publisher = Government Information Office | archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110606062801/http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/yearbook/2001/national_anthem.htm | archivedate=2011-6-6 }} {{en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.olympist.org/summer-olympic-games/berlin-summer-olympics-1936.html|title=Berlin Summer Olympics, 1936}}{{en}} &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kok-koa le̍k-sú nî-pió ===
*[[Ngó͘-kî Kiōng-hô Koa]]: 1912 - 1913
*[[Kheng-hûn-koa]] (Tē 1 pán): 1913 - 1915
*[[Tiong-hoâ Hiông-li̍p Ú-tiū Kan]]
**Goán pán: 1915
**Tē 2~3 pán: 1915-1921
*[[Kheng-hûn-koa]] (Tē 2 pán): 1921 - 1928
*Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Kok-koa (Sam-bîn Chú-gī Koa):
**Lîm-sî: 1928 - 1937
**Chèng-sek: 1937 -

==Koa-sû==
{| cellspacing=2 style=&quot;margin: auto&quot;
!Goân-bûn ([[Bûn-giân-bûn]])
![[Hàn-gí Pheng-im]]
!Tha̍k-im ([[Bûn-giân-im]])
!Hoan-e̍k
|-
|width=200 style=&quot;border: 1px solid #F0ABB2; background: #FFEBEC; padding:20px&quot;|三民主義　吾黨所宗&lt;br/&gt;以建民國　以進大同&lt;br/&gt;咨爾多士　為民前鋒&lt;br/&gt; 夙夜匪懈　主義是從&lt;br/&gt; 矢勤矢勇　必信必忠&lt;br/&gt;一心一德　貫徹始終
|width=200 style=&quot;border: 1px solid #FFEA71; background: #FFF9D1; padding:20px&quot;|Sānmín zhǔyì, wú dǎng suǒ zōng;&lt;br/&gt;Yǐ jiàn Mínguó, yǐ jìn dàtóng.&lt;br/&gt;Zī ěr duōshì, wèi mín qiánfēng;&lt;br/&gt;Sùyè fěi xiè, zhǔyì shì cóng.&lt;br/&gt;Shǐ qín shǐ yǒng, bì xìn bì zhōng;&lt;br/&gt;Yì xīn yì dé, guànchè shǐ zhōng.
|width=200 style=&quot;border: 1px solid #2DFF4D; background: #D1FFD8; padding:20px&quot;|[[Sam-bîn chú-gī|Sam Bîn Chú Gī]], ngô͘ tóng só͘ chong,&lt;br/&gt;í kiàn [[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok|Bîn Kok]], í chìn tāi tông.&lt;br/&gt;Chu ní to sū! Ûi bîn chiân hong,&lt;br/&gt;siok iā húi hāi, chú gī sī chiông.&lt;br/&gt;Sí khîn sí ióng, pit sìn pit tiong,&lt;br/&gt;it sim it tek, koàn thiat sú tiong.
|width=200 style=&quot;border: 1px solid #3198FF; background:#D1E8FF; padding:20px&quot;|Sam-bîn Chú-gī sī lán-ê tóng/lán-lâng&lt;ref&gt;&quot;吾黨&quot; (Ngô͘-tóng) thang hoan-chò &quot;lán-ê tóng&quot; a̍h-sī &quot;lán-lâng&quot;, chhiáⁿ khoàⁿ [[#Cheng-gī]] toāⁿ.&lt;/ref&gt; sō͘ hōng-hêng (奉行)--ê.&lt;br/&gt;Lâi kiàn-li̍p Tiong-hoa Bîn-kok, chìn-chêng kàu tāi-tông--ê kéng-kài.&lt;br/&gt;Ah! Lín chia choē-choē--ê chì-sū (志士), sī jîn-bîn--ê thâu-tīn,&lt;br/&gt; mê-ji̍t m̄ thang pîn-toaⁿ, kin-toè chit-ê chú-gī.&lt;br/&gt;Chiù-chōa ài kut-la̍t, ài ióng-kám; tiāⁿ-tio̍h ài sìn-si̍t, ài tiong-sêng.&lt;br/&gt;Tùi thâu kàu boé, tông-sim si̍t-hêng Sam-bîn Chú-gī!
|
|}

== Sú-iōng ==
Kiâⁿ seng/kàng [[Tiong-hoa Bîn-kok kok-kî]] tián-lé sî, tī seng/kàng-kî chìn-chêng tio̍h ài chhiùⁿ kok-koa, ia̍h tī seng/kàng-kî--ê sî chàu-ga̍k ''[[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Kok-kî Koa]]''. Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok tī [[1991 nî]] [[6 go̍eh 29 ji̍t]] hùi-tî ''[[Ûi-kéng-ho̍at-hoat]]'' (違警罰法) chêng, kui-tēng thiaⁿ-tio̍h chhiùⁿ-kok-koa sî, bô khiā leh piáu-kèng-ì--ê, hoa̍t 20 gîn-oân (sin-tâi-phiò 60 kho͘) í-hā hoa̍t-hoân (罰鍰) á sin-kài (申誡).

[[1949 nî]] [[Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Chèng-hú]] phoaⁿ kàu Tâi-oân, kok-koa kàu taⁿ mā koh teh ēng. Khah-chá [[tiān-iáⁿ-īⁿ]] pàng tiān-iáⁿ chêng, ài pàng kok-koa--ê iáⁿ-phìⁿ, kàu [[1990 nî-tāi]] chiah chiām-chiām chhú-siau (ùi chêng [[Gî-lân-koān]]-tiúⁿ [[Tân Tēng-lâm]] (陳定南) tī 1989 nî soan-pò͘ khai-sí); [[tiān-tâi]] tī pòaⁿ-mî 12 tiám chiàⁿ pò͘-sî liáu-āu, ài pàng kok-koa, chit-má mā m̄ bián. [[Lāu 3 tâi]] (老 3 台) ta̍k-kang mā tī hòng-sàng chiat-bo̍k chêng seng pò͘ kok-koa, 1990 nî-tāi í-chêng mā ē phah &quot;Chàu (奏) kok-ka sî chhiáⁿ î-chhî siok-chēng (維持肅靜)&quot;--ê [[chèng-lēng soan-tō jī-khah]] (-字卡), taⁿ mā chhú-siāu. Kok-koa koa-sû mā ū chiâⁿ chē nî hőng siu kah [[kok-tiong]] kok-bûn khò-pún lâi kà &lt;ref&gt;[http://content.edu.tw/junior/chinese/ks_wg/vol1/text/lesson0104.htm 五甲國中學習加油站] {{cmn}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ia̍h hiān-chai toā-poàⁿ kan-ta tī im-ga̍k khò-pún ū niā.

==Cheng-gī==
In-ūi Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Kok-koa--ê koa-sû bat sī Kok-bîn-tóng tóng-kun (黨軍) ha̍k-hāu (N̂g-po͘ Kun-hāu) khai-ha̍k sî hùn-sī--ê bûn-chiuⁿ kiam Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng--ê tóng-koa, ū-lâng khoàⁿ-chò sī í-chá [[it-tóng-chè|tóng-kok (黨國) bô hun]] sî só͘ lâu--lo̍h-lâi--ê, tio̍h pâi-thek (排斥), chin chē lâng bô ài chhiùⁿ chit siú koa. [[Bîn-chú Chìn-pō͘ Tóng]] chip-chèng--ê koān-chhī toā-poāⁿ ēng chéng-chéng lí-iû thêng-pān [[goân-tàn]] (元旦)--ê seng-kî kap chhiùⁿ kok-koa tián-lé, á tī chhiùⁿ--ê sî thiàu-koè &quot;ngô͘-tóng só͘-chong&quot; (吾黨所宗) hit toāⁿ. Bîn-kan pêng-sò͘ hán-tit chhiùⁿ, sīm-chì m̄ chai koa-sû--ê ì-sù.

Jî-chhiáⁿ, koa-sû thâu-kù--ê &quot;ngô-tóng&quot; (吾黨), sui-bóng kù soàⁿ-téng sû-tián ''Hàn-tián'' (漢典), ū &quot;lán&quot;, ia̍h-sī &quot;gún kâng-hiong&quot;--ê ì-sù, tān-sī mā thang chí &quot;lán-ê chèng-tóng&quot; (Kok-bîn-tóng),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zdic.net/c/e/71/112624.htm|title=词语“吾党”的解释 汉典 zdic.net|accessdate=20131225}}{{cmn}}&lt;/ref&gt; tì-kàu siū-tio̍h bu̍t-gī (物議).

== Chham-khó ==
*[[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok]]
*[[Sam-bîn Chú-gī]]
*[[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Kok-kî Koa]]
*[[Tâi-oân kok-koa]]
*[[Gī-ióng-kun Chìn-hêng-khek]]: Hiān-chāi--ê Tiong-hoâ Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok kok-koa

==  Goā-kháu liân-kiat ==
*Kok-koa Iáⁿ-phìⁿ (Hêng-chèng-īⁿ [[Sin-bûn-kio̍k]], tī Youtube)
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_YYi2xtdJ1Q Koan-kong-phiⁿ Ha̍p-chhiùⁿ-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XEUBdQPZyoo Koan-kong-phiⁿ Ián-chàu-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBnhZMBpKwo Chong-ha̍p-phiⁿ Ha̍p-chhiùⁿ-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9s7dnN7oY9I Chong-ha̍p-phiⁿ Ián-chàu-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9aY1BIl-20 Kok-ka Kián-siat-phiⁿ Ha̍p-chhiùⁿ-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjE8FSEI-40 Kok-ka Kián-siat-phiⁿ Ián-chàu-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HsMfZucH1M Jî-tông-phiⁿ Ha̍p-chhiùⁿ-pán]
** [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvzW8nzsGJc Jî-tông-phiⁿ kà-chàu-pán]
*[http://www.ey.gov.tw/state/News_Content3.aspx?n=283412AE33AC4D71&amp;sms=7CB99E9BEAC3127D&amp;s=561A77021561A5AA 國花、國旗、國歌 (Kok-hoe, kok-kî, kok-koa)] Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok Kok-chêng Kài-siāu (Hêng-chèng-īⁿ)

==Chù-kái==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:kok-koa]]
[[Category:Tiong-kok le̍k-sú]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân]]
[[Category:Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ông Hui</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[File:Faye Wong.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Ông Hui]]

'''Ông Hui''' (王菲; ''Faye Wong''; {{bd|1969 nî|8 goe̍h 8 ji̍t}}), chá-kî ê gē-miâ hō-chò '''Ông Chēng-bûn''' (王靖雯), sī [[Hiong-káng]] ê [[Hôa-gí]] koa-chhiú, hō͘ lâng hō chi̍t-ê phian-miâ kiò-chò '''Thian-hiō''' (天后).&lt;ref&gt;{{en icon}} {{cite news|title=Pop Stop|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2003/11/21/2003076739|accessdate=23 April 2013|newspaper=Taipei Times|date=21 November 2003|quote=Mando-pop's indomitable diva}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tī [[Pak-kiaⁿ|Pak-kiann]] tshut-sì, tuè in lāu-pē puann-tshù kàu [[Eng-sio̍k Hiong-káng|Ing-sio̍k Hiong-káng]] tīng-ki. [[1990 nî-tāi]] tsá-kî, Ông Hui tshiùnn [[Kńg-tang-oē|Ua̍t-gí]]({{lang|zh|粵語}}) tsîng-kua tshiùnn tshut miâ-siann, khai-sí khip-ín tāi-tsiòng ê tsù-ì. Tsū [[1994 nî]] khai-sí, i tuā-pōo-hūn ê tsok-phín lóng sī [[bú-gí]] Huâ-gí uî-tsú, tiānn-tiānn koh sī ka-siōng [[:en:alternative music|alternative music]] ê tsú-liû [[Hoâ-gí liû-hîng koa-khik|Huâ-gí liû-hîng kua-khik]].&lt;ref name=mitchell&gt;{{en icon}} {{cite book |year=2006 |last=Mitchell | first=Tony |editor-first=Shane| editor-last=Homan |title=Access All Eras: Tribute Bands and Global Pop Culture |pages=215–228 |chapter=Chapter 13: Tian Ci – Faye Wong and English Songs in the Cantopop and Mandopop Repertoire |publisher= [[Open University Press]] | isbn=0-335-21690-0 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_NK9JF-_K4QC&amp;pg=PA215 |accessdate=4 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2000 nî, Ông Hui khì hōo [[:en:Guinness World Record|Guinness]] jīn-tīng sī ''Best Selling Canto-Pop Female''.&lt;ref name=guinness&gt;{{en icon}} {{cite web |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=54458 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050323175527/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/gwr5/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=54458 |archivedate=23 March 2005 |title=Best Selling Canto-Pop Female |author= |date= |work= |publisher=[[Guinness World Records]] |accessdate=23 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tē-jī kái hun-in liáu-āu, i lī-khui ián-gē bú-tâi, 2010 nî tsiah koh tńg-lâi.

Tû-liáu [[Tiong-kok]], [[Hiong-káng]], [[Tâi-oân|Tâi-uân]] kah [[Sin-ka-pho]], Ông Hui tī [[Ji̍t-pún]] mā sī tsin ū miâ-siann.

== Sing-pîng ==


== Pī-tsù ==
{{reflist}}
{{Golden-Melody-F}}
[[Category:Tiong-kok koa-chhiú]]
[[Category:Ông--sī|Hui]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Siau Kèng-thêng</title>
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      <comment>/* Chok-phín */</comment>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[File:Jam at 2012 Macau concert.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Siau Kèng-thêng.]]
'''Siau Kèng-thêng''' ([[hàn-jī]]: '''{{lang|zh|蕭敬騰}}'''; [[Eng-gí]]: '''{{lang|en|Jam Hsiao}}''') sī [[Tâi-oân]] chin chhut-miâ ê cha-po͘ [[koa-chhiú]] kiam [[ián-goân]]. I tī [[Tâi-pak-chhī]] chhut-sì. I goân-pún tī chhan-thiaⁿ chhiùⁿ-koa thàn-chîⁿ, āu-lâi chham-ka 2007 nî ê [[Chhiau-kip chhiⁿ-kng tāi-tō]] ({{lang|zh|超級星光大道}}) ê PK pí-sài, it-chiàn-sêng-miâ, chiông-chhú jú-lâi-jú ū miâ-siaⁿ. Chū [[2008 nî]] kah [[Warner Music]] chhiam-iok khai-sí, i í-keng hoat-pió kóe 6 tiuⁿ kò-jîn [[choan-chhip]], tī Tâi-oân, [[Tiong-kok]], [[Hiong-káng]], [[Ò-mn̂g]], [[Sin-ka-pho]] kah [[Má-lâi-se-a]] téng-téng só͘-chāi lóng ū chin hó ê siau-lō͘ kì-lio̍k, tit-tio̍h im-ga̍k-kài kah [[mûi-thé]] ê tōa-la̍t chán-siaⁿ. [[2011 nî]], i chham-ka [[tiān-iáⁿ]] ''[[Au-iông Sat-chhiú Phûn-chai]]'' ({{lang|zh|歐陽殺手盆栽}}) ê ián-chhut, tit-tio̍h [[Hiong-káng Tiān-iáⁿ Kim-siōng-chióng]] ''Chòe-ka Sin-ián-goân Chióng'' ({{lang|zh|最佳新演員獎}}) ê khéng-tēng. [[2013 nî]], i ê choan-chhip ''[[Í Ài chi Bêng]]'' ({{lang|zh|以愛之名}}) tit-tio̍h [[Kim-khek-chióng]] ê ''Chòe-ka Kok-gí Lâm-koa-chhiú Chióng'' ({{lang|zh|最佳國語男歌手獎}}).

== Chok-phín ==
=== Kò-jîn Choan-chhip ===
# ''[[Siau Kèng-thêng Tông-bêng Choan-chhip]]'' ({{lang|zh|蕭敬騰同名專輯}})
# ''[[Ông-hui (Siau Kèng-thêng)|Ông-hui]]'' ({{lang|zh|王妃}})
# ''[[Love Moment (Siau Kèng-thêng)|Love Moment]]'' ({{lang|zh|愛的時刻自選輯}})
# ''[[Kông-sióng-khek (Siau Kèng-thêng)|Kông-sióng-khek]]'' ({{lang|zh|狂想曲}})
# ''[[Mr. Jazz_A Song For You (Siau Kèng-thêng)|Mr. Jazz_A Song For You]]''
# ''[[Í Ài chi Bêng]]'' ({{lang|zh|以愛之名}})
# ''[[The Song]]''

=== Tiān-iáⁿ ===
# ''[[Au-iông Sat-chhiú Phûn-chai]]'' ({{lang|zh|歐陽殺手盆栽}})
# ''[[Tāi-the̍h-mn̂g]]'' ({{lang|zh|大宅們}})
{{Golden-Melody-M}}
{{KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú}}
[[Category:Tâi-oân koa-chhiú]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân ián-goân]]
[[Category:Tâi-pak-lâng]]
[[Category:Siau--sī]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>A-Lin</title>
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'''A-Lin''' ([[1983 nî]] [[9 goe̍h 20 ji̍t]] chhut-sì) sī [[Tâi-oân]] chin chhut-miâ ê si̍t-le̍k-phài cha-bó͘ [[koa-chhiú]], pún-miâ '''N̂g Lē-lêng'''({{lang|zh|黃麗玲}}).
{{KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú}}
[[Category:Tâi-oân koa-chhiú]]
[[Category:N̂g--sī|Leleng]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chan Phài-chû</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[File:20140822曾沛慈演唱會.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Chan Phài-chû.]]
'''Chan Phài-chû''' ({{lang|tw|曾沛慈}}; {{lang|en|Pets Tseng}}; 1984 nî 10 go̍eh 21 hō chhut-sì) sī chi̍t-ūi [[Tâi-oân]] ê cha-bó͘ [[hôa-gí]] [[koa-chhiú]] chham tiān-sī [[ián-goân]].
{{stub}}
{{KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú}}
{{commonscat|Tzeng Pei-tsz}}
[[Category:1984 nî chhut-sì]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân cha-bó͘ koa-chhiú|C]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân tiān-sī ián-goân|C]]
[[Category:Chan--sī|Phaichu]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Teng Tang</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name              = Teng Tang
| image             = Della.JPG
| caption           = 2011 nî
| chinese character = {{lang|zh|丁噹}}
| english           = {{lang|en|''Della''}}
| birth_date        = {{Birth date and age|1983|4|17}}&lt;/br&gt;[[Chiat-kang-séng]] [[Ka-heng-chhī]]
| death_date        = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;
| nationality       = {{flag|Tiong-kok}}
| language          = [[Ngô͘-gí]], [[Hôa-gí]]
| education         = [[Hâng-chiu Su-hōan Tāi-ha̍k]]
| occupation        = [[koa-chhiú]]
| spouse            = 
| children          = 
| relatives         = 
| signature         = 
| website           = http://www.bin-music.com/tw/
}}
'''Teng Tang''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|丁噹}}; [[Eng-bûn]]: {{lang|en|''Della''}}; {{bd|1983 nî|4 goe̍h 17 ji̍t||}}), pún-miâ hō-chòe '''Ngô͘ Hân''' ({{lang|zh|吳嫻}}), sī [[Tiong-kok]] [[Chiat-kang-séng]] [[Ka-siān-kōan]] chhut-sin. 2007 nî, Teng Tang tī [[Tâi-oân]] chhut-tō, chèng-sek chiâⁿ-chòe [[koa-chhiú]]. Hiān-chhú-sî, i tī Tâi-oân, Tiong-kok, [[Má-lâi-se-a]], [[Sin-ka-pho]] iáu-ū [[Hiang-káng]] lóng chin ū-miâ. I bo̍k-chiân tòa tī [[Tâi-pak]].
{{KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú}}
[[Category:Tiong-kok cha-bó͘ koa-chhiú|N]]
[[Category:Ngô͘--sī|H]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tēng Chí-kî</title>
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'''Tēng Chí-kî''' ({{lang|zh|鄧紫棋}}; {{bd|1991 nî|8 goe̍h 16 ji̍t|||T}}), pún-miâ hō-chòe '''Tēng Si-éng''' ({{lang|zh|鄧詩穎}}), sī [[Hiong-káng]] ê cha-bó͘ [[koa-chhiú]].
{{KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú}}
{{stub}}
[[Category:Hiong-káng cha-bó͘ koa-chhiú|T]]
[[Category:Tēng--sī|C]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lîm Chùn-kia̍t</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Lîm Chùn-kia̍t''' (林俊傑, [[Eng-gí]]: JJ Lin, 1981 nî 3 goe̍h 27 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī [[Sin-ka-pho]] chhut-miâ ê liû-hêng [[koa-chhiú]]. I ê chó͘-che̍k tī [[Hok-kiàn-séng (Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok)|Hok-kiàn-séng]] ê [[Kim-mn̂g-koān]].
{{Golden-Melody-M}}
{{KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú}}
{{Choân-kiû Hôa-gí Koa-khek Pâi-hêng-póng Chòe-ka Cha-po͘ Koa-chhiú}}
[[Category:Sin-ka-pho koa-chhiú]]
[[Category:Lîm--sī|Chunkiat]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tiuⁿ Siâu-hâm</title>
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'''Tiuⁿ Siâu-hâm''' (張韶涵, [[Eng-gí]] miâ-jī: Angela Chang, 1982 nî 1 goe̍h 19 ji̍t chhut-sì) sī [[Tâi-oân]] ê chi̍t ê liû-hêng [[koa-chhiú]]. I tī Thô-hn̂g-koān Tiong-le̍k-chhī (kin-á-ji̍t [[Thô-hn̂g-chhī]] [[Tiong-le̍k-khu]]) chhut-sì, i ê goā-kong sī [[Uyghur-cho̍k]].
{{KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú}}
[[Category:Tâi-oân koa-chhiú]]
[[Category:Tiuⁿ--sī|Siauham]]</text>
      <sha1>ntm1qjjf5fctrhwfc4zz0fcjgjnjk8v</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ko (高)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:37:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Ko (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Ko (高)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ko''' (高) sī chi̍t ê [[Hàn-sèⁿ]], tī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' lāi-bīn pâi-lia̍t tē 153 ê.
{{Tâi-oân ê thâu-100 toā jī-sèⁿ}}
{{Tiong-kok ê thâu-100 toā jī-sèⁿ}}
{{stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ko}}
[[Category:Ko--sī| ]]
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tiân Ho̍k-chin</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[File:Hebe HK.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Tiân Ho̍k-chin tī [[Hiong-káng]].]]
'''Tiân Ho̍k-chin''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|'''田馥甄'''}}; [[1983 nî]] [[3 goe̍h 30 ji̍t]] chhut-sì), [[gē-miâ]] hō-chòe '''Hebe''', sī [[Tâi-oân]] [[Sin-tek-koān]] chhut-sin ê cha-bó͘ [[koa-chhiú]]. I chāi-chá sī [[SHE]] ê thoân-goân.
{{KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân koa-chhiú]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hoān (chhó-pêng)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>48587</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678937</id>
      <parentid>1675279</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:27:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Hoān (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Hoān (chhó-pêng)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Hōan
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Hōan 
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Hōan''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|范}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{Tâi-oân ê thâu-100 toā jī-sèⁿ}}
{{Tiong-kok ê thâu-100 toā jī-sèⁿ}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoan}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hoān--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gí-oán</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>53733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678869</id>
      <parentid>1622466</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T05:09:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Italic title}}
[[File:Goen 1909-09-15 2(9).jpg|thumb|1909 nî 9 goe̍h ê tē-2-kńg tē-9-hō.]]
'''''Gú-oán''''' (語苑; ''goen'') sī [[Tâi-oân]] tī 1908 nî 4 goe̍h khai-sí hoat-hêng ê chi̍t pō͘ gí-ha̍k (語學) [[cha̍p-chì]]&lt;ref name=&quot;taiwan193504&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣雜誌興亡史 (三)|author=裏川大無|journal=臺灣時報|issue=1935-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Cha̍p-chì ê pian-chi̍p kiam hoat-hêng-chiá sī [[Tâi-oân-gí Thong-sìn Gián-kiù-hōe]]. Gián-kiù-hōe sī hit-tong-sî Ko-téng Hoat-īⁿ só͘ siat, chú-iàu chham-gú ê lâng sī [[hoat-īⁿ thong-e̍k]].

== Lōe-iông ==
Gú-oán ê lōe-iông pau-koat [[Tâi-oân-ōe]] kiam [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] ê gia̍p-bū tùi-ōa ê kà-ha̍k, tùi Tâi-oan-ōe ê gián-kiù he̍k-chiá sī thó-lūn, ia̍h ū Se-iûⁿ he̍k-chiá thoân-thóng Hàn-bûn kò͘-sū ê Tâi-oan-ōe pán-pún, koh ū gí-bûn būn-tê ê thàm-thó. It-poaⁿ sī ēng [[Hàn-jī]] phòe-ha̍p [[Tâi-oân-gí Kana]] lâi su-siá. Lēng-goā ū-ê bûn-chiong sī Hàn-bûn.

== Le̍k-sú ==
Tī Tâi-oân-gí Thong-sìn Gián-kiù-hōe ê hōe-chek (會則) lāi, ū tēng bí kò-goe̍h 1 hôe ê cha̍p-chì hoat-hêng. Gú-oán ê kang-chok-chiá chú-iàu sī tong-sî ê [[hoat-īⁿ thong-e̍k]], choan-bûn phài tī Gú-oán ê lâng, chiàu 1909 nî 5 goe̍h sî ê chu-liāu, ū 21-ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=日本統治前半期台湾の官僚組織における通訳育成と雑誌『語苑』 : 1910-1920年代を中心に|journal=社会科学|volume=42|issue=2–3|author=岡本真希子 |year=2012|publisher=同志社大学人文科学研究所}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1941 nî 11 goe̍h í-āu, gián-kiù-hōe ê cha̍p-chì chhun goân-lâi Gú-oán ê kî-tiong chi̍t pō͘-hūn: [[Kéng-chhat Gú-ha̍k Káng-si̍p Chu-liāu]] (警察語學講習資料).

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
{{reflist}}

== Kî-tha gián-kiù chu-liāu ==
* {{cite thesis|title=日治時期台語白話書寫與文字拼音系統關係之研究：以《語苑》、《台灣府城教會報》為中心|url=http://handle.ncl.edu.tw/11296/ndltd/47585324137456834555|year=2011|author=李尚霖|publisher=國立臺北教育大學 台灣文化研究所|degree=sek-sū}}

== Siong-koan ==
* [[Ono Massakari]] (小野真盛)
* ''[[Giân-gí kap Bûn-ha̍k]]'' (言語と文學)
* ''[[The Formosa]]''

[[Category:Tâi-oân Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi ê cha̍p-chì]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2017-06-12T05:13:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Le̍k-sú */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Italic title}}
[[File:Goen 1909-09-15 2(9).jpg|thumb|1909 nî 9 goe̍h ê tē-2-kńg tē-9-hō.]]
'''''Gú-oán''''' (語苑; ''goen'') sī [[Tâi-oân]] tī 1908 nî 4 goe̍h khai-sí hoat-hêng ê chi̍t pō͘ gí-ha̍k (語學) [[cha̍p-chì]]&lt;ref name=&quot;taiwan193504&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣雜誌興亡史 (三)|author=裏川大無|journal=臺灣時報|issue=1935-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Cha̍p-chì ê pian-chi̍p kiam hoat-hêng-chiá sī [[Tâi-oân-gí Thong-sìn Gián-kiù-hōe]]. Gián-kiù-hōe sī hit-tong-sî Ko-téng Hoat-īⁿ só͘ siat, chú-iàu chham-gú ê lâng sī [[hoat-īⁿ thong-e̍k]].

== Lōe-iông ==
Gú-oán ê lōe-iông pau-koat [[Tâi-oân-ōe]] kiam [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] ê gia̍p-bū tùi-ōa ê kà-ha̍k, tùi Tâi-oan-ōe ê gián-kiù he̍k-chiá sī thó-lūn, ia̍h ū Se-iûⁿ he̍k-chiá thoân-thóng Hàn-bûn kò͘-sū ê Tâi-oan-ōe pán-pún, koh ū gí-bûn būn-tê ê thàm-thó. It-poaⁿ sī ēng [[Hàn-jī]] phòe-ha̍p [[Tâi-oân-gí Kana]] lâi su-siá. Lēng-goā ū-ê bûn-chiong sī Hàn-bûn.

== Le̍k-sú ==
Tī Tâi-oân-gí Thong-sìn Gián-kiù-hōe ê hōe-chek (會則) lāi, ū tēng bí kò-goe̍h 1 hôe ê cha̍p-chì hoat-hêng. Gú-oán ê kang-chok-chiá chú-iàu sī tong-sî ê [[hoat-īⁿ thong-e̍k]], choan-bûn phài tī Gú-oán ê lâng, chiàu 1909 nî 5 goe̍h sî ê chu-liāu, ū 21-ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=日本統治前半期台湾の官僚組織における通訳育成と雑誌『語苑』 : 1910-1920年代を中心に|journal=社会科学|volume=42|issue=2–3|author=岡本真希子 |year=2012|publisher=同志社大学人文科学研究所}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1941 nî 11 goe̍h í-āu, gián-kiù-hōe ê cha̍p-chì chhun goân-lâi Gú-oán ê kî-tiong chi̍t pō͘-hūn: [[Kéng-chhat Gú-ha̍k Káng-si̍p Chu-liāu]] (警察語學講習資料).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=「国語」普及政策下台湾の官僚組織における通訳育成と雑誌『語苑』 : 1930-1940年代を中心に|journal=社会科学|volume=42|issue=4|author=岡本真希子 |year= 2013 |publisher=同志社大学人文科学研究所}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
{{reflist}}

== Kî-tha gián-kiù chu-liāu ==
* {{cite thesis|title=日治時期台語白話書寫與文字拼音系統關係之研究：以《語苑》、《台灣府城教會報》為中心|url=http://handle.ncl.edu.tw/11296/ndltd/47585324137456834555|year=2011|author=李尚霖|publisher=國立臺北教育大學 台灣文化研究所|degree=sek-sū}}

== Siong-koan ==
* [[Ono Massakari]] (小野真盛)
* ''[[Giân-gí kap Bûn-ha̍k]]'' (言語と文學)
* ''[[The Formosa]]''

[[Category:Tâi-oân Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi ê cha̍p-chì]]</text>
      <sha1>kr4tyvhgu6s06tc8cj86c1mi8l3fit7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678871</id>
      <parentid>1678870</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T05:25:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Le̍k-sú */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Italic title}}
[[File:Goen 1909-09-15 2(9).jpg|thumb|1909 nî 9 goe̍h ê tē-2-kńg tē-9-hō.]]
'''''Gú-oán''''' (語苑; ''goen'') sī [[Tâi-oân]] tī 1908 nî 4 goe̍h khai-sí hoat-hêng ê chi̍t pō͘ gí-ha̍k (語學) [[cha̍p-chì]]&lt;ref name=&quot;taiwan193504&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣雜誌興亡史 (三)|author=裏川大無|journal=臺灣時報|issue=1935-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Cha̍p-chì ê pian-chi̍p kiam hoat-hêng-chiá sī [[Tâi-oân-gí Thong-sìn Gián-kiù-hōe]]. Gián-kiù-hōe sī hit-tong-sî Ko-téng Hoat-īⁿ só͘ siat, chú-iàu chham-gú ê lâng sī [[hoat-īⁿ thong-e̍k]].

== Lōe-iông ==
Gú-oán ê lōe-iông pau-koat [[Tâi-oân-ōe]] kiam [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] ê gia̍p-bū tùi-ōa ê kà-ha̍k, tùi Tâi-oan-ōe ê gián-kiù he̍k-chiá sī thó-lūn, ia̍h ū Se-iûⁿ he̍k-chiá thoân-thóng Hàn-bûn kò͘-sū ê Tâi-oan-ōe pán-pún, koh ū gí-bûn būn-tê ê thàm-thó. It-poaⁿ sī ēng [[Hàn-jī]] phòe-ha̍p [[Tâi-oân-gí Kana]] lâi su-siá. Lēng-goā ū-ê bûn-chiong sī Hàn-bûn.

== Le̍k-sú ==
Tī Tâi-oân-gí Thong-sìn Gián-kiù-hōe ê hōe-chek (會則) lāi, ū tēng bí kò-goe̍h 1 hôe ê cha̍p-chì hoat-hêng. Gú-oán ê kang-chok-chiá chú-iàu sī tong-sî ê [[hoat-īⁿ thong-e̍k]], choan-bûn phài tī Gú-oán ê lâng, chiàu 1909 nî 5 goe̍h sî ê chu-liāu, ū 21-ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=日本統治前半期台湾の官僚組織における通訳育成と雑誌『語苑』 : 1910-1920年代を中心に|journal=社会科学|volume=42|issue=2–3|author=岡本真希子 |year=2012|publisher=同志社大学人文科学研究所}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1938 nî 11 goe̍h khai-sí, Gú-oán piàn chò chha-put-to goân-choân lóng sī kéng-chhat iōng-gí téng choan-bûn tī kéng-chhat su-iàu ê káng-si̍p chu-liāu. 1941 nî, siū tio̍h kok-gí phó͘-ki̍p chèng-chhek ê eng-hióng, Gú-oán thêng-chí chhut-pán. Kàu 11 goe̍h, gián-kiù-hōe kái hoat-hêng [[Kéng-chhat Gú-ha̍k Káng-si̍p Chu-liāu]] (警察語學講習資料).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=「国語」普及政策下台湾の官僚組織における通訳育成と雑誌『語苑』 : 1930-1940年代を中心に|journal=社会科学|volume=42|issue=4|author=岡本真希子 |year= 2013 |publisher=同志社大学人文科学研究所}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
{{reflist}}

== Kî-tha gián-kiù chu-liāu ==
* {{cite thesis|title=日治時期台語白話書寫與文字拼音系統關係之研究：以《語苑》、《台灣府城教會報》為中心|url=http://handle.ncl.edu.tw/11296/ndltd/47585324137456834555|year=2011|author=李尚霖|publisher=國立臺北教育大學 台灣文化研究所|degree=sek-sū}}

== Siong-koan ==
* [[Ono Massakari]] (小野真盛)
* ''[[Giân-gí kap Bûn-ha̍k]]'' (言語と文學)
* ''[[The Formosa]]''

[[Category:Tâi-oân Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi ê cha̍p-chì]]</text>
      <sha1>21qygs1mhqvutjgv8jejjjb7phettxi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678879</id>
      <parentid>1678871</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T06:24:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>added [[Category:Tâi-gí]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Italic title}}
[[File:Goen 1909-09-15 2(9).jpg|thumb|1909 nî 9 goe̍h ê tē-2-kńg tē-9-hō.]]
'''''Gú-oán''''' (語苑; ''goen'') sī [[Tâi-oân]] tī 1908 nî 4 goe̍h khai-sí hoat-hêng ê chi̍t pō͘ gí-ha̍k (語學) [[cha̍p-chì]]&lt;ref name=&quot;taiwan193504&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣雜誌興亡史 (三)|author=裏川大無|journal=臺灣時報|issue=1935-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Cha̍p-chì ê pian-chi̍p kiam hoat-hêng-chiá sī [[Tâi-oân-gí Thong-sìn Gián-kiù-hōe]]. Gián-kiù-hōe sī hit-tong-sî Ko-téng Hoat-īⁿ só͘ siat, chú-iàu chham-gú ê lâng sī [[hoat-īⁿ thong-e̍k]].

== Lōe-iông ==
Gú-oán ê lōe-iông pau-koat [[Tâi-oân-ōe]] kiam [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] ê gia̍p-bū tùi-ōa ê kà-ha̍k, tùi Tâi-oan-ōe ê gián-kiù he̍k-chiá sī thó-lūn, ia̍h ū Se-iûⁿ he̍k-chiá thoân-thóng Hàn-bûn kò͘-sū ê Tâi-oan-ōe pán-pún, koh ū gí-bûn būn-tê ê thàm-thó. It-poaⁿ sī ēng [[Hàn-jī]] phòe-ha̍p [[Tâi-oân-gí Kana]] lâi su-siá. Lēng-goā ū-ê bûn-chiong sī Hàn-bûn.

== Le̍k-sú ==
Tī Tâi-oân-gí Thong-sìn Gián-kiù-hōe ê hōe-chek (會則) lāi, ū tēng bí kò-goe̍h 1 hôe ê cha̍p-chì hoat-hêng. Gú-oán ê kang-chok-chiá chú-iàu sī tong-sî ê [[hoat-īⁿ thong-e̍k]], choan-bûn phài tī Gú-oán ê lâng, chiàu 1909 nî 5 goe̍h sî ê chu-liāu, ū 21-ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=日本統治前半期台湾の官僚組織における通訳育成と雑誌『語苑』 : 1910-1920年代を中心に|journal=社会科学|volume=42|issue=2–3|author=岡本真希子 |year=2012|publisher=同志社大学人文科学研究所}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1938 nî 11 goe̍h khai-sí, Gú-oán piàn chò chha-put-to goân-choân lóng sī kéng-chhat iōng-gí téng choan-bûn tī kéng-chhat su-iàu ê káng-si̍p chu-liāu. 1941 nî, siū tio̍h kok-gí phó͘-ki̍p chèng-chhek ê eng-hióng, Gú-oán thêng-chí chhut-pán. Kàu 11 goe̍h, gián-kiù-hōe kái hoat-hêng [[Kéng-chhat Gú-ha̍k Káng-si̍p Chu-liāu]] (警察語學講習資料).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=「国語」普及政策下台湾の官僚組織における通訳育成と雑誌『語苑』 : 1930-1940年代を中心に|journal=社会科学|volume=42|issue=4|author=岡本真希子 |year= 2013 |publisher=同志社大学人文科学研究所}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
{{reflist}}

== Kî-tha gián-kiù chu-liāu ==
* {{cite thesis|title=日治時期台語白話書寫與文字拼音系統關係之研究：以《語苑》、《台灣府城教會報》為中心|url=http://handle.ncl.edu.tw/11296/ndltd/47585324137456834555|year=2011|author=李尚霖|publisher=國立臺北教育大學 台灣文化研究所|degree=sek-sū}}

== Siong-koan ==
* [[Ono Massakari]] (小野真盛)
* ''[[Giân-gí kap Bûn-ha̍k]]'' (言語と文學)
* ''[[The Formosa]]''

[[Category:Tâi-oân Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi ê cha̍p-chì]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678880</id>
      <parentid>1678879</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T06:50:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Luuva sóa [[Gú-oán]] chit ia̍h khì [[Gí-oán]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Italic title}}
[[File:Goen 1909-09-15 2(9).jpg|thumb|1909 nî 9 goe̍h ê tē-2-kńg tē-9-hō.]]
'''''Gú-oán''''' (語苑; ''goen'') sī [[Tâi-oân]] tī 1908 nî 4 goe̍h khai-sí hoat-hêng ê chi̍t pō͘ gí-ha̍k (語學) [[cha̍p-chì]]&lt;ref name=&quot;taiwan193504&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣雜誌興亡史 (三)|author=裏川大無|journal=臺灣時報|issue=1935-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Cha̍p-chì ê pian-chi̍p kiam hoat-hêng-chiá sī [[Tâi-oân-gí Thong-sìn Gián-kiù-hōe]]. Gián-kiù-hōe sī hit-tong-sî Ko-téng Hoat-īⁿ só͘ siat, chú-iàu chham-gú ê lâng sī [[hoat-īⁿ thong-e̍k]].

== Lōe-iông ==
Gú-oán ê lōe-iông pau-koat [[Tâi-oân-ōe]] kiam [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] ê gia̍p-bū tùi-ōa ê kà-ha̍k, tùi Tâi-oan-ōe ê gián-kiù he̍k-chiá sī thó-lūn, ia̍h ū Se-iûⁿ he̍k-chiá thoân-thóng Hàn-bûn kò͘-sū ê Tâi-oan-ōe pán-pún, koh ū gí-bûn būn-tê ê thàm-thó. It-poaⁿ sī ēng [[Hàn-jī]] phòe-ha̍p [[Tâi-oân-gí Kana]] lâi su-siá. Lēng-goā ū-ê bûn-chiong sī Hàn-bûn.

== Le̍k-sú ==
Tī Tâi-oân-gí Thong-sìn Gián-kiù-hōe ê hōe-chek (會則) lāi, ū tēng bí kò-goe̍h 1 hôe ê cha̍p-chì hoat-hêng. Gú-oán ê kang-chok-chiá chú-iàu sī tong-sî ê [[hoat-īⁿ thong-e̍k]], choan-bûn phài tī Gú-oán ê lâng, chiàu 1909 nî 5 goe̍h sî ê chu-liāu, ū 21-ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=日本統治前半期台湾の官僚組織における通訳育成と雑誌『語苑』 : 1910-1920年代を中心に|journal=社会科学|volume=42|issue=2–3|author=岡本真希子 |year=2012|publisher=同志社大学人文科学研究所}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1938 nî 11 goe̍h khai-sí, Gú-oán piàn chò chha-put-to goân-choân lóng sī kéng-chhat iōng-gí téng choan-bûn tī kéng-chhat su-iàu ê káng-si̍p chu-liāu. 1941 nî, siū tio̍h kok-gí phó͘-ki̍p chèng-chhek ê eng-hióng, Gú-oán thêng-chí chhut-pán. Kàu 11 goe̍h, gián-kiù-hōe kái hoat-hêng [[Kéng-chhat Gú-ha̍k Káng-si̍p Chu-liāu]] (警察語學講習資料).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=「国語」普及政策下台湾の官僚組織における通訳育成と雑誌『語苑』 : 1930-1940年代を中心に|journal=社会科学|volume=42|issue=4|author=岡本真希子 |year= 2013 |publisher=同志社大学人文科学研究所}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
{{reflist}}

== Kî-tha gián-kiù chu-liāu ==
* {{cite thesis|title=日治時期台語白話書寫與文字拼音系統關係之研究：以《語苑》、《台灣府城教會報》為中心|url=http://handle.ncl.edu.tw/11296/ndltd/47585324137456834555|year=2011|author=李尚霖|publisher=國立臺北教育大學 台灣文化研究所|degree=sek-sū}}

== Siong-koan ==
* [[Ono Massakari]] (小野真盛)
* ''[[Giân-gí kap Bûn-ha̍k]]'' (言語と文學)
* ''[[The Formosa]]''

[[Category:Tâi-oân Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi ê cha̍p-chì]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>hlw0vb4uvkfqbpw2t6qwe56yo5049am</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678882</id>
      <parentid>1678880</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T06:50:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Italic title}}
[[File:Goen 1909-09-15 2(9).jpg|thumb|1909 nî 9 goe̍h ê tē-2-kńg tē-9-hō.]]
'''''Gí-oán''''' (gú-; 語苑; ''goen'') sī [[Tâi-oân]] tī 1908 nî 4 goe̍h khai-sí hoat-hêng ê chi̍t pō͘ gí-ha̍k (語學) [[cha̍p-chì]]&lt;ref name=&quot;taiwan193504&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣雜誌興亡史 (三)|author=裏川大無|journal=臺灣時報|issue=1935-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Cha̍p-chì ê pian-chi̍p kiam hoat-hêng-chiá sī [[Tâi-oân-gí Thong-sìn Gián-kiù-hōe]]. Gián-kiù-hōe sī hit-tong-sî Ko-téng Hoat-īⁿ só͘ siat, chú-iàu chham-gú ê lâng sī [[hoat-īⁿ thong-e̍k]].

== Lōe-iông ==
Gú-oán ê lōe-iông pau-koat [[Tâi-oân-ōe]] kiam [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] ê gia̍p-bū tùi-ōa ê kà-ha̍k, tùi Tâi-oan-ōe ê gián-kiù he̍k-chiá sī thó-lūn, ia̍h ū Se-iûⁿ he̍k-chiá thoân-thóng Hàn-bûn kò͘-sū ê Tâi-oan-ōe pán-pún, koh ū gí-bûn būn-tê ê thàm-thó. It-poaⁿ sī ēng [[Hàn-jī]] phòe-ha̍p [[Tâi-oân-gí Kana]] lâi su-siá. Lēng-goā ū-ê bûn-chiong sī Hàn-bûn.

== Le̍k-sú ==
Tī Tâi-oân-gí Thong-sìn Gián-kiù-hōe ê hōe-chek (會則) lāi, ū tēng bí kò-goe̍h 1 hôe ê cha̍p-chì hoat-hêng. Gú-oán ê kang-chok-chiá chú-iàu sī tong-sî ê [[hoat-īⁿ thong-e̍k]], choan-bûn phài tī Gú-oán ê lâng, chiàu 1909 nî 5 goe̍h sî ê chu-liāu, ū 21-ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=日本統治前半期台湾の官僚組織における通訳育成と雑誌『語苑』 : 1910-1920年代を中心に|journal=社会科学|volume=42|issue=2–3|author=岡本真希子 |year=2012|publisher=同志社大学人文科学研究所}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1938 nî 11 goe̍h khai-sí, Gú-oán piàn chò chha-put-to goân-choân lóng sī kéng-chhat iōng-gí téng choan-bûn tī kéng-chhat su-iàu ê káng-si̍p chu-liāu. 1941 nî, siū tio̍h kok-gí phó͘-ki̍p chèng-chhek ê eng-hióng, Gú-oán thêng-chí chhut-pán. Kàu 11 goe̍h, gián-kiù-hōe kái hoat-hêng [[Kéng-chhat Gú-ha̍k Káng-si̍p Chu-liāu]] (警察語學講習資料).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=「国語」普及政策下台湾の官僚組織における通訳育成と雑誌『語苑』 : 1930-1940年代を中心に|journal=社会科学|volume=42|issue=4|author=岡本真希子 |year= 2013 |publisher=同志社大学人文科学研究所}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
{{reflist}}

== Kî-tha gián-kiù chu-liāu ==
* {{cite thesis|title=日治時期台語白話書寫與文字拼音系統關係之研究：以《語苑》、《台灣府城教會報》為中心|url=http://handle.ncl.edu.tw/11296/ndltd/47585324137456834555|year=2011|author=李尚霖|publisher=國立臺北教育大學 台灣文化研究所|degree=sek-sū}}

== Siong-koan ==
* [[Ono Massakari]] (小野真盛)
* ''[[Giân-gí kap Bûn-ha̍k]]'' (言語と文學)
* ''[[The Formosa]]''

[[Category:Tâi-oân Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi ê cha̍p-chì]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>jsyg031iupljzeglbuzuu536ityvcm1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678883</id>
      <parentid>1678882</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T06:50:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Italic title}}
[[File:Goen 1909-09-15 2(9).jpg|thumb|1909 nî 9 goe̍h ê tē-2-kńg tē-9-hō.]]
'''''Gí-oán''''' (gú- 語苑 ''goen'') sī [[Tâi-oân]] tī 1908 nî 4 goe̍h khai-sí hoat-hêng ê chi̍t pō͘ gí-ha̍k (語學) [[cha̍p-chì]]&lt;ref name=&quot;taiwan193504&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣雜誌興亡史 (三)|author=裏川大無|journal=臺灣時報|issue=1935-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Cha̍p-chì ê pian-chi̍p kiam hoat-hêng-chiá sī [[Tâi-oân-gí Thong-sìn Gián-kiù-hōe]]. Gián-kiù-hōe sī hit-tong-sî Ko-téng Hoat-īⁿ só͘ siat, chú-iàu chham-gú ê lâng sī [[hoat-īⁿ thong-e̍k]].

== Lōe-iông ==
Gú-oán ê lōe-iông pau-koat [[Tâi-oân-ōe]] kiam [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] ê gia̍p-bū tùi-ōa ê kà-ha̍k, tùi Tâi-oan-ōe ê gián-kiù he̍k-chiá sī thó-lūn, ia̍h ū Se-iûⁿ he̍k-chiá thoân-thóng Hàn-bûn kò͘-sū ê Tâi-oan-ōe pán-pún, koh ū gí-bûn būn-tê ê thàm-thó. It-poaⁿ sī ēng [[Hàn-jī]] phòe-ha̍p [[Tâi-oân-gí Kana]] lâi su-siá. Lēng-goā ū-ê bûn-chiong sī Hàn-bûn.

== Le̍k-sú ==
Tī Tâi-oân-gí Thong-sìn Gián-kiù-hōe ê hōe-chek (會則) lāi, ū tēng bí kò-goe̍h 1 hôe ê cha̍p-chì hoat-hêng. Gú-oán ê kang-chok-chiá chú-iàu sī tong-sî ê [[hoat-īⁿ thong-e̍k]], choan-bûn phài tī Gú-oán ê lâng, chiàu 1909 nî 5 goe̍h sî ê chu-liāu, ū 21-ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=日本統治前半期台湾の官僚組織における通訳育成と雑誌『語苑』 : 1910-1920年代を中心に|journal=社会科学|volume=42|issue=2–3|author=岡本真希子 |year=2012|publisher=同志社大学人文科学研究所}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1938 nî 11 goe̍h khai-sí, Gú-oán piàn chò chha-put-to goân-choân lóng sī kéng-chhat iōng-gí téng choan-bûn tī kéng-chhat su-iàu ê káng-si̍p chu-liāu. 1941 nî, siū tio̍h kok-gí phó͘-ki̍p chèng-chhek ê eng-hióng, Gú-oán thêng-chí chhut-pán. Kàu 11 goe̍h, gián-kiù-hōe kái hoat-hêng [[Kéng-chhat Gú-ha̍k Káng-si̍p Chu-liāu]] (警察語學講習資料).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=「国語」普及政策下台湾の官僚組織における通訳育成と雑誌『語苑』 : 1930-1940年代を中心に|journal=社会科学|volume=42|issue=4|author=岡本真希子 |year= 2013 |publisher=同志社大学人文科学研究所}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
{{reflist}}

== Kî-tha gián-kiù chu-liāu ==
* {{cite thesis|title=日治時期台語白話書寫與文字拼音系統關係之研究：以《語苑》、《台灣府城教會報》為中心|url=http://handle.ncl.edu.tw/11296/ndltd/47585324137456834555|year=2011|author=李尚霖|publisher=國立臺北教育大學 台灣文化研究所|degree=sek-sū}}

== Siong-koan ==
* [[Ono Massakari]] (小野真盛)
* ''[[Giân-gí kap Bûn-ha̍k]]'' (言語と文學)
* ''[[The Formosa]]''

[[Category:Tâi-oân Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi ê cha̍p-chì]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>d7y0cegd6lif7mx15sapaxgfxdzoml0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678884</id>
      <parentid>1678883</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T06:51:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Italic title}}
[[File:Goen 1909-09-15 2(9).jpg|thumb|1909 nî 9 goe̍h ê tē-2-kńg tē-9-hō.]]
'''''Gí-oán''''' (gú- 語苑 ''goen'') sī [[Tâi-oân]] tī 1908 nî 4 goe̍h khai-sí hoat-hêng ê chi̍t pō͘ [[gí-ha̍k]] (語學) [[cha̍p-chì]]&lt;ref name=&quot;taiwan193504&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=臺灣雜誌興亡史 (三)|author=裏川大無|journal=臺灣時報|issue=1935-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Cha̍p-chì ê pian-chi̍p kiam hoat-hêng-chiá sī [[Tâi-oân-gí Thong-sìn Gián-kiù-hōe]]. Gián-kiù-hōe sī hit-tong-sî Ko-téng Hoat-īⁿ só͘ siat, chú-iàu chham-gú ê lâng sī [[hoat-īⁿ thong-e̍k]].

== Lōe-iông ==
Gú-oán ê lōe-iông pau-koat [[Tâi-oân-ōe]] kiam [[Ji̍t-pún-ōe]] ê gia̍p-bū tùi-ōa ê kà-ha̍k, tùi Tâi-oan-ōe ê gián-kiù he̍k-chiá sī thó-lūn, ia̍h ū Se-iûⁿ he̍k-chiá thoân-thóng Hàn-bûn kò͘-sū ê Tâi-oan-ōe pán-pún, koh ū gí-bûn būn-tê ê thàm-thó. It-poaⁿ sī ēng [[Hàn-jī]] phòe-ha̍p [[Tâi-oân-gí Kana]] lâi su-siá. Lēng-goā ū-ê bûn-chiong sī Hàn-bûn.

== Le̍k-sú ==
Tī Tâi-oân-gí Thong-sìn Gián-kiù-hōe ê hōe-chek (會則) lāi, ū tēng bí kò-goe̍h 1 hôe ê cha̍p-chì hoat-hêng. Gú-oán ê kang-chok-chiá chú-iàu sī tong-sî ê [[hoat-īⁿ thong-e̍k]], choan-bûn phài tī Gú-oán ê lâng, chiàu 1909 nî 5 goe̍h sî ê chu-liāu, ū 21-ê.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=日本統治前半期台湾の官僚組織における通訳育成と雑誌『語苑』 : 1910-1920年代を中心に|journal=社会科学|volume=42|issue=2–3|author=岡本真希子 |year=2012|publisher=同志社大学人文科学研究所}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1938 nî 11 goe̍h khai-sí, Gú-oán piàn chò chha-put-to goân-choân lóng sī kéng-chhat iōng-gí téng choan-bûn tī kéng-chhat su-iàu ê káng-si̍p chu-liāu. 1941 nî, siū tio̍h kok-gí phó͘-ki̍p chèng-chhek ê eng-hióng, Gú-oán thêng-chí chhut-pán. Kàu 11 goe̍h, gián-kiù-hōe kái hoat-hêng [[Kéng-chhat Gú-ha̍k Káng-si̍p Chu-liāu]] (警察語學講習資料).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=「国語」普及政策下台湾の官僚組織における通訳育成と雑誌『語苑』 : 1930-1940年代を中心に|journal=社会科学|volume=42|issue=4|author=岡本真希子 |year= 2013 |publisher=同志社大学人文科学研究所}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
{{reflist}}

== Kî-tha gián-kiù chu-liāu ==
* {{cite thesis|title=日治時期台語白話書寫與文字拼音系統關係之研究：以《語苑》、《台灣府城教會報》為中心|url=http://handle.ncl.edu.tw/11296/ndltd/47585324137456834555|year=2011|author=李尚霖|publisher=國立臺北教育大學 台灣文化研究所|degree=sek-sū}}

== Siong-koan ==
* [[Ono Massakari]] (小野真盛)
* ''[[Giân-gí kap Bûn-ha̍k]]'' (言語と文學)
* ''[[The Formosa]]''

[[Category:Tâi-oân Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi ê cha̍p-chì]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>4hk8nq9izgi1reyx6dzlu37b1tesnku</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hun-si</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>57880</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678830</id>
      <parentid>1508866</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T17:35:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[File:Shag-tobacco-01_(xndr).jpg|thumb|]]

'''Hun-si''' (薰絲) sī chhiat hó-sè bô kńg--khí-lâi ê hun, chú-iàu ê ēng-tô͘ sī beh hō͘ lâng ka-tī kńg ji̍p chóa lāi.

== Siong-koan ==
* [[Chū-kńg-hun]] ([[Eng-gí|eng.]] ''roll-your-onw'')
* [[Kńg-chóa]] (''rolling paper'')

{{stub}}

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Ka-kang]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Ta-bá-koh]]</text>
      <sha1>iyncdvfup47nj3qiq9qpnowrdppn2he</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678831</id>
      <parentid>1678830</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T17:35:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[File:Shag-tobacco-01_(xndr).jpg|thumb|]]

'''Hun-si''' (薰絲) sī chhiat hó-sè bô kńg--khí-lâi ê hun, chú-iàu ê ēng-tô͘ sī beh hō͘ lâng ka-tī kńg ji̍p chóa lāi.

== Siong-koan ==
* [[Chū-kńg-hun]] ([[Eng-gí|eng.]] ''roll-your-own'')
* [[Kńg-chóa]] (''rolling paper'')

{{stub}}

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Ka-kang]]
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'''California Chiu Kong-lō͘ 113''' ([[Eng-bûn]]: {{lang|en|''California State Route 113''}}; '''SR 113''') sī chi̍t-tiâu tī [[Bí-kok]] [[California]] ê [[chiu-kip kong-lō͘]].

[[Lūi-pia̍t:California ê chiu-kip kong-lō͘|1]]


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'''California Chiu Kong-lō͘ 116''' ([[Eng-bûn]]: {{lang|en|''California State Route 116''}}; '''SR 116''') sī chi̍t-tiâu tī [[Bí-kok]] [[California]] ê [[chiu-kip kong-lō͘]].

[[Lūi-pia̍t:California ê chiu-kip kong-lō͘|1]]


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'''California Chiu Kong-lō͘ 118''' ([[Eng-bûn]]: {{lang|en|''California State Route 118''}}; '''SR 118''') sī chi̍t-tiâu tī [[Bí-kok]] [[California]] ê [[chiu-kip kong-lō͘]].

[[Lūi-pia̍t:California ê chiu-kip kong-lō͘|1]]


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'''California Chiu Kong-lō͘ 119''' ([[Eng-bûn]]: {{lang|en|''California State Route 119''}}; '''SR 119''') sī chi̍t-tiâu tī [[Bí-kok]] [[California]] ê [[chiu-kip kong-lō͘]].

[[Lūi-pia̍t:California ê chiu-kip kong-lō͘|1]]


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'''California Chiu Kong-lō͘ 121''' ([[Eng-bûn]]: {{lang|en|''California State Route 121''}}; '''SR 121''') sī chi̍t-tiâu tī [[Bí-kok]] [[California]] ê [[chiu-kip kong-lō͘]].

[[Lūi-pia̍t:California ê chiu-kip kong-lō͘|1]]


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'''California Chiu Kong-lō͘ 123''' ([[Eng-bûn]]: {{lang|en|''California State Route 123''}}; '''SR 123''') sī chi̍t-tiâu tī [[Bí-kok]] [[California]] ê [[chiu-kip kong-lō͘]].

[[Lūi-pia̍t:California ê chiu-kip kong-lō͘|1]]


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'''California Chiu Kong-lō͘ 124''' ([[Eng-bûn]]: {{lang|en|''California State Route 124''}}; '''SR 124''') sī chi̍t-tiâu tī [[Bí-kok]] [[California]] ê [[chiu-kip kong-lō͘]].

[[Lūi-pia̍t:California ê chiu-kip kong-lō͘|1]]


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'''California Chiu Kong-lō͘ 126''' ([[Eng-bûn]]: {{lang|en|''California State Route 126''}}; '''SR 126''') sī chi̍t-tiâu tī [[Bí-kok]] [[California]] ê [[chiu-kip kong-lō͘]].

[[Lūi-pia̍t:California ê chiu-kip kong-lō͘|1]]


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'''California Chiu Kong-lō͘ 127''' ([[Eng-bûn]]: {{lang|en|''California State Route 127''}}; '''SR 127''') sī chi̍t-tiâu tī [[Bí-kok]] [[California]] ê [[chiu-kip kong-lō͘]].

[[Lūi-pia̍t:California ê chiu-kip kong-lō͘|1]]


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'''California Chiu Kong-lō͘ 128''' ([[Eng-bûn]]: {{lang|en|''California State Route 128''}}; '''SR 128''') sī chi̍t-tiâu tī [[Bí-kok]] [[California]] ê [[chiu-kip kong-lō͘]].

[[Lūi-pia̍t:California ê chiu-kip kong-lō͘|1]]


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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[File:Wang Leehom closup.jpg|right|225px|thumb|Ông Le̍k-hông (2011)]]
'''Ông Le̍k-hông''' (王力宏; [[Eng-bûn]]: {{lang|en|''Leehom Wang''}}; {{bd|1976 nî|5 goe̍h 17 ji̍t|||O}}) sī tī [[Bí-kok]] chhut-sì ê [[Tâi-oân]] cha-po͘ [[koa-chhiú]] chham [[ián-goân]].
{{Golden-Melody-M}}
{{KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú}}
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[[Category:Tâi-oân cha-po͘ ián-goân]]
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| name                     = Tân E̍k-sìn
| type                     = cha-po͘ koa-chhiú
| image                    = Eason getalife.jpg
| imagesize                = 250
| caption                  = 2006
| foreignname              = 陳奕迅
| fnamelang                = yue
| romanizedname            = can&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; jik&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; seon&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
| englishname              = Eason Chan
| nationality              = {{flag|Eng-kok}}
| people                   = [[Kńg-tang-lâng]]
| hometown                 = 
| birthdate                = {{birth date and age|1974|7|27}}
| birthplace               = [[Hiong-káng]]
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| spouse                   = [[Chhî Hô-êng]] (2006 nî kiat-hun)
| children                 = Tân Khong-thê (陳康堤)&lt;br&gt;{{birth date and age|2004|10|4}}
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'''Tân E̍k-sìn''' (陳奕迅; {{lang|en|'''Eason Chan'''}}; {{bd|1974 nî|7 goe̍h 27 ji̍t|||T}}) sī [[Hiong-káng]] ê cha-po͘ [[koa-chhiú]] kiam ián-goân.
{{Golden-Melody-M}}
{{KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú}}
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      <comment>Choán khì [[Hàn-gú-cho̍k]]</comment>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Hàn-gú-cho̍k]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chô Keh</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[File:GaryChaw2009.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Chô Keh]]
'''Chô Keh''' (曹格, {{bd|1979 nî|7 goe̍h 9 ji̍t||}}) sī [[Má-lâi-se-a]] ê chi̍t ê [[Hoâ-gí]] liû-hêng koa-chhiú.
{{Golden-Melody-M}}
{{KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú}}
{{Choân-kiû Hôa-gí Koa-khek Pâi-hêng-póng Chòe-ka Cha-po͘ Koa-chhiú}}
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[[Category:Má-lâi-se-a cha-po͘ koa-chhiú|CH]]
[[Category:Chô--sī|K]]</text>
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'''Koeh Chēng''' (郭靜; {{bd|1980 nî|8 goe̍h 5 ji̍t|||K}}) sī chi̍t ūi [[Tâi-oân]] ê cha-bó͘ [[koa-chhiú]], pún-miâ '''Koeh Phek-jû''' (郭伯瑜). I tī 2007 nî 6 goe̍h 29 hō thui-chhut i kò-jîn tē-it tiuⁿ choan-chip ''[[Ngó͘ Put-sióng Bōng-kì Ní]]''; 2008 nî thui-chhut tē-jī tiuⁿ choan-chip ''[[Ē-chi̍t-ê Thài-iông]]''; 2009 nî thui-chhut tē-saⁿ tiuⁿ choan-chip ''[[Chāi Sū-siōng Chhiùⁿ-koa]]''.
{{KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú}}
{{commonscat|Claire Kuo}}
[[Category:Tâi-oân cha-bó͘ koa-chhiú]]
[[Category:Koeh--sī|Ch]]</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Kiú-it-it''' (玖壹壹; [[Eng-bûn]] miâ: ''Nine One One'') sī chi̍t ê lâi-chū [[Tâi-oân]] [[Tâi-tiong]] ê im-ga̍k thoân-thé, tī 2009 nî 9 goe̍h 11 hō sêng-li̍p. Kiú-it-it ū saⁿ ūi sêng-oân.
{{KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú}}
[[Category:Tâi-oân koa-chhiú]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lâu Jio̍k-eng</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[File:The Doppelgänger 201107 cast.JPG|right|250px|thumb|Lâu Jio̍k-eng sī siōng tò-pêng ê hit ūi]]
'''Lâu Jio̍k-eng''' (劉若英; {{bd|1970 nî|6 goe̍h 1 ji̍t|||L}}) sī chi̍t ūi [[Tâi-oân]] ê cha-bó͘ [[ián-oân]] kiam [[koa-chhiú]].
{{Kim-cheng-chióng hì-kio̍k-chat-bo̍k Lí-chú-kak-chióng}}
{{KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú}}
[[Category:Tâi-oân ián-goân]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân cha-bó͘ koa-chhiú]]
[[Category:Lâu--sī|Jiokeng]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Àn (siú-pêng)</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Àn (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Àn (siú-pêng)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Àn''' (按) sī chi̍t ê hán-kiàn ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:An}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
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      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Po̍k (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Po̍k (chhó-pêng)]]</comment>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Po̍k''' (薄) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-264 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pok}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Te̍k (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Te̍k (khián-pêng)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Te̍k''' (狄) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-108 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tek}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
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    <title>Chiong (sèⁿ)</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Chiong''' (終) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-344 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chiong}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kióng (kiong-pêng)</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Kióng
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Choan
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
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| region        = [[Tang-a]]
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'''Kióng''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|彊}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiong}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Subhas Chandra Bose</title>
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'''Subhas Chandra Bose'''&lt;ref group=&quot;ck&quot;&gt;''Subhas'' mā ē-tàng siá chò ''Subhash''.{{Ref|name=Toye2011c2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[1897 nî]] [[1 goe̍h 23]] – [[1945 nî]] [[8 goe̍h 18]]) sī [[Ìn-tō͘ to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng]] ê chhōa-thâu jîn-bu̍t chi it, [[Ìn-tō͘ Kok-bîn Kun]] ê léng-tō-chiá. I sī Eng-kok thón-tī ê hoán-khòng-chiá, koh tī [[Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn]] sî-kî kap [[Ji̍t-pún]] ê sè-le̍k ha̍p-chok, sêng-li̍p Ìn-tō͘ ê lîm-sî chèng-hú.

I té-bé tī tāi-chiàn kiat-sok bô lōa-kú in-ūi hui-hêng-ki sū-kò͘ tī [[Tâi-oân]] ê [[Tâi-pak]] kòe-sin.

== Chhut-sin ==
Subhas Chandra Bose tī 1897 nî 1 goe̍h 23 tiām [[Bengal Séng]] [[Orissa]] tē-hng ê [[Cuttack]] chhut-sì, pē-bú sī [[Janakinath Bose]] kap Prabhavati Devi. Janakinath Bose sī chi̍t ūi hèng-chhù siā-hōe sū-bū ê lu̍t-su, tī 1905 nî chò Cuttack ê [[kiám-chhat-koaⁿ|kong-kiōng kiám-sū]] (''public prosecutor''); mā sī chū 1912 nî ê [[Bengal Li̍p-hoat-hōe]] (''Bengal Legislative Council'') gī-goân.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toye2011c2&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Toye|2011|loc=2 Subhash Babu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Subhas Bose 5-hòe chêng hông sàng kòe Chìm-sìn-hōe ê ha̍k-hāu, ùi hia keng-kòe 7 tang ê Eng-kok kàu-io̍k. Kàu 12-hòe ê sî, Bose koh kòe [[Calcutta]] ê Ìn-tō͘-lâng ha̍k-hāu [[Ravenshaw Ha̍k-īⁿ Ha̍k-hāu]] (''Ravenshaw Collegiate School'').

== Ha̍k-īⁿ-seng sî-kî ==
1913 nî ê sî-chūn, Bose khai-sí tī [[Presidency Ha̍k-īⁿ]] tha̍k tiat-ha̍k. 1914 nî, i kap pêng-iú kòe Ìn-tō͘ pak-pō͘ chhōe Ìn-tō͘-kàu ê sim-lêng tāi-su, chóng-sī chhōe bô thang tòe-lō͘ ê chí-tō-chiá. Tong-sî i í-keng sī ha̍k-seng thoân-thé ê léng-tō jîn-bu̍t. Chóng-sī i tī ha̍k-hak chham-ú chi̍t kái tùi kàu-oân ê kong-kek, cho-sêng ka-tī 1916 nî 2 goe̍h ê sî hō͘ ha̍k-hāu thè-ha̍k.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toye2011c2&quot;/&gt;

Kàu 1917 nî 7 goe̍h ê sî-chūn, Bose koh ji̍p [[Calcutta Tāi-ha̍k]], i lēng-gōa ia̍h ùi 1918 nî ê sî chham-ka tī Tāi-ha̍k Hùn-liān Thoân (''University Training Corps''), jî-chhiá chiâⁿ chò sī Ha̍k-seng Chu-sîn Úi-oân-hōe (''Students’ Consultative Committee'') ê sêng-oân. 1919 nî ê sî, i the̍h tio̍h tiat-ha̍k ê it-téng ha̍k-ūi (''first-class honours'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Toye2011c2&quot;/&gt; Tī Ìn-tō͘ chut-gia̍p liáu-āu, koh kòe [[Eng-lân]] [[Cambridge]] ê [[Fitzwilliam Ha̍k-īⁿ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Subhash Chandra Bose 119th Birth Anniversary: Netaji’s student life and how he became a proponent of Swaraj|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/subhash-chandra-bose-119th-birth-anniversary-netajis-student-life-and-how-he-became-a-proponent-of-swaraj-884835/|date=2016-01-23|accessdate=2017-06-12|work=India.Com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=ck}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
* {{cite book|ref=harv|title=Subhash Chandra Bose: The Springing Tiger|year=2011|edition=Tē-19|publisher= Jaico Publishing House|first=Hugh |last=Toye|isbn=81-7224-401-0}}
{{reflist}}

{{stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Subhas Chandra}}
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'''Subhas Chandra Bose'''&lt;ref group=&quot;kai&quot;&gt;''Subhas'' mā ē-tàng siá chò ''Subhash''.{{Ref|name=Toye2011c2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[1897 nî]] [[1 goe̍h 23]] – [[1945 nî]] [[8 goe̍h 18]]) sī [[Ìn-tō͘ to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng]] ê chhōa-thâu jîn-bu̍t chi it, [[Ìn-tō͘ Kok-bîn Kun]] ê léng-tō-chiá. I sī Eng-kok thón-tī ê hoán-khòng-chiá, koh tī [[Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn]] sî-kî kap [[Ji̍t-pún]] ê sè-le̍k ha̍p-chok, sêng-li̍p Ìn-tō͘ ê lîm-sî chèng-hú.

I té-bé tī tāi-chiàn kiat-sok bô lōa-kú in-ūi hui-hêng-ki sū-kò͘ tī [[Tâi-oân]] ê [[Tâi-pak]] kòe-sin.

== Chhut-sin ==
Subhas Chandra Bose tī 1897 nî 1 goe̍h 23 tiām [[Bengal Séng]] [[Orissa]] tē-hng ê [[Cuttack]] chhut-sì, pē-bú sī [[Janakinath Bose]] kap Prabhavati Devi. Janakinath Bose sī chi̍t ūi hèng-chhù siā-hōe sū-bū ê lu̍t-su, tī 1905 nî chò Cuttack ê [[kiám-chhat-koaⁿ|kong-kiōng kiám-sū]] (''public prosecutor''); mā sī chū 1912 nî ê [[Bengal Li̍p-hoat-hōe]] (''Bengal Legislative Council'') gī-goân.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toye2011c2&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Toye|2011|loc=2 Subhash Babu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Subhas Bose 5-hòe chêng hông sàng kòe Chìm-sìn-hōe ê ha̍k-hāu, ùi hia keng-kòe 7 tang ê Eng-kok kàu-io̍k. Kàu 12-hòe ê sî, Bose koh kòe [[Calcutta]] ê Ìn-tō͘-lâng ha̍k-hāu [[Ravenshaw Ha̍k-īⁿ Ha̍k-hāu]] (''Ravenshaw Collegiate School'').

== Ha̍k-īⁿ-seng sî-kî ==
1913 nî ê sî-chūn, Bose khai-sí tī [[Presidency Ha̍k-īⁿ]] tha̍k tiat-ha̍k. 1914 nî, i kap pêng-iú kòe Ìn-tō͘ pak-pō͘ chhōe Ìn-tō͘-kàu ê sim-lêng tāi-su, chóng-sī chhōe bô thang tòe-lō͘ ê chí-tō-chiá. Tong-sî i í-keng sī ha̍k-seng thoân-thé ê léng-tō jîn-bu̍t. Chóng-sī i tī ha̍k-hak chham-ú chi̍t kái tùi kàu-oân ê kong-kek, cho-sêng ka-tī 1916 nî 2 goe̍h ê sî hō͘ ha̍k-hāu thè-ha̍k.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toye2011c2&quot;/&gt;

Kàu 1917 nî 7 goe̍h ê sî-chūn, Bose koh ji̍p [[Calcutta Tāi-ha̍k]], i lēng-gōa ia̍h ùi 1918 nî ê sî chham-ka tī Tāi-ha̍k Hùn-liān Thoân (''University Training Corps''), jî-chhiá chiâⁿ chò sī Ha̍k-seng Chu-sîn Úi-oân-hōe (''Students’ Consultative Committee'') ê sêng-oân. 1919 nî ê sî, i the̍h tio̍h tiat-ha̍k ê it-téng ha̍k-ūi (''first-class honours'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Toye2011c2&quot;/&gt; Tī Ìn-tō͘ chut-gia̍p liáu-āu, koh kòe [[Eng-lân]] [[Cambridge]] ê [[Fitzwilliam Ha̍k-īⁿ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Subhash Chandra Bose 119th Birth Anniversary: Netaji’s student life and how he became a proponent of Swaraj|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/subhash-chandra-bose-119th-birth-anniversary-netajis-student-life-and-how-he-became-a-proponent-of-swaraj-884835/|date=2016-01-23|accessdate=2017-06-12|work=India.Com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
* {{cite book|ref=harv|title=Subhash Chandra Bose: The Springing Tiger|year=2011|edition=Tē-19|publisher= Jaico Publishing House|first=Hugh |last=Toye|isbn=81-7224-401-0}}
{{reflist}}

{{stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Subhas Chandra}}
[[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
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      <comment>/* Ha̍k-īⁿ-seng sî-kî */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[File:Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.jpg|thumb|]]

'''Subhas Chandra Bose'''&lt;ref group=&quot;kai&quot;&gt;''Subhas'' mā ē-tàng siá chò ''Subhash''.{{Ref|name=Toye2011c2}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[1897 nî]] [[1 goe̍h 23]] – [[1945 nî]] [[8 goe̍h 18]]) sī [[Ìn-tō͘ to̍k-li̍p ūn-tōng]] ê chhōa-thâu jîn-bu̍t chi it, [[Ìn-tō͘ Kok-bîn Kun]] ê léng-tō-chiá. I sī Eng-kok thón-tī ê hoán-khòng-chiá, koh tī [[Tē-jī-chhù Sè-kài Tāi-chiàn]] sî-kî kap [[Ji̍t-pún]] ê sè-le̍k ha̍p-chok, sêng-li̍p Ìn-tō͘ ê lîm-sî chèng-hú.

I té-bé tī tāi-chiàn kiat-sok bô lōa-kú in-ūi hui-hêng-ki sū-kò͘ tī [[Tâi-oân]] ê [[Tâi-pak]] kòe-sin.

== Chhut-sin ==
Subhas Chandra Bose tī 1897 nî 1 goe̍h 23 tiām [[Bengal Séng]] [[Orissa]] tē-hng ê [[Cuttack]] chhut-sì, pē-bú sī [[Janakinath Bose]] kap Prabhavati Devi. Janakinath Bose sī chi̍t ūi hèng-chhù siā-hōe sū-bū ê lu̍t-su, tī 1905 nî chò Cuttack ê [[kiám-chhat-koaⁿ|kong-kiōng kiám-sū]] (''public prosecutor''); mā sī chū 1912 nî ê [[Bengal Li̍p-hoat-hōe]] (''Bengal Legislative Council'') gī-goân.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toye2011c2&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Toye|2011|loc=2 Subhash Babu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Subhas Bose 5-hòe chêng hông sàng kòe Chìm-sìn-hōe ê ha̍k-hāu, ùi hia keng-kòe 7 tang ê Eng-kok kàu-io̍k. Kàu 12-hòe ê sî, Bose koh kòe [[Calcutta]] ê Ìn-tō͘-lâng ha̍k-hāu [[Ravenshaw Ha̍k-īⁿ Ha̍k-hāu]] (''Ravenshaw Collegiate School'').

== Ha̍k-īⁿ-seng sî-kî ==
1913 nî ê sî-chūn, Bose khai-sí tī [[Presidency Ha̍k-īⁿ]] tha̍k tiat-ha̍k. 1914 nî, i kap pêng-iú kòe Ìn-tō͘ pak-pō͘ chhōe Ìn-tō͘-kàu ê sim-lêng tāi-su, chóng-sī chhōe bô thang tòe-lō͘ ê chí-tō-chiá. Tong-sî i í-keng sī ha̍k-seng thoân-thé ê léng-tō jîn-bu̍t. Chóng-sī i tī ha̍k-hak chham-ú chi̍t kái tùi kàu-oân ê kong-kek, cho-sêng ka-tī 1916 nî 2 goe̍h ê sî hō͘ ha̍k-hāu thè-ha̍k.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toye2011c2&quot;/&gt;

Kàu 1917 nî 7 goe̍h ê sî-chūn, Bose koh ji̍p [[Calcutta Tāi-ha̍k]], i lēng-gōa ia̍h ùi 1918 nî ê sî chham-ka tī Tāi-ha̍k Hùn-liān Thoân (''University Training Corps''), jî-chhiá chiâⁿ chò sī Ha̍k-seng Chu-sîn Úi-oân-hōe (''Students’ Consultative Committee'') ê sêng-oân. 1919 nî ê sî, i the̍h tio̍h tiat-ha̍k ê it-téng ha̍k-ūi (''first-class honours'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Toye2011c2&quot;/&gt; Tī Ìn-tō͘ chut-gia̍p liáu-āu, i tī 1919 nî 11 goe̍h ji̍p [[Eng-lân]] [[Cambridge]] ê [[Fitzwilliam Ha̍k-īⁿ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Subhash Chandra Bose 119th Birth Anniversary: Netaji’s student life and how he became a proponent of Swaraj|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/subhash-chandra-bose-119th-birth-anniversary-netajis-student-life-and-how-he-became-a-proponent-of-swaraj-884835/|date=2016-01-23|accessdate=2017-06-12|work=India.Com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chù-kái ==
{{reflist|group=kai}}

== Chham-chiàu ==
* {{cite book|ref=harv|title=Subhash Chandra Bose: The Springing Tiger|year=2011|edition=Tē-19|publisher= Jaico Publishing House|first=Hugh |last=Toye|isbn=81-7224-401-0}}
{{reflist}}

{{stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Subhas Chandra}}
[[Category:Ìn-tō͘ jîn-bu̍t]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iông-sìn Siong-gia̍p Gîn-hâng</title>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">[[File:Shipai Branch, Sunny Bank 20161008.jpg|thumb|Siu-kái Iông-sìn Siong-gia̍p Gîn-hâng]]
'''Iông-sìn Siong-gia̍p Gîn-hâng''' (陽信商業銀行), kán-chheng '''Iông-sìn Gîn-hâng''' (陽信銀行), sī [[Tâi-oân]] ê chi̍t keng siong-gia̍p [[gîn-hâng]].

{{commons category|Sunny Bank}}

{{TW Bank}}
[[Category:Tâi-oân ê gîn-hâng]]</text>
      <sha1>exkbklzkaww5uxah3o0tz8p63kerzas</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gí-hē</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>632502</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678837</id>
      <parentid>1660190</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T19:50:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Gí-hē''' ([[Eng-gí]]: ''language family''), mā ū kóng '''gí-cho̍k''', sī chí tùi kiōng-tông chó͘-sian giân-gí ia̍h sī chhin-tāi giân-gí hoat-tián chhut--lâi ê chi̍t kûn [[giân-gí]]. Keng-kòe [[pí-kàu giân-gí-ha̍k]] ê gián-kiù, thang hun-sek chhut chi̍t-ê gí-hē ê giân-gí sêng-oân

== Iōng-gí ==
Ū-ê ha̍k-chiá chiong &quot;gí-hē&quot; chi̍t-ê ēng-gí kò͘-tēng ēng tī it-tēng ê hun-lūi chân-kip, chóng-sī ha̍k-kài tùi chi̍t khoán ēng-hoat bô chin it-chè.

Tī Eng-gí, thoân-thóng-siōng thang tī chi̍t-ê ''family'' ē-té hun ''branch''; ùi branch ē-té koh hun ''group'', ē chi̍t chân chài hun ''complex''. Ji̍t-gí-sek ê su̍t-gí ū sú-iōng &quot;gí-phài&quot; (語派 ''goha'') kap &quot;gí-kûn&quot; (語群 ''gogun''), lâi kò-pia̍t piáu-tat gí-hē ē-té ê nn̄g chân chhù-hun-lūi; tī Hôa-gí-sek ê ēng-gí sī hun &quot;gí-cho̍k&quot; (語族) kap &quot;gí-chi&quot; (語支).

{{stub}}

[[Category:Gí-hē|*]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678838</id>
      <parentid>1678837</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T19:51:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Gí-hē''' ([[Eng-gí]]: ''language family''), mā ū kóng '''gí-cho̍k''', sī chí tùi kiōng-tông chó͘-sian giân-gí ia̍h sī chhin-tāi giân-gí hoat-tián chhut--lâi ê chi̍t kûn [[giân-gí]]. Keng-kòe [[pí-kàu giân-gí-ha̍k]] ê gián-kiù, thang hun-sek chhut chi̍t-ê gí-hē ê giân-gí sêng-oân

== Iōng-gí ==
Ū-ê ha̍k-chiá chiong &quot;gí-hē&quot; chi̍t-ê iōng-gí kò͘-tēng ēng tī it-tēng ê hun-lūi chân-kip, chóng-sī ha̍k-kài tùi chi̍t khoán iōng-hoat bô chin it-chè.

Tī Eng-gí, thoân-thóng-siōng thang tī chi̍t-ê ''family'' ē-té hun ''branch''; ùi branch ē-té koh hun ''group'', ē chi̍t chân chài hun ''complex''. Ji̍t-gí-sek ê su̍t-gí ū sú-iōng &quot;gí-phài&quot; (語派 ''goha'') kap &quot;gí-kûn&quot; (語群 ''gogun''), lâi kò-pia̍t piáu-tat gí-hē ē-té ê nn̄g chân chhù-hun-lūi; tī Hôa-gí-sek ê iōng-gí sī hun &quot;gí-cho̍k&quot; (語族) kap &quot;gí-chi&quot; (語支).

{{stub}}

[[Category:Gí-hē|*]]</text>
      <sha1>l3wpl9vo4x4cnfmxg26mlowcc1sf16x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cult</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>632564</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678755</id>
      <parentid>1653838</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T12:53:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Eng-gí]] ê '''''cult''''' chit jī sī chí chi̍t kûn chong-kàu, cheng-sîn, he̍k-chiá sī tiat-ha̍k sìn-gióng sèng-chit ê thoân-thé, he̍k-chiá sī chí tùi it-tēng tùi-siòng ia̍h bo̍k-phiau ū kiông-tông hèng-chhù ê chi̍t kûn lâng.

''Cult'' ū khì-hiâm ê ì-sù, tiāⁿ sī gōa-lâng tùi bó͘ chi̍t kûn te̍k-sû kui-tiâu ia̍h si̍t-chok thoân-thé ê chheng-ho͘. Tī chong-kàu ê lí-lō͘ ē-té ''cult'' thang hoan-e̍k chò '''sió-chong-phài''' he̍k-chiá &quot;[[siâ-kàu]]&quot;.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Eng-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>4d5048mq5fwi98rc7gdhz84jknpaikb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678756</id>
      <parentid>1678755</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T12:53:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[Eng-gí]] ê '''''cult''''' chit jī sī chí chi̍t kûn chong-kàu, cheng-sîn, ia̍h sī tiat-ha̍k sìn-gióng sèng-chit ê thoân-thé, he̍k-chiá sī chí tùi it-tēng tùi-siòng ia̍h bo̍k-phiau ū kiông-tông hèng-chhù ê chi̍t kûn lâng.

''Cult'' ū khì-hiâm ê ì-sù, tiāⁿ sī gōa-lâng tùi bó͘ chi̍t kûn te̍k-sû kui-tiâu ia̍h si̍t-chok thoân-thé ê chheng-ho͘. Tī chong-kàu ê lí-lō͘ ē-té ''cult'' thang hoan-e̍k chò '''sió-chong-phài''' he̍k-chiá &quot;[[siâ-kàu]]&quot;.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Eng-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>gb8u5dqgn1vn3rs3xqkuq0g68pp8who</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Siâ-kàu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>632567</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678754</id>
      <parentid>1673396</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T12:31:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Siâ-kàu''' (邪教), chiàu-jī ê ì-sù sī &quot;siâ-tō ê chong-kàu&quot;. Chi̍t phài thoân-thé ia̍h sìn-gióng sī-m̄-sī sǹg &quot;siâ-kàu&quot;, thang sī kò-jîn chú-koan jīn-tēng--ê, siā-hōe phó͘-phiàn jīn-ûi--ê, he̍k-chiá sī kok-ka ia̍h chong-kàu thóng-tī-chiá koat-tēng--ê.

== Siong-koan ==
* [[Chong-kàu chū-iû]]
* [[Cult]]

{{stub}}

[[Category:Chong-kàu]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bú-keng Chóng-iàu</title>
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      <timestamp>2017-06-11T13:58:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Le̍k-sú */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{italic title}}
[[File:樓船.jpg|right|300px|thumb|''Bú-keng Chóng-iàu'' lāi ê lâu-chûn (樓船) tô͘]]

'''''Bú-keng Chóng-iàu''''' (武經總要) sī chi̍t-phō [[Tiong-kok]] [[Sòng-tiâu]] sî-tāi ê kun-sū khài-iàu, tī 1040 nî chì 1044 nî tiong-kan oân-sêng. I-ê lōe-iông ū koan-î [[hóe-io̍h-á]] ê hòa-ha̍k phòe-hng: [[iâm]], [[liû-hông]], [[hóe-thòaⁿ]] téng-téng sêng-hūn.{{sfn|Ebrey|1996|p=138}}{{sfn|Chase|2003}} Chit-phō tù-chok ê chok-ka ū [[Chan Kong-liāng]], [[Teng Tō͘]] kap [[Iûⁿ Hoâi-tek]] téng ha̍k-chiá; kî-tiong, Chan Kong-liāng sī lán [[Bân-lâm]] [[Chìn-kang-chhī|Chìn-kang]] chhut-sin ê kho-ha̍k-ka; in-ê chok-phín éng-hióng tio̍h āu-lâi chōe-chōe Tiong-kok ê kun-sū chok-phín. Chit-phō chok-phín tī [[Sòng Jîn-chong]] chú-chhî hā chhut-pán, i iā sī chit-phō chheh ê kiōng-tông chok-ka.{{sfn|Wang|1947|p=162}} ''Bú-keng Chóng-iàu'' ê lōe-iông chin chōe, ùi [[kun-lām]] kàu kok-chióng ê [[tâu-se̍k-ki]] lóng ū. Tû-liáu hóe-io̍h-á ê phòe-hng, koh ū chhin-chhiūⁿ hóe-io̍h, [[hóe-chìⁿ]], jiân-sio-tôaⁿ  kap [[chhiú-liû-tôaⁿ]] téng hóe-io̍h bú-khì. Chheh lāi-bīn iā kài-siāu tio̍h chá-kî ê [[lô-keⁿ]].{{sfn|Needham|1987|p=83}}

==Le̍k-sú==

[[File:Renzong.jpg|thumb|[[Sòng Jîn-chong]] ê siàng]]

''Bú-keng Chóng-iàu'' sī tī [[Sòng Jîn-chong]] ê sî-tāi oân-sêng--ê,{{sfn|Needham|1987|p=19}} pō͘-hūn chò-ûi tùi [[Tóng-hāng]] ê [[Se Hā]] chiàn-cheng ê hôe-èng.{{sfn|Lorge|2008|p=33}} Chi̍t-tīn Tiong-kok ha̍k-chiá thoân-tūi ùi 1040 nî kàu 1044 nî choān-siá ''Bú-keng Chóng-iàu'', thê-seng chiàn-cheng só͘ su-iàu ê bú-su̍t tì-sek.{{sfnm|Needham|1987|1p=601|Needham|1987|2p=19}}

==Chí-lâm-chiam kap tō-hâng==

==Hái-kun ki-su̍t==

==Hóe-io̍h==
===Hóe-io̍h bú-khì===

===Phòe-hng===

==Hóe-chhèng==

==''Bú-keng Chóng-iàu'' lāi ê tô͘==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Chinese Fire Ships.jpg|
File:Chinese Bird with Incendiary.JPG|
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Siong-koan==
*''[[Hóⁿ-liông-keng]]''
*''[[Bōng-khe Pit-tâm]]''

==Chù-kái==
{{reflist|3}}

==Chham-khó chu-liāu==
* {{cite book|first=Kenneth Warren|last=Chase|title=Firearms: A Global History to 1700|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-82274-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|first=Patricia Buckley|last=Ebrey|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of China|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-12433-1|edition=2nd|origyear=1996|ref=CITEREFEbrey1996}}
* {{cite book|first=Jacques|last=Gernet|title=A History of Chinese Civilization|year=1982|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-49781-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Lorge|first=Peter|title=The Asian Military Revolution: From Gunpowder to the Bomb|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-84682-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|first=Frederick W.|last=Mote|title=Imperial China: 900–1800|year=1999|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=0-674-44515-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics|year=1962|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-05802-5|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics|year=1971|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-07060-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Military technology: The Gunpowder Epic, Volume 5, Part 7|year=1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-30358-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Sawyer|first=Ralph D.|editor1=David Graff|editor2=Robin Higham|title=A Military History of China|chapter=Military Writings|year=2012|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington|isbn=0-8131-4067-6|pp=97–114|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Sivin|first=Nathan|title=Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections|year=1995|location=Brookfield, Vermont|publisher=Variorum|isbn= 978-0-86078-492-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|first=Stephen|last=Turnbull|title=Siege Weapons of the Far East Volume 1: AD 612–1300|year=2001|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=London|isbn=978-1-78200-225-3|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=Turnbull|title=Fighting Ships of the Far East Volume 1: China and Southeast Asia 202 BC–AD 1419|year=2002|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=London|isbn=978-1-78200-017-4|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Wang|first=Ling|title=On the Invention and Use of Gunpowder and Firearms in China|journal=Isis|date=1947|volume=37|issue=3/4|pages=160–178|ref=harv|jstor=225569|doi=10.1086/348023}}
*{{cite journal|last=Yates|first=Robin D.S.|title=The History of Military Divination in China|journal=East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine|publisher=Hans Ulrich Vogel|date=2005|issue=24|issn=1562-918X|pages=15–43|ref=harv}}

==Iân-sin oa̍t-tho̍k==
* {{cite book|last=Jiasheng|first=Feng|year=1954|title=Huǒyào de fǎ míng hé xī chuán|trans-title=The Invention of Gunpowder and Its Spread to The West|location=Shanghai|publisher=Shanghai People's Press|language=Chinese|oclc=19106261}} TQ56-09/1
* {{cite book|last=Liang|first=Jieming|title=Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery &amp; Siege Weapons of Antiquity| publisher=Leong Kit Meng|location=Singapore|year=2006|isbn=981-05-5380-3}}

==Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat==
{{Commons category|Wujing Zongyao|Bú-keng Chóng-iàu}}
* [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2719409 JSTOR]
* [http://authors.history-forum.com/liang_jieming/chinesesiegewarfare/index.html Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery &amp; Siege Weapons of Antiquity ]

[[Category:Kun-sū-ha̍k]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Le̍k-sú */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">{{italic title}}
[[File:樓船.jpg|right|300px|thumb|''Bú-keng Chóng-iàu'' lāi ê lâu-chûn (樓船) tô͘]]

'''''Bú-keng Chóng-iàu''''' (武經總要) sī chi̍t-phō [[Tiong-kok]] [[Sòng-tiâu]] sî-tāi ê kun-sū khài-iàu, tī 1040 nî chì 1044 nî tiong-kan oân-sêng. I-ê lōe-iông ū koan-î [[hóe-io̍h-á]] ê hòa-ha̍k phòe-hng: [[iâm]], [[liû-hông]], [[hóe-thòaⁿ]] téng-téng sêng-hūn.{{sfn|Ebrey|1996|p=138}}{{sfn|Chase|2003}} Chit-phō tù-chok ê chok-ka ū [[Chan Kong-liāng]], [[Teng Tō͘]] kap [[Iûⁿ Hoâi-tek]] téng ha̍k-chiá; kî-tiong, Chan Kong-liāng sī lán [[Bân-lâm]] [[Chìn-kang-chhī|Chìn-kang]] chhut-sin ê kho-ha̍k-ka; in-ê chok-phín éng-hióng tio̍h āu-lâi chōe-chōe Tiong-kok ê kun-sū chok-phín. Chit-phō chok-phín tī [[Sòng Jîn-chong]] chú-chhî hā chhut-pán, i iā sī chit-phō chheh ê kiōng-tông chok-ka.{{sfn|Wang|1947|p=162}} ''Bú-keng Chóng-iàu'' ê lōe-iông chin chōe, ùi [[kun-lām]] kàu kok-chióng ê [[tâu-se̍k-ki]] lóng ū. Tû-liáu hóe-io̍h-á ê phòe-hng, koh ū chhin-chhiūⁿ hóe-io̍h, [[hóe-chìⁿ]], jiân-sio-tôaⁿ  kap [[chhiú-liû-tôaⁿ]] téng hóe-io̍h bú-khì. Chheh lāi-bīn iā kài-siāu tio̍h chá-kî ê [[lô-keⁿ]].{{sfn|Needham|1987|p=83}}

==Le̍k-sú==

[[File:Renzong.jpg|thumb|[[Sòng Jîn-chong]] ê siàng]]

''Bú-keng Chóng-iàu'' sī tī [[Sòng Jîn-chong]] ê sî-tāi oân-sêng--ê,{{sfn|Needham|1987|p=19}} pō͘-hūn chò-ûi tùi [[Tóng-hāng]] ê [[Se Hā]] chiàn-cheng ê hôe-èng.{{sfn|Lorge|2008|p=33}} Chi̍t-tīn Tiong-kok ha̍k-chiá thoân-tūi, tī 1040 nî kàu 1044 nî tiong-kan, tàu-tīn choān-siá ''Bú-keng Chóng-iàu'', thê-seng chiàn-cheng só͘ su-iàu ê bú-su̍t tì-sek.{{sfnm|Needham|1987|1p=601|Needham|1987|2p=19}}

==Chí-lâm-chiam kap tō-hâng==

==Hái-kun ki-su̍t==

==Hóe-io̍h==
===Hóe-io̍h bú-khì===

===Phòe-hng===

==Hóe-chhèng==

==''Bú-keng Chóng-iàu'' lāi ê tô͘==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Chinese Fire Ships.jpg|
File:Chinese Bird with Incendiary.JPG|
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Siong-koan==
*''[[Hóⁿ-liông-keng]]''
*''[[Bōng-khe Pit-tâm]]''

==Chù-kái==
{{reflist|3}}

==Chham-khó chu-liāu==
* {{cite book|first=Kenneth Warren|last=Chase|title=Firearms: A Global History to 1700|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-82274-9|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|first=Patricia Buckley|last=Ebrey|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of China|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-12433-1|edition=2nd|origyear=1996|ref=CITEREFEbrey1996}}
* {{cite book|first=Jacques|last=Gernet|title=A History of Chinese Civilization|year=1982|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-49781-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Lorge|first=Peter|title=The Asian Military Revolution: From Gunpowder to the Bomb|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-84682-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|first=Frederick W.|last=Mote|title=Imperial China: 900–1800|year=1999|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=0-674-44515-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics|year=1962|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-05802-5|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics|year=1971|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-07060-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Military technology: The Gunpowder Epic, Volume 5, Part 7|year=1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-30358-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Sawyer|first=Ralph D.|editor1=David Graff|editor2=Robin Higham|title=A Military History of China|chapter=Military Writings|year=2012|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington|isbn=0-8131-4067-6|pp=97–114|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Sivin|first=Nathan|title=Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections|year=1995|location=Brookfield, Vermont|publisher=Variorum|isbn= 978-0-86078-492-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|first=Stephen|last=Turnbull|title=Siege Weapons of the Far East Volume 1: AD 612–1300|year=2001|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=London|isbn=978-1-78200-225-3|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=Turnbull|title=Fighting Ships of the Far East Volume 1: China and Southeast Asia 202 BC–AD 1419|year=2002|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=London|isbn=978-1-78200-017-4|ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal|last=Wang|first=Ling|title=On the Invention and Use of Gunpowder and Firearms in China|journal=Isis|date=1947|volume=37|issue=3/4|pages=160–178|ref=harv|jstor=225569|doi=10.1086/348023}}
*{{cite journal|last=Yates|first=Robin D.S.|title=The History of Military Divination in China|journal=East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine|publisher=Hans Ulrich Vogel|date=2005|issue=24|issn=1562-918X|pages=15–43|ref=harv}}

==Iân-sin oa̍t-tho̍k==
* {{cite book|last=Jiasheng|first=Feng|year=1954|title=Huǒyào de fǎ míng hé xī chuán|trans-title=The Invention of Gunpowder and Its Spread to The West|location=Shanghai|publisher=Shanghai People's Press|language=Chinese|oclc=19106261}} TQ56-09/1
* {{cite book|last=Liang|first=Jieming|title=Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery &amp; Siege Weapons of Antiquity| publisher=Leong Kit Meng|location=Singapore|year=2006|isbn=981-05-5380-3}}

==Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat==
{{Commons category|Wujing Zongyao|Bú-keng Chóng-iàu}}
* [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2719409 JSTOR]
* [http://authors.history-forum.com/liang_jieming/chinesesiegewarfare/index.html Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery &amp; Siege Weapons of Antiquity ]

[[Category:Kun-sū-ha̍k]]</text>
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'''Sin''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|辛}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sin}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
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'''Lông''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|郎}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Long}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Lông--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Pâng (hō͘-pêng)]]
*[[Pâng (kóng-pêng)]]
*[[Pâng (má-pêng)]]
*[[Pâng (逄)]]
{{khu-pia̍t-ia̍h}}</text>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Su (khió-pêng)]]
*[[Su (kin-pêng)]]
*[[Su (sia̍t-pêng)]]
{{khu-pia̍t-ia̍h}}</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Lo̍k (chui-pêng)]]
*[[Lo̍k (má-pêng)]]
*[[Lo̍k (sī-pêng)]]
{{khu-pia̍t-ia̍h}}</text>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Hêng''' (邢) sī chi̍t ê [[Hàn-sèⁿ]], tī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' lāi-bīn pâi-lia̍t tē 195 ê.
{{stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Heng}}
[[Category:Hêng--sī| ]]
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Kéng''' ū khó-lêng sī:

*[[Kéng (ji̍t-pêng)]]
*[[Kéng (liông-pêng)]]
*[[Kéng (ní-pêng)]]

{{disambig}}</text>
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'''Kok''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|谷}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kok}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Kok--sī| ]]
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'''Hông''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|蓬}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hong}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hông--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
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'''Hông''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|蓬}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hong}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hông--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Liông (ko-pêng)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652712</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678992</id>
      <parentid>1678588</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T10:18:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Liông (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Liông (ko-pêng)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Liông
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Liông
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Liông''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|戎}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Liong}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Liông--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>75uod62r3qg6cjknthdk2yje13mwnmz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hû (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652716</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678904</id>
      <parentid>1678604</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:49:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Hû (chhó-pêng)]]
*[[Hû (siú-pêng)]]
*[[Hû (tiok-pêng)]]

{{disambig}}</text>
      <sha1>l1il5s3ziv38fo80lvmptd98dhpomlm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bûn (bûn-pêng)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652740</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678979</id>
      <parentid>1678644</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T10:00:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Bûn (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Bûn (bûn-sèⁿ)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Bûn
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Bûn
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Bûn''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|聞}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bun}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>36waupq26j15mxe9wxsq7bil24qpf6z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678996</id>
      <parentid>1678979</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T11:38:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Bûn (bûn-sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Bûn (bûn-pêng)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Bûn
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Bûn
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Bûn''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|聞}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bun}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>36waupq26j15mxe9wxsq7bil24qpf6z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pang-bô͘:Sfnm</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>652759</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678759</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T13:56:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#tag:ref| {{Sfnm/core|a1={{{1a1|{{{1|}}}}}}|a2={{{1a2|}}}|a3={{{1a3|}}}|a4={{{1a4|}}}|y={{{1y|{{{2|}}}}}}|loc={{{1loc|}}}|p={{{1p|}}}|pp={{{1pp|}}}|ps=… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#tag:ref|
{{Sfnm/core|a1={{{1a1|{{{1|}}}}}}|a2={{{1a2|}}}|a3={{{1a3|}}}|a4={{{1a4|}}}|y={{{1y|{{{2|}}}}}}|loc={{{1loc|}}}|p={{{1p|}}}|pp={{{1pp|}}}|ps={{{1ps|}}}}}&lt;!-- (end of first citation)
--&gt;{{#if:{{{2a1|}}}{{{3|}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;&amp;#059;  {{Sfnm/core|a1={{{2a1|{{{3|}}}}}}|a2={{{2a2|}}}|a3={{{2a3|}}}|a4={{{2a4|}}}|y={{{2y|{{{4|}}}}}}|loc={{{2loc|}}}|p={{{2p|}}}|pp={{{2pp|}}}|ps={{{2ps|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- (end of citation)
--&gt;{{#if:{{{3a1|}}}{{{5|}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;&amp;#059;  {{Sfnm/core|a1={{{3a1|{{{5|}}}}}}|a2={{{3a2|}}}|a3={{{3a3|}}}|a4={{{3a4|}}}|y={{{3y|{{{6|}}}}}}|loc={{{3loc|}}}|p={{{3p|}}}|pp={{{3pp|}}}|ps={{{3ps|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- (end of citation)
--&gt;{{#if:{{{4a1|}}}{{{7|}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;&amp;#059; {{Sfnm/core|a1={{{4a1|{{{7|}}}}}}|a2={{{4a2|}}}|a3={{{4a3|}}}|a4={{{4a4|}}}|y={{{4y|{{{8|}}}}}}|loc={{{4loc|}}}|p={{{4p|}}}|pp={{{4pp|}}}|ps={{{4ps|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- (end of citation)
--&gt;{{#if:{{{5a1|}}}{{{9|}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;&amp;#059;  {{Sfnm/core|a1={{{5a1|{{{9|}}}}}}|a2={{{5a2|}}}|a3={{{5a3|}}}|a4={{{5a4|}}}|y={{{5y|{{{10|}}}}}}|loc={{{5loc|}}}|p={{{5p|}}}|pp={{{5pp|}}}|ps={{{5ps|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- (end of citation)
--&gt;{{#if:{{{6a1|}}}{{{11|}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;&amp;#059;  {{Sfnm/core|a1={{{6a1|{{{11|}}}}}}|a2={{{6a2|}}}|a3={{{6a3|}}}|a4={{{6a4|}}}|y={{{6y|{{{12|}}}}}}|loc={{{6loc|}}}|p={{{6p|}}}|pp={{{6pp|}}}|ps={{{6ps|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- (end of citation)
--&gt;{{#if:{{{7a1|}}}{{{13|}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;&amp;#059;  {{Sfnm/core|a1={{{7a1|{{{13|}}}}}}|a2={{{7a2|}}}|a3={{{7a3|}}}|a4={{{7a4|}}}|y={{{7y|{{{14|}}}}}}|loc={{{7loc|}}}|p={{{7p|}}}|pp={{{7pp|}}}|ps={{{7ps|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- (end of citation)
--&gt;{{#if:{{{8a1|}}}{{{15|}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;&amp;#059;  {{Sfnm/core|a1={{{8a1|{{{15|}}}}}}|a2={{{8a2|}}}|a3={{{8a3|}}}|a4={{{8a4|}}}|y={{{8y|{{{16|}}}}}}|loc={{{8loc|}}}|p={{{8p|}}}|pp={{{8pp|}}}|ps={{{8ps|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- (end of citation)
--&gt;{{#if:{{{9a1|}}}{{{17|}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;&amp;#059;  {{Sfnm/core|a1={{{9a1|{{{17|}}}}}}|a2={{{9a2|}}}|a3={{{9a3|}}}|a4={{{9a4|}}}|y={{{9y|{{{18|}}}}}}|loc={{{9loc|}}}|p={{{9p|}}}|pp={{{9pp|}}}|ps={{{9ps|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- (end of citation)
--&gt;{{#if:{{{10a1|}}}{{{19|}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;&amp;#059;  {{Sfnm/core|a1={{{10a1|{{{19|}}}}}}|a2={{{10a2|}}}|a3={{{10a3|}}}|a4={{{10a4|}}}|y={{{10y|{{{20|}}}}}}|loc={{{10loc|}}}|p={{{10p|}}}|pp={{{10pp|}}}|ps={{{10ps|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- (end of citation)
--&gt;{{{postscript|{{{ps|{{#if:{{{10a1|}}}{{{19|}}}|{{#if:{{{10ps|}}}||.}}|&lt;!--
                      --&gt;{{#if:{{{9a1|}}}{{{17|}}}|{{#if:{{{9ps|}}}||.}}|&lt;!--
                        --&gt;{{#if:{{{8a1|}}}{{{15|}}}|{{#if:{{{8ps|}}}||.}}|&lt;!--
                          --&gt;{{#if:{{{7a1|}}}{{{13|}}}|{{#if:{{{7ps|}}}||.}}|&lt;!--
                            --&gt;{{#if:{{{6a1|}}}{{{11|}}}|{{#if:{{{6ps|}}}||.}}|&lt;!--
                              --&gt;{{#if:{{{5a1|}}}{{{9|}}}|{{#if:{{{5ps|}}}||.}}|&lt;!--
                                --&gt;{{#if:{{{4a1|}}}{{{7|}}}|{{#if:{{{4ps|}}}||.}}|&lt;!--
                                  --&gt;{{#if:{{{3a1|}}}{{{5|}}}|{{#if:{{{3ps|}}}||.}}|&lt;!--
                                    --&gt;{{#if:{{{2a1|}}}{{{3|}}}|{{#if:{{{2ps|}}}||.}}|&lt;!--
                                      --&gt;{{#if:{{{1a1|}}}{{{1|}}}|{{#if:{{{1ps|}}}||.}}|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}&lt;!--
             --&gt;}}}}}}&lt;!-- (End of citation)
--&gt;|name=FOOTNOTE{{{1a1|{{{1|}}}}}}{{{1a2|}}}{{{1a3|}}}{{{1a4|}}}{{{1y|{{{2|}}}}}}{{{1p|}}}{{{1pp|}}}{{{1loc|}}}{{{2a1|{{{3|}}}}}}{{{2a2|}}}{{{2a3|}}}{{{2a4|}}}{{{2y|{{{4|}}}}}}{{{2p|}}}{{{2pp|}}}{{{2loc|}}}{{{3a1|{{{5|}}}}}}{{{3a2|}}}{{{3a3|}}}{{{3a4|}}}{{{3y|{{{6|}}}}}}{{{3p|}}}{{{3pp|}}}{{{3loc|}}}{{{4a1|{{{7|}}}}}}{{{4a2|}}}{{{4a3|}}}{{{4a4|}}}{{{4y|{{{8|}}}}}}{{{4p|}}}{{{4pp|}}}{{{4loc|}}}{{{5a1|{{{9|}}}}}}{{{5a2|}}}{{{5a3|}}}{{{5a4|}}}{{{5y|{{{10|}}}}}}{{{5p|}}}{{{5pp|}}}{{{5loc|}}}{{{6a1|{{{11|}}}}}}{{{6a2|}}}{{{6a3|}}}{{{6a4|}}}{{{6y|{{{12|}}}}}}{{{6p|}}}{{{6pp|}}}{{{6loc|}}}{{{7a1|{{{13|}}}}}}{{{7a2|}}}{{{7a3|}}}{{{7a4|}}}{{{7y|{{{14|}}}}}}{{{7p|}}}{{{7pp|}}}{{{7loc|}}}{{{8a1|{{{15|}}}}}}{{{8a2|}}}{{{8a3|}}}{{{8a4|}}}{{{8y|{{{16|}}}}}}{{{8p|}}}{{{8pp|}}}{{{8loc|}}}{{{9a1|{{{17|}}}}}}{{{9a2|}}}{{{9a3|}}}{{{9a4|}}}{{{9y|{{{18|}}}}}}{{{9p|}}}{{{9pp|}}}{{{9loc|}}}{{{10a1|{{{19|}}}}}}{{{10a2|}}}{{{10a3|}}}{{{10a4|}}}{{{10y|{{{20|}}}}}}{{{10p|}}}{{{10pp|}}}{{{10loc|}}}&lt;!-- Footnote name
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- (End of footnote call (#tag ref))
--&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fh0i5ozmlo4lg5biwnte8calvutiwb3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678760</id>
      <parentid>1678759</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T13:56:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>受保護 &quot;[[Pang-bô͘:Sfnm]]&quot; ([Siu-kái=Chí ín-chún chū-tōng khak-jīn iōng-chiá] (無限期)[Sóa khì=Chí ín-chún chū-tōng khak-jīn iōng-chiá] (無限期))</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#tag:ref|
{{Sfnm/core|a1={{{1a1|{{{1|}}}}}}|a2={{{1a2|}}}|a3={{{1a3|}}}|a4={{{1a4|}}}|y={{{1y|{{{2|}}}}}}|loc={{{1loc|}}}|p={{{1p|}}}|pp={{{1pp|}}}|ps={{{1ps|}}}}}&lt;!-- (end of first citation)
--&gt;{{#if:{{{2a1|}}}{{{3|}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;&amp;#059;  {{Sfnm/core|a1={{{2a1|{{{3|}}}}}}|a2={{{2a2|}}}|a3={{{2a3|}}}|a4={{{2a4|}}}|y={{{2y|{{{4|}}}}}}|loc={{{2loc|}}}|p={{{2p|}}}|pp={{{2pp|}}}|ps={{{2ps|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- (end of citation)
--&gt;{{#if:{{{3a1|}}}{{{5|}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;&amp;#059;  {{Sfnm/core|a1={{{3a1|{{{5|}}}}}}|a2={{{3a2|}}}|a3={{{3a3|}}}|a4={{{3a4|}}}|y={{{3y|{{{6|}}}}}}|loc={{{3loc|}}}|p={{{3p|}}}|pp={{{3pp|}}}|ps={{{3ps|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- (end of citation)
--&gt;{{#if:{{{4a1|}}}{{{7|}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;&amp;#059; {{Sfnm/core|a1={{{4a1|{{{7|}}}}}}|a2={{{4a2|}}}|a3={{{4a3|}}}|a4={{{4a4|}}}|y={{{4y|{{{8|}}}}}}|loc={{{4loc|}}}|p={{{4p|}}}|pp={{{4pp|}}}|ps={{{4ps|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- (end of citation)
--&gt;{{#if:{{{5a1|}}}{{{9|}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;&amp;#059;  {{Sfnm/core|a1={{{5a1|{{{9|}}}}}}|a2={{{5a2|}}}|a3={{{5a3|}}}|a4={{{5a4|}}}|y={{{5y|{{{10|}}}}}}|loc={{{5loc|}}}|p={{{5p|}}}|pp={{{5pp|}}}|ps={{{5ps|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- (end of citation)
--&gt;{{#if:{{{6a1|}}}{{{11|}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;&amp;#059;  {{Sfnm/core|a1={{{6a1|{{{11|}}}}}}|a2={{{6a2|}}}|a3={{{6a3|}}}|a4={{{6a4|}}}|y={{{6y|{{{12|}}}}}}|loc={{{6loc|}}}|p={{{6p|}}}|pp={{{6pp|}}}|ps={{{6ps|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- (end of citation)
--&gt;{{#if:{{{7a1|}}}{{{13|}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;&amp;#059;  {{Sfnm/core|a1={{{7a1|{{{13|}}}}}}|a2={{{7a2|}}}|a3={{{7a3|}}}|a4={{{7a4|}}}|y={{{7y|{{{14|}}}}}}|loc={{{7loc|}}}|p={{{7p|}}}|pp={{{7pp|}}}|ps={{{7ps|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- (end of citation)
--&gt;{{#if:{{{8a1|}}}{{{15|}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;&amp;#059;  {{Sfnm/core|a1={{{8a1|{{{15|}}}}}}|a2={{{8a2|}}}|a3={{{8a3|}}}|a4={{{8a4|}}}|y={{{8y|{{{16|}}}}}}|loc={{{8loc|}}}|p={{{8p|}}}|pp={{{8pp|}}}|ps={{{8ps|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- (end of citation)
--&gt;{{#if:{{{9a1|}}}{{{17|}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;&amp;#059;  {{Sfnm/core|a1={{{9a1|{{{17|}}}}}}|a2={{{9a2|}}}|a3={{{9a3|}}}|a4={{{9a4|}}}|y={{{9y|{{{18|}}}}}}|loc={{{9loc|}}}|p={{{9p|}}}|pp={{{9pp|}}}|ps={{{9ps|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- (end of citation)
--&gt;{{#if:{{{10a1|}}}{{{19|}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;&amp;#059;  {{Sfnm/core|a1={{{10a1|{{{19|}}}}}}|a2={{{10a2|}}}|a3={{{10a3|}}}|a4={{{10a4|}}}|y={{{10y|{{{20|}}}}}}|loc={{{10loc|}}}|p={{{10p|}}}|pp={{{10pp|}}}|ps={{{10ps|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- (end of citation)
--&gt;{{{postscript|{{{ps|{{#if:{{{10a1|}}}{{{19|}}}|{{#if:{{{10ps|}}}||.}}|&lt;!--
                      --&gt;{{#if:{{{9a1|}}}{{{17|}}}|{{#if:{{{9ps|}}}||.}}|&lt;!--
                        --&gt;{{#if:{{{8a1|}}}{{{15|}}}|{{#if:{{{8ps|}}}||.}}|&lt;!--
                          --&gt;{{#if:{{{7a1|}}}{{{13|}}}|{{#if:{{{7ps|}}}||.}}|&lt;!--
                            --&gt;{{#if:{{{6a1|}}}{{{11|}}}|{{#if:{{{6ps|}}}||.}}|&lt;!--
                              --&gt;{{#if:{{{5a1|}}}{{{9|}}}|{{#if:{{{5ps|}}}||.}}|&lt;!--
                                --&gt;{{#if:{{{4a1|}}}{{{7|}}}|{{#if:{{{4ps|}}}||.}}|&lt;!--
                                  --&gt;{{#if:{{{3a1|}}}{{{5|}}}|{{#if:{{{3ps|}}}||.}}|&lt;!--
                                    --&gt;{{#if:{{{2a1|}}}{{{3|}}}|{{#if:{{{2ps|}}}||.}}|&lt;!--
                                      --&gt;{{#if:{{{1a1|}}}{{{1|}}}|{{#if:{{{1ps|}}}||.}}|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}&lt;!--
             --&gt;}}}}}}&lt;!-- (End of citation)
--&gt;|name=FOOTNOTE{{{1a1|{{{1|}}}}}}{{{1a2|}}}{{{1a3|}}}{{{1a4|}}}{{{1y|{{{2|}}}}}}{{{1p|}}}{{{1pp|}}}{{{1loc|}}}{{{2a1|{{{3|}}}}}}{{{2a2|}}}{{{2a3|}}}{{{2a4|}}}{{{2y|{{{4|}}}}}}{{{2p|}}}{{{2pp|}}}{{{2loc|}}}{{{3a1|{{{5|}}}}}}{{{3a2|}}}{{{3a3|}}}{{{3a4|}}}{{{3y|{{{6|}}}}}}{{{3p|}}}{{{3pp|}}}{{{3loc|}}}{{{4a1|{{{7|}}}}}}{{{4a2|}}}{{{4a3|}}}{{{4a4|}}}{{{4y|{{{8|}}}}}}{{{4p|}}}{{{4pp|}}}{{{4loc|}}}{{{5a1|{{{9|}}}}}}{{{5a2|}}}{{{5a3|}}}{{{5a4|}}}{{{5y|{{{10|}}}}}}{{{5p|}}}{{{5pp|}}}{{{5loc|}}}{{{6a1|{{{11|}}}}}}{{{6a2|}}}{{{6a3|}}}{{{6a4|}}}{{{6y|{{{12|}}}}}}{{{6p|}}}{{{6pp|}}}{{{6loc|}}}{{{7a1|{{{13|}}}}}}{{{7a2|}}}{{{7a3|}}}{{{7a4|}}}{{{7y|{{{14|}}}}}}{{{7p|}}}{{{7pp|}}}{{{7loc|}}}{{{8a1|{{{15|}}}}}}{{{8a2|}}}{{{8a3|}}}{{{8a4|}}}{{{8y|{{{16|}}}}}}{{{8p|}}}{{{8pp|}}}{{{8loc|}}}{{{9a1|{{{17|}}}}}}{{{9a2|}}}{{{9a3|}}}{{{9a4|}}}{{{9y|{{{18|}}}}}}{{{9p|}}}{{{9pp|}}}{{{9loc|}}}{{{10a1|{{{19|}}}}}}{{{10a2|}}}{{{10a3|}}}{{{10a4|}}}{{{10y|{{{20|}}}}}}{{{10p|}}}{{{10pp|}}}{{{10loc|}}}&lt;!-- Footnote name
--&gt;}}&lt;!-- (End of footnote call (#tag ref))
--&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fh0i5ozmlo4lg5biwnte8calvutiwb3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pang-bô͘:Sfnm/core</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>652760</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678761</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T13:57:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#CITEREF{{{a1}}}{{{a2|}}}{{{a3|}}}{{{a4|}}}{{{y|}}}&lt;!-- Link to citation template   --&gt;|{{#if:{{{a4|}}}|{{{a1}}} et al. {{{y|}}}&lt;!-- 4 or more authors      --&gt;|{{#i… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[#CITEREF{{{a1}}}{{{a2|}}}{{{a3|}}}{{{a4|}}}{{{y|}}}&lt;!-- Link to citation template
  --&gt;|{{#if:{{{a4|}}}|{{{a1}}} et al. {{{y|}}}&lt;!-- 4 or more authors
     --&gt;|{{#if:{{{a3|}}}|{{{a1}}}, {{{a2}}} &amp;amp; {{{a3}}} {{{y|}}}&lt;!-- 3 authors
        --&gt;|{{#if:{{{a2|}}}|{{{a1}}} &amp;amp; {{{a2}}} {{{y|}}}&lt;!-- 2 authors
           --&gt;|{{{a1}}} {{{y|}}}&lt;!-- 1 author
         --&gt;}}&lt;!--
      --&gt;}}&lt;!--
   --&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;]]&lt;!-- (end of linked Harvard reference)
  --&gt;{{#if:{{{p|}}}|, p.&amp;nbsp;{{{p}}}&lt;!--
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      <minor />
      <comment>受保護 &quot;[[Pang-bô͘:Sfnm/core]]&quot; ([Siu-kái=Chí ín-chún chū-tōng khak-jīn iōng-chiá] (無限期)[Sóa khì=Chí ín-chún chū-tōng khak-jīn iōng-chiá] (無限期))</comment>
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    <title>Pang-bô͘:Good article</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1678765</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T14:01:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Top icon | imagename    = symbol support vote.svg | wikilink     = Wikipedia:Súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ | description  = Che sī chit-phiⁿ súi-khùi ê bûn-chiu… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
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| imagename    = symbol support vote.svg
| wikilink     = Wikipedia:Súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ
| description  = Che sī chit-phiⁿ súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ. Tiám chia chò chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ ê liáu-kái.
| id           = good-star
| maincat      = [[Category:Súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2017-06-11T14:02:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>受保護 &quot;[[Pang-bô͘:Good article]]&quot; ([Siu-kái=Chí ín-chún koán-lí jîn-oân] (無限期)[Sóa khì=Chí ín-chún koán-lí jîn-oân] (無限期))</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Top icon
| imagename    = symbol support vote.svg
| wikilink     = Wikipedia:Súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ
| description  = Che sī chit-phiⁿ súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ. Tiám chia chò chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ ê liáu-kái.
| id           = good-star
| maincat      = [[Category:Súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2017-06-11T14:09:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
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      <minor />
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Top icon
| imagename    = symbol support vote.svg
| wikilink     = Wikipedia:Bē-bái ê bûn-chiuⁿ
| description  = Che sī chit-phiⁿ bē-bái ê bûn-chiuⁿ. Tiám chia chò chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ ê liáu-kái.
| id           = good-star
| maincat      = [[Category:Bē-bái ê bûn-chiuⁿ]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pang-bô͘:KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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      <timestamp>2017-06-11T14:02:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>{{Navbox |name  = KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú |title = [[KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng]] Nî-tō͘ S… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
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|name  = KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú
|title = [[KKBOX Sò͘-ūi Im-ga̍k Hong-hûn-póng]] Nî-tō͘ Si̍p Tāi Hong-hûn Koa-chhiú
|titlestyle = background: #00FFFF
|groupstyle = background: #00FFFF
|group1 = 2006
|list1 = {{nowrap begin}}
[[Chiu Kia̍t-lûn]], [[Chhoà I-lîm]], [[Lí Sèng-kia̍t]], [[Gō͘-goe̍h-thiⁿ]], [[Iûⁿ Sêng-lîm]], [[Ông Sim-lêng]], [[S.H.E]], [[Ông Le̍k-hông]], [[Niû Chēng-jû]], [[Lîm Chùn-kia̍t]]
{{nowrap begin}}
|group2 = 2008
|list2 = {{nowrap begin}}
[[Chiu Kia̍t-lûn]], [[Chhoà I-lîm]], [[Sng Iàn-chu]], [[Chô Keh]], [[Tiuⁿ Siâu-hâm]], [[S.H.E]], [[Lô Chì-siông]], [[Gō͘-goe̍h-thiⁿ]], [[Niû Chēng-jû]], [[A-mei]]
{{nowrap begin}}
|group3 = 2010
|list3 = {{nowrap begin}}
[[A-mei]], [[Chiu Kia̍t-lûn]], [[Chhoà I-lîm]], [[Teng Tang]], [[Png Tāi-tông]], [[Gō͘-goe̍h-thiⁿ]], [[Koeh Chēng]], [[Niû Chēng-jû]], [[Siau Kèng-thêng]], [[Lô Chì-siông]]
{{nowrap begin}}
|group4 = 2011
|list4 = {{nowrap begin}}
[[S.H.E]], [[Teng Tang]], [[A-Lin]], [[Siau Kèng-thêng]], [[Koeh Chēng]], [[Iûⁿ Sêng-lîm]], [[Chiu Kia̍t-lûn]], [[Lâu Jio̍k-eng]], [[Chhoà I-lîm]], [[Lô Chì-siông]]
{{nowrap begin}}
|group5 = 2012
|list5 = {{nowrap begin}}
[[Gō͘-goe̍h-thiⁿ]], [[Siau Kèng-thêng]], [[A-Lin]], [[Teng Tang]], [[Tiân Ho̍k-chin]], [[Lîm Chùn-kia̍t]], [[Chiu Kia̍t-lûn]], [[Niû Chēng-jû]], [[A-mei]], [[Lô Chì-siông]]
{{nowrap begin}}
|group6 = 2013
|list6 = {{nowrap begin}}
[[Siau Kèng-thêng]], [[Gō͘-goe̍h-thiⁿ]], [[Lô Chì-siông]], [[Lîm Chùn-kia̍t]], [[A-Lin]], [[Niû Chēng-jû]], [[Teng Tang]], [[Chiu Kia̍t-lûn]], [[Tân E̍k-sìn]], [[Chhoà I-lîm]]
{{nowrap begin}}
|group7 = 2014
|list7 = {{nowrap begin}}
[[Siau Kèng-thêng]], [[A-Lin]], [[Gō͘-goe̍h-thiⁿ]], [[Lîm Chùn-kia̍t]], [[Chiu Kia̍t-lûn]], [[Niû Chēng-jû]], [[Iûⁿ Sêng-lîm]], [[Chhoà I-lîm]], [[So͘-tá-lio̍k]], [[Giâm Chiok]]
{{nowrap begin}}
|group8 = 2015
|list8 = {{nowrap begin}}
[[Chhoà I-lîm]], [[Lîm Chùn-kia̍t]], [[Tiân Ho̍k-chin]], [[A-Lin]], [[Teng Tang]], [[A-mei]], [[Gō͘-goe̍h-thiⁿ]], [[Chiu Kia̍t-lûn]], [[Tân E̍k-sìn]], [[Siau Kèng-thêng]]
{{nowrap begin}}
|group9 = 2016
|list9 = {{nowrap begin}}
[[Chan Phài-chû ]], [[Bii]], [[MP Mô͘-hoàn Le̍k-liōng]], [[Tiân Ho̍k-chin]], [[A-Lin]], [[Lí Êng-hō]], [[Lîm Chùn-kia̍t]], [[Iûⁿ Sêng-lîm]], [[Chiu Kia̍t-lûn]], [[Chhoà I-lîm]]
{{nowrap begin}}
|group10 = 2017
|list10 = {{nowrap begin}}
[[Lîm Chùn-kia̍t]], [[Kiú-it-it]], [[Chiu Kia̍t-lûn]], [[Gō͘-goe̍h-thiⁿ]], [[Tiân Ho̍k-chin]], [[Ûi Lé-an]], [[Hiaⁿ-tī Pún-sek]], [[Chiu Hèng-tiat]], [[Tēng Chí-kî]], [[Teng Tang]]
{{nowrap begin}}
| below = 
}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pang-bô͘:Top icon</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>652763</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678768</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T14:02:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;nowiki /&gt;&lt;!-- This nowiki tag helps prevent whitespace at the top of articles. --&gt;{{#tag:indicator |File:{{{image|{{{imagename|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{width|}… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;nowiki /&gt;&lt;!-- This nowiki tag helps prevent whitespace at the top of articles. --&gt;{{#tag:indicator
|[[File:{{{image|{{{imagename|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{width|}}}|{{{width}}}|20}}x{{#if:{{{height|}}}|{{{height}}}|20}}px
 |{{#if:{{{link|{{{wikilink|}}}}}}|link={{{link|{{{wikilink}}}}}}}}
 |{{#if:{{{alt|}}}|alt={{{alt}}}}}
 |{{{text|{{{description|}}}}}}]]
|name = {{#if:{{{sortkey|}}}|{{{sortkey}}}-}}{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{#if:{{{id|}}}|{{{id}}}|{{{image|{{{imagename|}}}}}}}}}}
}}{{Category handler
|user = {{{usercat|}}}
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{{Documentation}}
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      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>受保護 &quot;[[Pang-bô͘:Top icon]]&quot; ([Siu-kái=Chí ín-chún chū-tōng khak-jīn iōng-chiá] (無限期)[Sóa khì=Chí ín-chún chū-tōng khak-jīn iōng-chiá] (無限期))</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;nowiki /&gt;&lt;!-- This nowiki tag helps prevent whitespace at the top of articles. --&gt;{{#tag:indicator
|[[File:{{{image|{{{imagename|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{width|}}}|{{{width}}}|20}}x{{#if:{{{height|}}}|{{{height}}}|20}}px
 |{{#if:{{{link|{{{wikilink|}}}}}}|link={{{link|{{{wikilink}}}}}}}}
 |{{#if:{{{alt|}}}|alt={{{alt}}}}}
 |{{{text|{{{description|}}}}}}]]
|name = {{#if:{{{sortkey|}}}|{{{sortkey}}}-}}{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{#if:{{{id|}}}|{{{id}}}|{{{image|{{{imagename|}}}}}}}}}}
}}{{Category handler
|user = {{{usercat|}}}
|main = {{{maincat|}}}
|subpage = {{{subpage|no}}}
|nocat = {{{nocat|}}}
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>amdag3f7v9n3xfy83qtymnk8ejlp8qv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Pang-bô͘:Featured article</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>652764</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678786</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T14:07:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Top icon | imagename    = cscr-featured.svg | wikilink     = Wikipedia:Súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ | description  = Che sī chit-phiⁿ súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ. T… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Top icon
| imagename    = cscr-featured.svg
| wikilink     = Wikipedia:Súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ
| description  = Che sī chit-phiⁿ súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ. Tiám chia chò chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ ê liáu-kái.
| id           = featured-star
| maincat      = [[Category:Súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lzbm93vnfznj0k3j4xm9q6dxyava6t7</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1678788</id>
      <parentid>1678786</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T14:07:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>受保護 &quot;[[Pang-bô͘:Featured ariticle]]&quot; ([Siu-kái=Chí ín-chún koán-lí jîn-oân] (無限期)[Sóa khì=Chí ín-chún koán-lí jîn-oân] (無限期))</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Top icon
| imagename    = cscr-featured.svg
| wikilink     = Wikipedia:Súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ
| description  = Che sī chit-phiⁿ súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ. Tiám chia chò chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ ê liáu-kái.
| id           = featured-star
| maincat      = [[Category:Súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lzbm93vnfznj0k3j4xm9q6dxyava6t7</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1678805</id>
      <parentid>1678788</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T14:14:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>S205643 sóa [[Pang-bô͘:Featured ariticle]] chit ia̍h khì [[Pang-bô͘:Featured article]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Top icon
| imagename    = cscr-featured.svg
| wikilink     = Wikipedia:Súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ
| description  = Che sī chit-phiⁿ súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ. Tiám chia chò chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ ê liáu-kái.
| id           = featured-star
| maincat      = [[Category:Súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lzbm93vnfznj0k3j4xm9q6dxyava6t7</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Pang-bô͘:Featured ariticle</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>652765</id>
    <redirect title="Pang-bô͘:Featured article" />
    <revision>
      <id>1678806</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T14:14:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>S205643 sóa [[Pang-bô͘:Featured ariticle]] chit ia̍h khì [[Pang-bô͘:Featured article]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Pang-bô͘:Featured article]]</text>
      <sha1>t3x4c6sjs46kt3c31hvy7v43zs69t0r</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Bē-bái ê bûn-chiuⁿ</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>652766</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678817</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T14:48:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>__NOTOC__ {|class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; border:1px solid #cedff2; vertical-align:top;background-color:#f5faff;color:#000; ma… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{|class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; border:1px solid #cedff2; vertical-align:top;background-color:#f5faff;color:#000; margin:8px 0 0 0&quot;
!

&lt;h2 style=&quot;margin:0;background-color:#cedff2;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3b0bf;text-align:left;color:#000;padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;Bē-bái ê bûn-chiuⁿ&lt;/h2&gt;
|-
|
[[File:Symbol support vote.svg|left|75px|Chit-lia̍p chhiⁿ tāi-piáu Wikipedia téng bē-bái ê bûn-chiuⁿ.]]
'''Bē-bái ê bûn-chiuⁿ''' sī goán jīn-ûi bē-bái, tān-sī iáu bô-kàu [[Wikipedia:Súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ|súi-khùi]] ê bûn-chiuⁿ. Chit-má ē-kha hián-sī--ê sī '''[[Wikipedia:Bē-bái ê bûn-chiuⁿ/{{CURRENTMONTH1}} goe̍h|{{CURRENTMONTH1}} goe̍h]]'''--ê; nā beh khòaⁿ kî-thaⁿ goe̍h-hūn--ê, lí ē-tàng tiám-soán ē-kha bô-kāng goe̍h-hūn ê liân-kiat. Nā beh pian-chip kin-á-ji̍t--ê, chhiáⁿ mâ-hoân liân-lo̍k koán-lí jîn-oân. Lí nā kám-kak tó-chi̍t phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ siá liáu bē-bái, chhiáⁿ lâi-khì '''[[Wikipedia:Bē-bái ê bûn-chiuⁿ/thê-miâ|thê-miâ]]''', hō͘ ta̍k-ke khòaⁿ-māi--leh, nā ū-iáⁿ bē-bái, koán-lí jîn-oân ē pang lí sóa lâi tī chia.
|}
{{Wikipedia:Bē-bái ê bûn-chiuⁿ/{{CURRENTMONTH1}} goe̍h}}
&lt;br clear=all&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Bē-bái ê bûn-chiuⁿ| ]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hts6hdwv5ygbjdgvkqrgt6v74fnhb6x</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1678818</id>
      <parentid>1678817</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T14:49:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>受保護 &quot;[[Wikipedia:Bē-bái ê bûn-chiuⁿ]]&quot; ([Siu-kái=Chí ín-chún koán-lí jîn-oân] (無限期)[Sóa khì=Chí ín-chún koán-lí jîn-oân] (無限期))</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{|class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; border:1px solid #cedff2; vertical-align:top;background-color:#f5faff;color:#000; margin:8px 0 0 0&quot;
!

&lt;h2 style=&quot;margin:0;background-color:#cedff2;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3b0bf;text-align:left;color:#000;padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;Bē-bái ê bûn-chiuⁿ&lt;/h2&gt;
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[[File:Symbol support vote.svg|left|75px|Chit-lia̍p chhiⁿ tāi-piáu Wikipedia téng bē-bái ê bûn-chiuⁿ.]]
'''Bē-bái ê bûn-chiuⁿ''' sī goán jīn-ûi bē-bái, tān-sī iáu bô-kàu [[Wikipedia:Súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ|súi-khùi]] ê bûn-chiuⁿ. Chit-má ē-kha hián-sī--ê sī '''[[Wikipedia:Bē-bái ê bûn-chiuⁿ/{{CURRENTMONTH1}} goe̍h|{{CURRENTMONTH1}} goe̍h]]'''--ê; nā beh khòaⁿ kî-thaⁿ goe̍h-hūn--ê, lí ē-tàng tiám-soán ē-kha bô-kāng goe̍h-hūn ê liân-kiat. Nā beh pian-chip kin-á-ji̍t--ê, chhiáⁿ mâ-hoân liân-lo̍k koán-lí jîn-oân. Lí nā kám-kak tó-chi̍t phiⁿ bûn-chiuⁿ siá liáu bē-bái, chhiáⁿ lâi-khì '''[[Wikipedia:Bē-bái ê bûn-chiuⁿ/thê-miâ|thê-miâ]]''', hō͘ ta̍k-ke khòaⁿ-māi--leh, nā ū-iáⁿ bē-bái, koán-lí jîn-oân ē pang lí sóa lâi tī chia.
|}
{{Wikipedia:Bē-bái ê bûn-chiuⁿ/{{CURRENTMONTH1}} goe̍h}}
&lt;br clear=all&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Bē-bái ê bûn-chiuⁿ| ]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hts6hdwv5ygbjdgvkqrgt6v74fnhb6x</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Akasi Hatutarô</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652767</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678820</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T16:02:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Akasi Hatutarô''' (赤司初太郎; 1874 nî 1 goe̍h 7 ji̍t – 1944 nî 2 goe̍h 12 ji̍t) sī [[Ji̍t-pún]] ê seng-lí-lâng, i sī [[Kôti-koān]] chhut-si… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Akasi Hatutarô''' (赤司初太郎; 1874 nî 1 goe̍h 7 ji̍t – 1944 nî 2 goe̍h 12 ji̍t) sī [[Ji̍t-pún]] ê seng-lí-lâng, i sī [[Kôti-koān]] chhut-sin--ê. I pat sī [[Tâi-oân Ha̍p-tông Hōng-lâi]], [[Tâi-oân Liān-hiā]], [[Tâi-oân Tiān-teng]] téng hōe siā ê siā-tiúⁿ.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Ji̍t-pún jîn-bu̍t]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân jîn-bu̍t]]</text>
      <sha1>50086zc38hz8kjqc4qbbpkxmlz5op6o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678821</id>
      <parentid>1678820</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T16:03:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[File:Akashi Hatsutarō.jpg|thumb|]]

'''Akasi Hatutarô''' (赤司初太郎; 1874 nî 1 goe̍h 7 ji̍t – 1944 nî 2 goe̍h 12 ji̍t) sī [[Ji̍t-pún]] ê seng-lí-lâng, i sī [[Kôti-koān]] chhut-sin--ê. I pat sī [[Tâi-oân Ha̍p-tông Hōng-lâi]], [[Tâi-oân Liān-hiā]], [[Tâi-oân Tiān-teng]] téng hōe siā ê siā-tiúⁿ.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Ji̍t-pún jîn-bu̍t]]
[[Category:Tâi-oân jîn-bu̍t]]</text>
      <sha1>abq222uru53588qk3wxd10hhsgx3ej3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khó͘ Soat-ki</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652768</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678822</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T16:15:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Khó͘ Soat-ki''' (許雪姬; 1953 nî chhut-sì) sī [[Tâi-oân]] ê le̍k-sú-hak-ka. I chū 1990 nî-tāi ê sî chiō chham-ú tong-sî Jī-jī-pat Sū-kiā… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Khó͘ Soat-ki''' (許雪姬; 1953 nî chhut-sì) sī [[Tâi-oân]] ê le̍k-sú-hak-ka. I chū 1990 nî-tāi ê sî chiō chham-ú tong-sî [[Jī-jī-pat Sū-kiāⁿ]] koan-hē-chiá ê [[kháu-thâu le̍k-sú]] kap kî-tha hāng-bo̍k ê gián-kiù, mā sī kî-tha Tâi-oân le̍k-sú hun-iáu ê kháu-thâu le̍k-sú ê kì-lio̍k-chiá kap bûn-su, sū-kiāⁿ ê gián-kiú-chiá.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Tâi-oân jîn-bu̍t]]</text>
      <sha1>dvkh7z6jsm22th71mm5vzhpsmyi0l7a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ang Ka-im</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652769</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678823</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T16:20:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Ang Ka-im''' (翁佳音) sī [[Tâi-oân]] ê le̍k-sú-ha̍k-ka, i tùi Tâi-oân tī [[Hô-lân ê Formosa|Hô-lân sî-tāi]] ê le̍k-sú te̍k-pia̍t ū gián… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ang Ka-im''' (翁佳音) sī [[Tâi-oân]] ê le̍k-sú-ha̍k-ka, i tùi Tâi-oân tī [[Hô-lân ê Formosa|Hô-lân sî-tāi]] ê le̍k-sú te̍k-pia̍t ū gián-kiù.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Tâi-oân jîn-bu̍t]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Noguti Tosiharu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652770</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678824</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T16:24:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[File:Noguchi_Toshiharu_(taiwan_hakurankai_kyōsankai_shi).jpg|thumb|]] '''Noguti Tosiharu''' (野口敏治; [[1899 nî]] [[5 goe̍h 21 ji̍t]] – [[1944 nî]] 1… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[File:Noguchi_Toshiharu_(taiwan_hakurankai_kyōsankai_shi).jpg|thumb|]]
'''Noguti Tosiharu''' (野口敏治; [[1899 nî]] [[5 goe̍h 21 ji̍t]] – [[1944 nî]] [[1 goe̍h 14 ji̍t]]) sī [[Tâi-oân]] tī [[Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi]] ê koaⁿ-liâu. I pat chò [[Sin-tek-chiu]], [[Kp-hiông-chiu]], kap [[Tâi-pak-chiu]] ê ti-sū.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Tâi-oân jîn-bu̍t]]</text>
      <sha1>5undu7j7msb438izcs83qfc0eupyg13</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678825</id>
      <parentid>1678824</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T16:25:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[File:Noguchi_Toshiharu_(taiwan_hakurankai_kyōsankai_shi).jpg|thumb|]]
'''Noguti Tosiharu''' (野口敏治; [[1899 nî]] [[5 goe̍h 21 ji̍t]] – [[1944 nî]] [[1 goe̍h 14 ji̍t]]) sī [[Tâi-oân]] tī [[Ji̍t-pún sî-tāi]] ê koaⁿ-liâu. I pat chò [[Sin-tek-chiu]], [[Ko-hiông-chiu]], kap [[Tâi-pak-chiu]] ê ti-sū.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Tâi-oân jîn-bu̍t]]</text>
      <sha1>7mf5yufa2emb98xeakoh0a5c9n09czb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tâi-oân Phok-lám-hōe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652771</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678826</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T16:30:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sú-chèng Sì-cha̍p-chiu-nî Kì-liām Tâi-oân Phok-lám-hōe''' (始政四十周年記念臺灣博覽會 ''sisei sizissyûnen kinen taiwan hakurankai'') sī 1935… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Sú-chèng Sì-cha̍p-chiu-nî Kì-liām Tâi-oân Phok-lám-hōe''' (始政四十周年記念臺灣博覽會 ''sisei sizissyûnen kinen taiwan hakurankai'') sī 1935 nî ê sî [[Tâi-oân Chóng-tok-hú]] chú-chhî tī Tâi-pak-chhī chò chú-iàu hōe-tiûⁿ kí-pān ê chi̍t kái [[phok-lám-hōe]], sî-kan sī tong-nî 10 goe̍h 10 ji̍t kàu 11 goe̍h 28 ji̍t kî-kan.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Tâi-oân le̍k-sú]]</text>
      <sha1>l64nlwvgostqg6u0bvisdxfhso99su0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678827</id>
      <parentid>1678826</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T16:30:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Sú-chèng Sì-cha̍p-chiu-nî Kì-liām Tâi-oân Phok-lám-hōe''' (始政四十周年記念臺灣博覽會 ''sisei sizissyûnen kinen taiwan hakurankai'') sī 1935 nî ê sî [[Tâi-oân Chóng-tok-hú]] chú-chhî tī Tâi-pak-chhī chò chú-iàu hōe-tiûⁿ kí-pān ê chi̍t kái [[phok-lám-hōe]], sî-kan sī tong-nî 10 goe̍h 10 ji̍t kàu 11 goe̍h 28 ji̍t kî-kan.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Tâi-oân le̍k-sú]]</text>
      <sha1>4ekauya7wvs69mxn6bzhdbjxcno1ani</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678828</id>
      <parentid>1678827</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T16:32:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Sú-chèng Sì-cha̍p-chiu-nî Kì-liām Tâi-oân Phok-lám-hōe''' (始政四十周年記念臺灣博覽會 ''sisei sizissyûnen kinen taiwan hakurankai'') sī 1935 nî ê sî [[Tâi-oân Chóng-tok-hú]] chú-chhî tī Tâi-pak-chhī chò chú-iàu hōe-tiûⁿ kí-pān ê chi̍t kái [[phok-lám-hōe]], sî-kan sī tong-nî 10 goe̍h 10 ji̍t kàu 11 goe̍h 28 ji̍t kî-kan.

== Liân-kiat ==
{{commonscat}}

{{stub}}

[[Category:Tâi-oân le̍k-sú]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lí Jû-goa̍t</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652772</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678829</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T16:44:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[File:Li Ju-goat.jpg|thumb|1930 nî-tāi chó-iū siòng-phìn]]  '''Lí Jû-goa̍t''' (李如月; 1890 nî – 1980 nî), he̍k-chiá '''Ong Lí Jû-goa̍t''' (汪… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">[[File:Li Ju-goat.jpg|thumb|1930 nî-tāi chó-iū siòng-phìn]]

'''Lí Jû-goa̍t''' (李如月; 1890 nî – 1980 nî), he̍k-chiá '''Ong Lí Jû-goa̍t''' (汪李如月), sī [[Tâi-oân]] ê si-jîn.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Tâi-oân jîn-bu̍t]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gí-cho̍k</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652773</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678836</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T19:50:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Gí-cho̍k''' (gú-) ū khó-lêng sī chí:  == Jîn-kûn == * Kun-kù giân-gí hun-lūi khu-hun--chhut-lâi ê chi̍t hē jîn-kûn; * Kóng bó͘ chi̍t khoán… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Gí-cho̍k''' (gú-) ū khó-lêng sī chí:

== Jîn-kûn ==
* Kun-kù giân-gí hun-lūi khu-hun--chhut-lâi ê chi̍t hē jîn-kûn;
* Kóng bó͘ chi̍t khoán ōe ê jîn-kûn;

== Giân-gí hun-lūi ==
* [[Gí-hē]] (Eng-gí: ''language family'');
* Gí-hē hun-lūi hē-thóng ê kî-tiong chit chân chhù-hun-lūi

{{disambig}}</text>
      <sha1>qe41ye8onn4utm2nuqs5m664n1yqbea</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lí Khîn-hōaⁿ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652774</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678844</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T20:10:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Lí Khîn-hōaⁿ''' (李勤岸; [[1951 nî]] [[10 goe̍h 12 ji̍t]] chhut-sì) sī [[Tâi-oân]] ê giân-gí-ha̍k-ka kiam chok-ka. I sī Tâi-gí Lô-má-jī ê… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lí Khîn-hōaⁿ''' (李勤岸; [[1951 nî]] [[10 goe̍h 12 ji̍t]] chhut-sì) sī [[Tâi-oân]] ê giân-gí-ha̍k-ka kiam chok-ka. I sī Tâi-gí Lô-má-jī ê thui-kóng-chiá chi it.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Tâi-oân jîn-bu̍t]]</text>
      <sha1>ogq16nfmoa5z3q0rlnpgbi8uxe879ad</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678849</id>
      <parentid>1678844</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-11T20:26:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lí Khîn-hōaⁿ''' (李勤岸; [[1951 nî]] [[10 goe̍h 12 ji̍t]] chhut-sì) sī [[Tâi-oân]] ê giân-gí-ha̍k-ka kiam chok-ka.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Tâi-oân jîn-bu̍t]]</text>
      <sha1>m6p2yhn6oij2zw1m32ikj0o21l6ujdv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Chhoà A-sìn</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652775</id>
    <redirect title="Chhòa A-sìn" />
    <revision>
      <id>1678860</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T04:10:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>S205643 已移動頁面 [[Chhoà A-sìn]] 至 [[Chhòa A-sìn]] 並覆蓋原有重新導向</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Chhòa A-sìn]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Thó-lūn:Chhoà A-sìn</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
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    <redirect title="Thó-lūn:Chhòa A-sìn" />
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      <id>1678862</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T04:10:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>S205643 sóa [[Thó-lūn:Chhoà A-sìn]] chit ia̍h khì [[Thó-lūn:Chhòa A-sìn]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Thó-lūn:Chhòa A-sìn]]</text>
      <sha1>0nevo64vwej3gbg6le40kbwe8mos283</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Bân-lâm bûn-hòa ê tiōng-tiám bûn-chiuⁿ</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>1678863</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T04:11:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Hi-bāng chia-ê bûn-chiuⁿ ē-tàng chiâⁿ-chòe [[Wikipedia:Súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ|súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ]].  ==Kok-ka kap só͘-chāi== *[[Hok-kiàn]]… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi-bāng chia-ê bûn-chiuⁿ ē-tàng chiâⁿ-chòe [[Wikipedia:Súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ|súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ]].

==Kok-ka kap só͘-chāi==
*[[Hok-kiàn]]
**[[Hok-chiu]] ([[Bân-tang]])
**[[Lâm-pêng-chhī|Lâm-pêng]] ([[Bân-pak]])
**[[Lêng-nâ]] ([[Bân-sai]])
*[[Bân-lâm]]
**[[Ē-mn̂g]]
**[[Choân-chiu]]
**[[Chiang-chiu]]
*[[Tiô-sòaⁿ]]
**[[Tiô-chiu]]
**[[Sòaⁿ-thâu]]
*[[Tâi-oân]]
*[[Sin-ka-pho]]
*[[Má-lâi-se-a]]

==Le̍k-sú==
*[[Bân-oa̍t]] ([[Pah-oa̍t]])
*[[Tāi Bân]]

==Jîn-bu̍t==
===Sûi-Tông===
*[[Ông Sím-ti]]
*[[Liû Chiông-hāu]]
===Sòng-Goân===
*[[So͘ Siōng]]
*[[Chan Kong-liāng]]
===Bêng-Chheng===
*[[Tīⁿ Sêng-kong]]
*[[Nâ Téng-goân]]
*[[Ngó͘ Péng-kàm]]
===Bîn-kok kap Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok===
*[[Lîm Gí-tông]]
*[[Lô͘ Ka-sek]]
===Hái-gōa===
====Tâi-oân====
*[[Lîm Hiàn-tông]]
*[[Chiúⁿ Ūi-súi]]
*[[Kán Kiat]]
*[[Chhòa A-sìn]]
*[[Tēng Ú-hiân]]
*[[Ông Hiong-siân]]
*[[Sûn-sûn]]
*[[Lí Oán-tiat]]

====Sin-ka-pho kap Má-lâi-se-a====
*[[Tân Kah-kiⁿ]]
*[[Lîm Bô͘-sēng]]

====Kî-thaⁿ====
*[[Corazon Aquino]]

==Bûn-ha̍k==
*[[Tân Saⁿ Gō͘-niû]]

==Kòng-hiàn==
*[[Bú-keng Chóng-iàu]]</text>
      <sha1>g145yc16ufcjvvc89i4azgmrl7ci3t5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678864</id>
      <parentid>1678863</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T04:11:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>added [[Category:Wikipedia koán-lí]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi-bāng chia-ê bûn-chiuⁿ ē-tàng chiâⁿ-chòe [[Wikipedia:Súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ|súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ]].

==Kok-ka kap só͘-chāi==
*[[Hok-kiàn]]
**[[Hok-chiu]] ([[Bân-tang]])
**[[Lâm-pêng-chhī|Lâm-pêng]] ([[Bân-pak]])
**[[Lêng-nâ]] ([[Bân-sai]])
*[[Bân-lâm]]
**[[Ē-mn̂g]]
**[[Choân-chiu]]
**[[Chiang-chiu]]
*[[Tiô-sòaⁿ]]
**[[Tiô-chiu]]
**[[Sòaⁿ-thâu]]
*[[Tâi-oân]]
*[[Sin-ka-pho]]
*[[Má-lâi-se-a]]

==Le̍k-sú==
*[[Bân-oa̍t]] ([[Pah-oa̍t]])
*[[Tāi Bân]]

==Jîn-bu̍t==
===Sûi-Tông===
*[[Ông Sím-ti]]
*[[Liû Chiông-hāu]]
===Sòng-Goân===
*[[So͘ Siōng]]
*[[Chan Kong-liāng]]
===Bêng-Chheng===
*[[Tīⁿ Sêng-kong]]
*[[Nâ Téng-goân]]
*[[Ngó͘ Péng-kàm]]
===Bîn-kok kap Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok===
*[[Lîm Gí-tông]]
*[[Lô͘ Ka-sek]]
===Hái-gōa===
====Tâi-oân====
*[[Lîm Hiàn-tông]]
*[[Chiúⁿ Ūi-súi]]
*[[Kán Kiat]]
*[[Chhòa A-sìn]]
*[[Tēng Ú-hiân]]
*[[Ông Hiong-siân]]
*[[Sûn-sûn]]
*[[Lí Oán-tiat]]

====Sin-ka-pho kap Má-lâi-se-a====
*[[Tân Kah-kiⁿ]]
*[[Lîm Bô͘-sēng]]

====Kî-thaⁿ====
*[[Corazon Aquino]]

==Bûn-ha̍k==
*[[Tân Saⁿ Gō͘-niû]]

==Kòng-hiàn==
*[[Bú-keng Chóng-iàu]]

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Wikipedia koán-lí]]</text>
      <sha1>5wlq0c7s715g7tmt6pdu714lobl8x7u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678865</id>
      <parentid>1678864</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T04:13:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S205643</username>
        <id>16876</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tâi-oân */</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">Hi-bāng chia-ê bûn-chiuⁿ ē-tàng chiâⁿ-chòe [[Wikipedia:Súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ|súi-khùi ê bûn-chiuⁿ]].

==Kok-ka kap só͘-chāi==
*[[Hok-kiàn]]
**[[Hok-chiu]] ([[Bân-tang]])
**[[Lâm-pêng-chhī|Lâm-pêng]] ([[Bân-pak]])
**[[Lêng-nâ]] ([[Bân-sai]])
*[[Bân-lâm]]
**[[Ē-mn̂g]]
**[[Choân-chiu]]
**[[Chiang-chiu]]
*[[Tiô-sòaⁿ]]
**[[Tiô-chiu]]
**[[Sòaⁿ-thâu]]
*[[Tâi-oân]]
*[[Sin-ka-pho]]
*[[Má-lâi-se-a]]

==Le̍k-sú==
*[[Bân-oa̍t]] ([[Pah-oa̍t]])
*[[Tāi Bân]]

==Jîn-bu̍t==
===Sûi-Tông===
*[[Ông Sím-ti]]
*[[Liû Chiông-hāu]]
===Sòng-Goân===
*[[So͘ Siōng]]
*[[Chan Kong-liāng]]
===Bêng-Chheng===
*[[Tīⁿ Sêng-kong]]
*[[Nâ Téng-goân]]
*[[Ngó͘ Péng-kàm]]
===Bîn-kok kap Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok===
*[[Lîm Gí-tông]]
*[[Lô͘ Ka-sek]]
===Hái-gōa===
====Tâi-oân====
*[[Lîm Hiàn-tông]]
*[[Chiúⁿ Ūi-súi]]
*[[Kán Kiat]]
*[[Lōa Hô]]
*[[Tō͘ Chhong-bêng]]
*[[Chhòa A-sìn]]
*[[Tân Têng-pho]]
*[[Tēng Ú-hiân]]
*[[Ông Hiong-siân]]
*[[Sûn-sûn]]
*[[Lí Oán-tiat]]
*[[Ông Kiàn-bîn]]
*[[Chiu Kia̍t-lûn]]

====Sin-ka-pho kap Má-lâi-se-a====
*[[Tân Kah-kiⁿ]]
*[[Lîm Bô͘-sēng]]

====Kî-thaⁿ====
*[[Corazon Aquino]]

==Bûn-ha̍k==
*[[Tân Saⁿ Gō͘-niû]]

==Kòng-hiàn==
*[[Bú-keng Chóng-iàu]]

[[Lūi-pia̍t:Wikipedia koán-lí]]</text>
      <sha1>pff0urvhg3erj634rikx24g30rhzhuj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Choân-chiu-ōe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652778</id>
    <redirect title="Choân-chiu-oē" />
    <revision>
      <id>1678868</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T04:32:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Choán khì [[Choân-chiu-oē]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT[[Choân-chiu-oē]]</text>
      <sha1>49765viz8bu2gfutdk48yzlc0fwohsl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gú-oán</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652779</id>
    <redirect title="Gí-oán" />
    <revision>
      <id>1678881</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T06:50:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Luuva sóa [[Gú-oán]] chit ia̍h khì [[Gí-oán]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Gí-oán]]</text>
      <sha1>7yzxiu8msvl059y7dmv90tx9b8ps2mu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gí-ha̍k</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652780</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678885</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T06:54:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Gí-ha̍k''' (ji̍t. 語学) sī chí ha̍k-si̍p gōa-gí, ū-sî ia̍h ū [[giân-gí-ha̍k]] ê ì-sù, chóng-sī gí-ha̍k khah chiam-tùi si̍t-iōng ê hong… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Gí-ha̍k''' (ji̍t. 語学) sī chí ha̍k-si̍p gōa-gí, ū-sî ia̍h ū [[giân-gí-ha̍k]] ê ì-sù, chóng-sī gí-ha̍k khah chiam-tùi si̍t-iōng ê hong-bīn.

== Siong-koan ==
* [[Giân-gí kàu-io̍k]]
* [[Giân-gí ha̍k-si̍p]]

{{stub}}

[[Category:Giân-gí]]</text>
      <sha1>7t4lw1vbke4u4a6cox0o0lx04rbbkme</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678886</id>
      <parentid>1678885</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T06:54:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Luuva</username>
        <id>481</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>removed [[Category:Giân-gí]]; added [[Category:Giân-gú]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Gí-ha̍k''' (ji̍t. 語学) sī chí ha̍k-si̍p gōa-gí, ū-sî ia̍h ū [[giân-gí-ha̍k]] ê ì-sù, chóng-sī gí-ha̍k khah chiam-tùi si̍t-iōng ê hong-bīn.

== Siong-koan ==
* [[Giân-gí kàu-io̍k]]
* [[Giân-gí ha̍k-si̍p]]

{{stub}}

[[Category:Giân-gú]]</text>
      <sha1>8yb5oayjnlsg64nkr1b2ka35g50uu25</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tóng (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652781</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678887</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:25:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Infobox family name | name          = Tóng | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Tóng | pronunciation =  | meaning       =  | motto… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Tóng
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Tóng
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Tóng''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|党}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tong}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>7g86llu6us75ksi151ijgjrxxx83zy7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Te̍k (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652782</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678889</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:28:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Te̍k (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Te̍k (khián-pêng)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Te̍k (khián-pêng)]]</text>
      <sha1>o95702o7w5odo49pyam2rerpqs9dfw8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678890</id>
      <parentid>1678889</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:29:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Te̍k (khián-pêng)]]
*[[Te̍k (ú-pêng)]]
{{khu-pia̍t-ia̍h}}</text>
      <sha1>9v73s4zr0qgi5ao0427xek9hezgn4r5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Te̍k (ú-pêng)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652783</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678891</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:30:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Te̍k''' (翟) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-292 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Tek}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Te̍k''' (翟) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-292 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tek}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>0lbls7r58awf8l2x7eur0qt0r401t05</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khû (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652784</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678892</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:38:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Khû''' (瞿) sī chi̍t ê [[Hàn-sèⁿ]], tī Pek-ka-sèng lāi-bīn pâi-lia̍t tē 326. {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Khu}} [[Category:Khû--sī| ]] Category:Hàn-… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Khû''' (瞿) sī chi̍t ê [[Hàn-sèⁿ]], tī Pek-ka-sèng lāi-bīn pâi-lia̍t tē 326.
{{stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khu}}
[[Category:Khû--sī| ]]
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>t6vvdzd14hm70l3x8dkp68fx6hlfwi0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Thâm (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652785</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678893</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:39:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Thâm''' (譚) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-293 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Tham}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Thâm''' (譚) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-293 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tham}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>f56ai7w9ug2nfdlmkeikx8468o0brlk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kòng (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652786</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678894</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:39:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Kòng''' (貢) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-294 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Kong}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Kòng''' (貢) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-294 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kong}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>76ngbm5ruyjsh1kcesrph98b1uw96vc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lô (sam-hó͘ⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652787</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678895</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:41:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Lô''' (勞) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-298 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Lo}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lô''' (勞) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-298 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lo}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>cq5t893bl1mm1o0dkpaidvxop24hs6x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pâng (逄)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652788</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678897</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:44:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Pâng''' (逄) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-296 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Pang}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Pâng''' (逄) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-296 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pang}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>6px6cir9aoc4hcxxh265unmkh8q724z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ki (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652789</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678898</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:45:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Ki''' (姬) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-297 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ki}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ki''' (姬) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-297 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ki}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>q18hocnqpf8jwq8gdjlwh0h9kcx7bgr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sin (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652790</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678900</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:46:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Sin (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Sin (辛)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Sin (辛)]]</text>
      <sha1>81irnv7shkfrprxlckdb9lvgte8jdfy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678901</id>
      <parentid>1678900</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:47:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Sin (辛)]]
*[[Sin (Tiân-pêng)]]
{{khu-pia̍t-ia̍h}}</text>
      <sha1>bgn1ozpf56vt09gzsb6kdenpdzzgg3v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678902</id>
      <parentid>1678901</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:48:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Sin (辛)]]
*[[Sin (tiân-pêng)]]
{{khu-pia̍t-ia̍h}}</text>
      <sha1>aumrwth0ynezxt1uq3iwqjv4k7a9bfh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sin (tiân-pêng)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652791</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678903</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:48:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Sin''' (申) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-298 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Sin}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Sin''' (申) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-298 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sin}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>2dbd6hrd4gdbfi7uojhudip6xww05c0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hû (siú-pêng)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652792</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678905</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:50:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Hû''' (扶) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-299 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Hu}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Hû''' (扶) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-299 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hu}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>eke3vz19ezo7qdxy213im5wojaokq7u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Liam (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652793</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678906</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:51:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Liam''' (冉) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-301 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Liam}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Liam''' (冉) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-301 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Liam}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>q5kob8k71q8edptnviu5yg3amsp9rg7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cháiⁿ (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652794</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678907</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:52:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Cháiⁿ''' (宰) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-302 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Chainn}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Cháiⁿ''' (宰) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-302 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chainn}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>q8o4bc7xqa27qonye3n7wv7t2vn9zpj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Le̍k (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652795</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678908</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:53:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Le̍k''' (酈) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-303 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Lek}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Le̍k''' (酈) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-303 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lek}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>p6ralp7jkj1syob8aqzgh1ce0xu383v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iong (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652796</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678909</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:54:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Iong''' (雍) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-304 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Iong}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Iong''' (雍) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-304 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Iong}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>gaajyugc3n4kz9wrnsl7qnqwrt76je2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sin (chhó-pêng)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652797</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678910</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:55:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Sin''' (莘) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-290 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Sin}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Sin''' (莘) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-290 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sin}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>i1u9de2xnf0rovobejfguk0volbzver</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khek (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652798</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678911</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:56:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Khek''' (郤) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-305 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Khek}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Khek''' (郤) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-305 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khek}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>m7i0fd6qy0xawsuoj6e6uxhmfnp50s2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Song (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652799</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678912</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:57:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Song''' (桑) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-307 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Song}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Song''' (桑) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-307 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Song}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>rjmew5kumga5o77j6j8rq39d1ur6s19</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Po̍k (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652800</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678914</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T08:58:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Po̍k (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Po̍k (chhó-pêng)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Po̍k (chhó-pêng)]]</text>
      <sha1>0nm1661ve9z48xa658rnpibipp61iqc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678915</id>
      <parentid>1678914</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:00:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Po̍k (chhó-pêng)]]
*[[Po̍k (súi-pêng)]]
{{disambig}}</text>
      <sha1>irym9nb0rmu3jgp6zw9d4spg8gfxg6n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Po̍k (súi-pêng)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652801</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678916</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:01:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Po̍k''' (濮) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-309 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Pok}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Po̍k''' (濮) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-309 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pok}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>cpo89p6vk4z9z3oyjl22pzs1l4vk3i9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Siū (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652802</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678917</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:01:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Siū''' (壽) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-311 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Siu}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Siū''' (壽) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-311 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Siu}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>a55ejo804gbwzofphpoxgvruo13aorj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Thong (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652803</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678918</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:02:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Thong''' (通) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-312 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Thong}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Thong''' (通) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-312 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thong}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>5785d16ix5c97epsdo3ugnx691giby2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ian (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652804</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678919</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:03:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Ian''' (燕) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-315 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ian}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ian''' (燕) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-315 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ian}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>e2gmtsrl4pjmt9fmhf399n5mykiaq8o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kì (pat-pêng)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652805</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678920</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:04:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Kì''' (冀) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-316 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ki}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Kì''' (冀) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-316 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ki}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>kdmjcwnfbjeek17p0aajohii7qbwods</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678953</id>
      <parentid>1678920</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:42:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Kì (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Kì (pat-pêng)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Kì''' (冀) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-316 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ki}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>kdmjcwnfbjeek17p0aajohii7qbwods</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kiap (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652806</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678921</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:05:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Kiap''' (郟) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-317 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Kiap}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Kiap''' (郟) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-317 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiap}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>nbtm87tcdeyej8tb5xs4sciamgyob8h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Phó͘ (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652807</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678922</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:07:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Phó͘''' (浦) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-318 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Phoo}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Phó͘''' (浦) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-318 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Phoo}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>jebnrkfimft0o35jn88jpkq9pv0bwdj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Siōng (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652808</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678923</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:08:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Siōng''' (尚) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-319 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Siong}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Siōng''' (尚) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-319 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Siong}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>9o5gklkyaovu8mtp2rtzyyrsqy0e9cx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lông (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652809</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678925</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:09:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Lông (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Lông (ip-pêng)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Lông (ip-pêng)]]</text>
      <sha1>1icm6fdpx82tmbq1cs5wxx770ahyr1e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678926</id>
      <parentid>1678925</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:11:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Lông (ip-pêng)]]
*[[Lông (sîn-pêng)]]
{{khu-pia̍t-ia̍h}}</text>
      <sha1>prvyccg6h1m8pxuo89wp7030a3nhwf0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lông (sîn-pêng)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652810</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678927</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:12:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Infobox family name | name          = Lông | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Lông | pronunciation =  | meaning       =  | motto… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Lông
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Lông
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Lông''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|農}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Long}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Lông--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>j5l40gmsrln76wboilsvm4z3x1gvfzw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Àn (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652811</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678929</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:13:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Àn (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Àn (siú-pêng)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Àn (siú-pêng)]]</text>
      <sha1>rhy8gnuj7fxg4d1h5z6otep9hxe2tzl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678930</id>
      <parentid>1678929</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:14:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Àn (ji̍t-pêng)]]
*[[Àn (siú-pêng)]]
{{khu-pia̍t-ia̍h}}</text>
      <sha1>eyjc2p9jvg43xf7iugqj7oq4qbpk7e3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Àn (ji̍t-pêng)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652812</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678931</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:14:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Àn''' (晏) sī chi̍t ê hán-kiàn ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:An}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Àn''' (晏) sī chi̍t ê hán-kiàn ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:An}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>pug0ahpopfgmrxz3r3jtiguolilwvwn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Giâm (bûn-pêng)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652813</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678932</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:16:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Giâm''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|閻}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].  == Le̍k-sú ==  == Jîn-bu̍t == {{DEFAULTSORT:Giam}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Giâm''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|閻}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Giam}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>cbxkurln2okl7q6evarhuikp8dufxkk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iâm (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652814</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678933</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:17:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Iâm''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|閆}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].  == Le̍k-sú ==  == Jîn-bu̍t == {{DEFAULTSORT:Iam}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Iâm''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|閆}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Iam}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>js41lguiasvo3pr1lfbgne9pblj71l8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bō͘ (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652815</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678934</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:19:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Bō͘''' (慕) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-329 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Boo}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Bō͘''' (慕) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-329 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Boo}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>dwearqm0t4aw7kbd7haehmg70qm0een</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lû (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652816</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678935</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:20:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Lû''' (茹) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-331 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Lu}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Lû''' (茹) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-331 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lu}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>i9f71iguol1ep7lhj66ka0vbwfqhyjb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Si̍p (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678936</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:26:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Si̍p''' (習) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-332 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Sip}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Si̍p''' (習) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-332 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sip}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>70qfl8k0ultk71yw3w9ew92qham8hxq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hoān (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652818</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678938</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:27:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Hoān (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Hoān (chhó-pêng)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Hoān (chhó-pêng)]]</text>
      <sha1>7736v2o3pm5pbxkn91qq2ujo6fhq0n9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678939</id>
      <parentid>1678938</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:28:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Hoān (chhó-pêng)]]
*[[Hoān (宦)]]
{{khu-pia̍t-ia̍h}}</text>
      <sha1>s7o08s8rwh37mth5k05kl7h47n5a8hg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hoān (宦)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652819</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678940</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:28:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Infobox family name | name          = Hoān | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Hoān | pronunciation =  | meaning       =  | motto… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Hoān
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Hoān
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Hoān''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|宦}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoan}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hoān--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>qdzmefpox817nf6k56asiet44mq54rt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ngāi (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652820</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678941</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:29:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Ngāi''' (艾) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-334 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ngai}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ngāi''' (艾) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-334 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ngai}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>ar9i2qkllkt85ht8jez9wzezqpojrvt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hî (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652821</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678942</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:30:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Hî''' (魚) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-335 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Hi}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Hî''' (魚) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-335 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hi}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>7q5c6klnqj5rmte2h4di14ivzqdlno7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iông (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652822</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678943</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:31:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Iông''' (容) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-336 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Iong}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Iông''' (容) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-336 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Iong}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>70t5hv3wiolqwgvnfei1vgjz18gp1h0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hiòng (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652823</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678944</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:33:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Hiòng''' (向) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-337 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{Tiong-kok ê thâu-100 toā jī-sèⁿ}} {{DEFA… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Hiòng''' (向) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-337 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{Tiong-kok ê thâu-100 toā jī-sèⁿ}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hiong}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>gzxedj3wdocq5ewpf4odh2e8e9r1a5s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>E̍k (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652824</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678945</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:34:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''E̍k''' (易) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-339 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ek}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''E̍k''' (易) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-339 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ek}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>9vf34c5uojmhl03bpw6srptrfe448yn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sīn (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652825</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678946</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:35:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>''Sīn''' (慎) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-340 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Sin}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">''Sīn''' (慎) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-340 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sin}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>7zu749hy5dn4du82t24loilurn6rnns</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678947</id>
      <parentid>1678946</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:36:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Sīn''' (慎) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-340 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sin}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>axkvzwq534lky7kyqnryvvvjvpzvhd1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ko (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652826</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678949</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:37:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Ko (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Ko (高)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Ko (高)]]</text>
      <sha1>ozr5kudcgdtrazae0leb9ry45h5vuq9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678955</id>
      <parentid>1678949</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:43:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Ko (高)]]
*[[Ko (戈)]]
{{khu-pia̍t-ia̍h}}</text>
      <sha1>pk0ekw2fjw6ouc5oiw7qlewhapys1h3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ko (戈)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652827</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678950</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:38:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Ko''' (戈) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-341 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ko}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ko''' (戈) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-341 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ko}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>d5qesmw3u4cd2ljfuftq37ass2gxjhl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jú (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652828</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678951</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:40:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Jú''' (庾) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-343 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ju}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Jú''' (庾) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-343 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ju}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>ih0zcx9ge6tb2z0fk5ufmne9ytvp2gz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kì (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652829</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678954</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:42:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Kì (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Kì (pat-pêng)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Kì (pat-pêng)]]</text>
      <sha1>b7i0atd7ylgu18wmex8zlsj8tw7ut92</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678956</id>
      <parentid>1678954</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:43:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Kì (ji̍t-pêng)]]
*[[Kì (pat-pêng)]]
{{khu-pia̍t-ia̍h}}</text>
      <sha1>pq4a8gh3ihri8zj2xs6d0b3xouupirj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kì (ji̍t-pêng)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652830</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678957</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:44:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Kì''' (暨) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-345 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ki}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Kì''' (暨) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-345 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ki}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>l4kil1vk4vyua88syk7c2y5lebwanax</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ku (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652831</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678958</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:45:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Ku''' (居) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-346 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]]. ==Siong-koan== *[[Hàn-sèⁿ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ku}} [[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Ku''' (居) sī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' siu-lo̍k ê tē-346 ê [[hàn-sèⁿ]].
==Siong-koan==
*[[Hàn-sèⁿ]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ku}}
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>ehki2hn3cd5n3qdxoctw6xaea3dspju</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hêng (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652832</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678960</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:47:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Hêng (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Hêng (ip-pêng)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Hêng (ip-pêng)]]</text>
      <sha1>axxe576n8kjy45tm7b6klhhsfmk5zoy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678962</id>
      <parentid>1678960</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:49:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Hêng (hêng-pêng)]]
*[[Hêng (ip-pêng)]]
{{khu-pia̍t-ia̍h}}</text>
      <sha1>st1l51zm4yuobbvecvux8dmoa51a5xk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hêng (hêng-pêng)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652833</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678961</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:48:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Hêng''' (衡) sī chi̍t ê [[Hàn-sèⁿ]], tī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' lāi-bīn pâi-lia̍t tē 347 ê. {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Heng}} [[Category:Hêng--sī| ]] … ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Hêng''' (衡) sī chi̍t ê [[Hàn-sèⁿ]], tī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' lāi-bīn pâi-lia̍t tē 347 ê.
{{stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Heng}}
[[Category:Hêng--sī| ]]
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>exwpyul42vzb4ecwalchfpuxhk2mc1p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kéng (ní-pêng)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652834</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678964</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:50:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{about|||Kéng (sèⁿ)}} '''Kéng'''([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|耿}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].  == Le̍k-sú ==  == Jîn-bu̍t == {{DEFAULTSORT:Keng}} Lūi-pia… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{about|||Kéng (sèⁿ)}}
'''Kéng'''([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|耿}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Keng}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>obxt6s9jtxudvt2ctwzmbe696tcbeza</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Boán (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652835</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678965</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:51:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Boán'''([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|滿}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].  == Le̍k-sú ==  == Jîn-bu̍t == {{DEFAULTSORT:Boan}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]] ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Boán'''([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|滿}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Boan}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>dkm45butxp99amkmc3dop9wf8m4lhlu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hông (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652836</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678967</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:52:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Hông (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Hông ()]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Hông ()]]</text>
      <sha1>q1e211kmjoropu36j7qz6fg97wtjhcv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678971</id>
      <parentid>1678967</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:54:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Hông (chhó-pêng)]]
*[[Hông (kiong-pêng)]]
{{khu-pia̍t-ia̍h}}</text>
      <sha1>ppw3sg5j2gbt6nudwl7do0oggxm187e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hông ()</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652837</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678969</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:53:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Hông ()]] chit ia̍h khì [[Hông (chhó-pêng)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Hông (chhó-pêng)]]</text>
      <sha1>eaa910va6ij94lg10n4th8j1myfoyds</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678970</id>
      <parentid>1678969</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:53:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kā ia̍h ê loē-iông the̍h tiāu</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678976</id>
      <parentid>1678970</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:58:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{delete|G1}}</text>
      <sha1>fm43gzv66q7mn5licv7nz1ae3unsu1w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hông (kiong-pêng)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652838</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678972</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:55:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Infobox family name | name          = Hông | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Hông | pronunciation =  | meaning       =  | motto… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Hông
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Hông
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Hông''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|弘}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hong}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hông--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>ld66ynnqfz3sn1gbl5xqicsr0dfh0vc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khong (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652839</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678973</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:56:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Infobox family name | name          = Khong | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Khong | pronunciation =  | meaning       =  | motto… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Khong
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Khong
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Khong''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|匡}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khong}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Khong--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>j9qjsm9esv7syh2ogc4mes7c8mxp97y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kok (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652840</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678975</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:57:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Kok (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Kok (谷)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Kok (谷)]]</text>
      <sha1>kpymiggrub8lhduh42o3imt2z8vwxtx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678977</id>
      <parentid>1678975</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:59:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Kok (國)]]
*[[Kok (谷)]]
{{khu-pia̍t-ia̍h}}</text>
      <sha1>8xseymv101y3hup1krb16pd2ren2vbr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kok (國)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652841</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678978</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T09:59:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Infobox family name | name          = Kok | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Kok | pronunciation =  | meaning       =  | motto         =… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Kok
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Kok
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Kok''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|國}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kok}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Kok--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>2vysogd692jkkbi63pevifo4nhmjfty</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bûn (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652842</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678980</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T10:00:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Bûn (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Bûn (bûn-sèⁿ)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Bûn (bûn-sèⁿ)]]</text>
      <sha1>375gie8x1839oze699k02kvzertjt67</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678999</id>
      <parentid>1678980</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T11:39:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Bûn (bûn-pêng)]]
*[[Bûn (文)]]
{{khu-pia̍t-ia̍h}}</text>
      <sha1>6o6zmdd6ko364k4tsj9hw4jxm4v2fjh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bûn (文)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652843</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678981</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T10:01:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Infobox family name | name          = Bûn | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Bûn | pronunciation =  | meaning       =  | motto         =… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Bûn
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Bûn
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Bûn''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|文}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bun}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>a764wrpfmd670t7nbmxsknfv27thtk6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khò͘ (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652844</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678982</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T10:02:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Infobox family name | name          = Khò͘ | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Khò͘  | pronunciation =  | meaning       =  | motto… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Khò͘
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Khò͘ 
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Khò͘''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|寇}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khoo}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Khò͘--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>h9sjcp0qy4fdcoatz3xpuhv5r5ythnz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kóng (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652845</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678983</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T10:04:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Infobox family name | name          = Kóng | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Kóng | pronunciation =  | meaning       =  | motto… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Kóng
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Kóng
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Kóng''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|廣}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kong}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Kóng--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>myjxrfhexhfn3w8ugex92fuakvvpuc5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lo̍k (sī-pêng)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652846</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678985</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T10:08:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Infobox family name | name          = Lo̍k | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Lo̍k | pronunciation =  | meaning       =  | motto… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Lo̍k
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Lo̍k
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Lo̍k''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|祿}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lok}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Lo̍k--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>6lwyvznv6oa238aqm5h18622f06wjqj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khoat (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652847</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678986</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T10:10:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Infobox family name | name          = Khoat | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Khoat | pronunciation =  | meaning       =  | motto… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Khoat
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Khoat
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Khoat''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|闕}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khoat}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Khoat--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>3cmxz3jxus5zj6y6vjo3heukncvifre</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tong (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652848</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678987</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T10:11:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Infobox family name | name          = Tong | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Tong | pronunciation =  | meaning       =  | motto         =… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Tong
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Tong
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Tong''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|東}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tong}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Tong--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>4tytomhnl4lqy6p9xwtx725a8vs8yfv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ak (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652849</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678988</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T10:12:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Infobox family name | name          = Ak | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Ak | pronunciation =  | meaning       =  | motto         =  |… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Ak
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Ak
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Ak''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|沃}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ak}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Ak--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>9fxhs3vtxocdbdtfzpwf29chxlezo7o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lī (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652850</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678989</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T10:14:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Infobox family name | name          = Lī | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Lī | pronunciation =  | meaning       =  | motto         =… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Lī
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Lī
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Lī''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|利}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Li}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Lī--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>eqecudb8ga631e9wstqdtmctq6szh0s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oa̍t (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652851</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678990</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T10:15:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Infobox family name | name          = Oa̍t | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Oa̍t | pronunciation =  | meaning       =  | motto… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Oa̍t
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Oa̍t
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Oa̍t''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|越}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Oat}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Oa̍t--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>oly32kj1mv4pzq2aqai5auzypr9y98u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kûi (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652852</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678991</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T10:17:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Infobox family name | name          = Kûi | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Kûi | pronunciation =  | meaning       =  | motto         =… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Kûi
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Kûi
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Kûi''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|夔}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kui}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Kûi--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>aa7mqlutyzwcwl8hyu7x56hx8rh9c5q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Liông (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652853</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678993</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T10:18:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Liông (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Liông (ko-pêng)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Liông (ko-pêng)]]</text>
      <sha1>7d59qdjxd1zojmnn9641xomgtn9pblr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678995</id>
      <parentid>1678993</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T10:20:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Liông (hū-pêng)]]
*[[Liông (ko-pêng)]]
{{khu-pia̍t-ia̍h}}</text>
      <sha1>pl9ukangg4nxamih6jyadlfexg3ozzm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Liông (hū-pêng)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652854</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678994</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T10:19:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Infobox family name | name          = Liông | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Liông | pronunciation =  | meaning       =  | motto… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Liông
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Liông
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Liông''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|隆}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Liong}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Kûi--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>mw66hnn08cgum7beanvmu8hjxiv63z3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bûn (bûn-sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652855</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1678997</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T11:38:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Bûn (bûn-sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Bûn (bûn-pêng)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Bûn (bûn-pêng)]]</text>
      <sha1>3jjhzh62ewxt7sbsaoasvxbzdbxfmgr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1678998</id>
      <parentid>1678997</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T11:38:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{delete|G1}}</text>
      <sha1>fm43gzv66q7mn5licv7nz1ae3unsu1w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Su (kin-pêng)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652856</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1679001</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T11:42:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{about|||Su (sèⁿ)}} {{Infobox family name | name          = Su | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Su | pronunciation =  | meaning… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{about|||Su (sèⁿ)}}
{{Infobox family name
| name          = Su
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Su
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Su''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|師}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Su}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>f4aea4nfq8092xxxh5ekoi0ovqaa6iz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kióng (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652857</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1679003</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T11:43:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sdf sóa [[Kióng (sèⁿ)]] chit ia̍h khì [[Kióng (kiong-pêng)]]</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">#重新導向 [[Kióng (kiong-pêng)]]</text>
      <sha1>bbuka1pnfhdsfi0gb1rqbmllfsell2p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1679004</id>
      <parentid>1679003</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T11:45:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">*[[Kióng (kek-pêng)]]
*[[Kióng (kiong-pêng)]]
{{khu-pia̍t-ia̍h}}</text>
      <sha1>luwmv3z74y388w7zx14hnjkqhe23jj0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kióng (kek-pêng)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652858</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1679005</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T11:45:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Infobox family name | name          = Kióng | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Kióng | pronunciation =  | meaning       =  | motto… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Kióng
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Kióng
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Kióng''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|鞏}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiong}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>515hlau4fa54asyts5weytacxukc1gg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lia̍p (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652859</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1679007</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T11:47:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Infobox family name | name          = Lia̍p | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Lia̍p | pronunciation =  | meaning       =  | motto… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Lia̍p
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Lia̍p
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Lia̍p''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|聶}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Liap}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>lgs6cp8jwogha1s8vb6n07ckagv0wx0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tiâu (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652860</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1679009</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T11:48:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>'''Tiâu''' (刁) sī chi̍t ê [[Hàn-sèⁿ]], tī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' lāi-bīn pâi-lia̍t tī tē 373 ê. {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tiau}} [[Category:Tiâu--sī| ]… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tiâu''' (刁) sī chi̍t ê [[Hàn-sèⁿ]], tī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' lāi-bīn pâi-lia̍t tī tē 373 ê.
{{stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiau}}
[[Category:Tiâu--sī| ]]
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
      <sha1>lx1ni4ei2vwtosi5q5r3bp1yg8mle80</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1679010</id>
      <parentid>1679009</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T11:48:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">'''Tiâu''' (晁) sī chi̍t ê [[Hàn-sèⁿ]], tī ''[[Pek-ka-sèng]]'' lāi-bīn pâi-lia̍t tī tē 373 ê.
{{stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiau}}
[[Category:Tiâu--sī| ]]
[[Category:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kau (sèⁿ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>652861</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1679011</id>
      <timestamp>2017-06-12T11:49:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sdf</username>
        <id>21144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{Infobox family name | name          = Kau | image         =  | image_size    = 200px | caption       = Kau | pronunciation =  | meaning       =  | motto         =… ê ia̍h í-keng kiàn-li̍p</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox family name
| name          = Kau
| image         = 
| image_size    = 200px
| caption       = Kau
| pronunciation = 
| meaning       = 
| motto         = 
| region        = [[Tang-a]]
| language      = 
| related names = 
| clans         = 
| footnotes     = 
| nolinklanguage =
}}
'''Kau''' ([[Hàn-jī]]: {{lang|zh|勾}}) sī chi̍t-ê [[Hàn-sèng]].

== Le̍k-sú ==

== Jîn-bu̍t ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kau}}
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Kau--sī| ]]
[[Lūi-pia̍t:Hàn-sèⁿ]]</text>
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